Q1_OC-REVIEWER.pdf

Q1 ORAL COMMUNICATION REVIEWER Lesson 1: Process of Communication Written Communication - is another vital form of human DEFINING COMMUNICATION expression, especially in today’s - Communication is an i...

Q1 ORAL COMMUNICATION REVIEWER Lesson 1: Process of Communication Written Communication - is another vital form of human DEFINING COMMUNICATION expression, especially in today’s - Communication is an integral digital age part of our daily lives, enabling - It involves conveying messages, us to connect, share and information or ideas through exchange thoughts, ideas and written words. information with one another. Visual Communication WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? - utilizes images, graphics, - Communication is the process infographics, charts and of exchanging information, diagrams to convey information ideas, thoughts and feelings effectively. between individuals or groups, - This is particularly helpful in through various channels such as presenting complex data or spoken and written language, concepts in a visually appealing body language, gestures and and easy to understand manner. visual representation. NATURE OF COMMUNICATION TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Verbal Communication - is one of the most common and familiar forms of human interaction - It involves the use of spoken words and active listening to convey messages between individuals. Non-verbal Communication ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION - goes beyond words and involves Sender expressing messages through - is the individual who initiates the body language, gestures and communication process by facial expressions formulating and transmitting a - It is a powerful means of message. communication that can - The sender’s intention is to complement, reinforce, or convey information , ideas, and sometimes contradict verbal emotions to the receiver. messages. Message FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION - is the core content of the 1. Control or Regulation communication consisting of the - communication function to control information, ideas, or emotions behavior that the sender intends to share with the receiver Ex: A small organization such as a family has its house rules of which each Receiver member has to follow. - is the individual or group who receives and interprets the 2. Social Interaction message - It allows individuals to interact with - The effectiveness of each other. It depends on how close the communication relies heavily on relationship is. the receiver’s ability to comprehend and interpret the Ex: The student has to talk to his message accurately. parents regarding his allowance and school requirements. Channel - refers to the means by which the 3. Motivation message is conveyed from the - Communication that motivates or sender to the receiver encourages people to live better. - Different channels include face to - can be internal or external face instruction, phone conversation and written Internal Motivation correspondence. - Comes from within. It is something personal. Feedback - is an essential component of the Ex: A student is motivated to study hard communication process, as it because of his desire. enables the sender to gauge the receiver's understanding and External Motivation response to the message - Emanates from the outside or from the people surrounding him. Noise - refers to any interference, Ex: A student is motivated to study hard disruption or barrier that blocks because of his father’s promise. the smooth transmission and reception of a message between 4. Emotional Expression the sender and receiver - Communication facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and emotions. Ex: When he is informed of a coming 2. Aristotle’s Model typhoon, his loved ones may show revolves around the speaker and concern and affection. how audiences get influenced by the speech 5. Information Dissemination mainly focuses on his convincing - Communication function to convey ability around his audience information. There are 5 primary elements Ex: A school policy to be implemented 1. Speaker school-wide has to be made known to 2. Speech all members before its implementation. 3. Occasion 4. Audience Lesson 2: Various Models of 5. Effect Communication Elements of Aristotle’s Model 1. Berlo’s Model 1. Ethos was introduced by David Berlo in - first important quality that the 1960 speaker must have operates on the SMCR model - establishing your authority and takes into account the emotional reputation aspect of the message - maintaining a professional tone, style, developed from Claude Shannon and format that matches the and Warren Weaver’s Model expectation of the audience includes verbal and nonverbal - avoiding errors and inconsistencies communications 2. Pathos Criticisms about Berlo’s Model - connection of the speaker with - there is no feedback the audience - does not mention barriers - appealing to the audience’s - no room for noise emotions and values - linear model - needs people to be on the same 3. Logos level of communication to occur - supporting your message or arguments with logic and evidence - make the audience understand your reasoning and facts Criticism about Aristotle’s Model - no concept of feedback - one way, from speaker to audience - does not mention barriers 4. Barnlund-Transactional Model - no room for noise proposed by Dean Barnlund in 1970 presents a multi-layered feedback system for all parties involved, and recognizes that anyone can be a sender and receiver at the same time. layers of feedback consist of both verbal and non-verbal cues. most systematic of the functional 3. Shannon Weaver Model of models Communication AKA Linear Communication Components of Model Barnlund-Transactional Model a one-way activity in which Cues refer to the signs for doing information flows from the something. sender to the receiver only receiver accepts (feedback 1. Public Cues (CPU) - physical, is not necessary) environmental, or artificial and natural was introduced by Claude or man-made Elwood Shannon in 1948 and Warren Weaver in 1963 2. Private Cues (CPR) - also known as considers noise private objects of orientation which include senses of a person Criticisms about Shannon Weaver Model 3. Behavioral Cues - verbal or - simplest model non-verbal - more effective on person-to-person communication rather than mass 4. Jagged lines - shows that the audience availability of cues can be unlimited and - if communication is one-way, it will are denoted as VVVV lose its strength 5. Valence Signs (+, 0, -) - attached to these types of cues 6. Speech Act - particular instance of communication 7. Filters - realities of people 8. Noise - problem, disturbs the responses depend on past message flow experiences promotes an upward and Types of Barnlund-Transactional forward movement Model non-linear and flexible 1. Interpersonal - exchanging of information and feelings Advantages of Helical Model 2. Intrapersonal - only in the mind - approach models in a spirit of of the individual speculation and intellectual play - communication is continuous, Advantages of unrepeatable, additive, and Barnlund-Transactional Model accumulative - shows shared field experience of the - all experience contributes to the shape sender and receiver of the unfolding moment; there is no - talks about simultaneous message break in the action, no fixed beginning, sending noise and feedback no pure redundancy, no closure - taken by critics as the most systematic model of communication Disadvantages of Helical Model - may not be a model at all: too few Disadvantages of variables Barnlund-Transactional Model - generates questions, but leaves much - very complex unanswered - both the sender and receiver must understand the codes sent by the other Lesson 3: Barriers of Communication 1. Physical Barriers 5. Helical Model - barriers that are caused proponent is Frank Dance in by natural and 1967 environmental conditions proposes that communication - Ex. Noise in the room, starts at birth and evolves as Karaoke one grows up, and that one's  2. Psychological Barriers - Ex. Incorrect grammar, - also called as mental use of idiomatic barriers expressions. - Refers to social or personal issues of a Lesson 4: Oral Communication speaker. Activities - Ex. Trauma, Depression Oral Communication 3. Cultural Barriers - process of expressing - Problems in information or ideas by word or communication due to mouth (Verbal/Non-verbal) their intrinsic values or beliefs, and tradition. Informal Oral Communication - Ex. Manners of Dressing Examples: - Telephone Conversation 4. Linguistic Barriers - Business meeting discussion - Conflicts in the word's - Face to face conversation denotative and connotative meanings. Formal Oral Communication - Meaning of words may Examples: depend in culture - Business meeting presentation - Ex. Uses of Jargon and - Classroom Lectures Slang, accent, and dialect - Commencement speech Verdeber’s Similar ideas of Barriers: TYPES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION 1. External Noises ACTIVITIES - are the sight, sound, and 1. One-on-one speaking other stimuli that draw Examples: people away from the A teacher/student conversation intended meaning A child asking for money from - Ex. Noise from trucks his/her parents 2. Internal Noises - are the thoughts and 2. Small Group/Team-Based Oral feelings that interfere with Work the meaning Examples: - Ex. racial prejudice, fear of Group classroom activities speaking in front of class Small group discussion 3. Semantic Noise - are words that may have 3. Full Class Discussion another meaning in the Examples: minds of others Class Lectures  3. Language 4. In-class debate/ Deliberation - vocabulary, terminology, and - Debate involves participants to sentence structure, language argue on one side while that supports effectiveness of deliberation allows for presentation (appropriate to the movement by individuals within topic and audience) the process. - enhance effectiveness of presentation is vivid, 5. Speeches imaginative, and expressive Examples: SONA 4. Organization Valedictory speech - grouping and sequence of ideas Pledge of Loyalty and supporting material Welcome Address/Closing - organizational pattern that remarks supports effectiveness and Impromptu/extemporaneous typically includes introduction, one or more identifiable sections 6. Presentation in body of speech and conclusion Examples: Oral Defense in Research 5. Supporting materials Business Proposals - Explanations Group presentation - Examples - Illustrations WAYS TO EXAMINE ORAL - Statistics COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES - Analogies 1. Central message - Quotations from relevant - main point/bottom line/take authorities away - Other kinds of information or - Clear central message: easy to analysis that supports ideas of identify the presentation - Compelling central message: vivid and memorable 6. Personal Response Approach Examples: 2. Delivery techniques 1. How do you define effective - posture, gesture, eye contact, communication skills? and why use of voice are they crucial in the workplace? - enhance effectiveness of 2. Describe a time when you had to presentation when the speaker explain a complex idea or stands and moves with process to someone with limited authority knowledge of the subject. Lesson 5: Types of Speech Context Lesson 6: Speech Styles Speech Context Speech Style - refers to the situation or - According to Martin Joos (1976) environment and circumstances speech style is the form of in which communication occurs language that the speaker uses which depends on the degree of Types of Speech Context formality. 1. Intrapersonal - is the distinct variation or form of - a communication happens the language used for the same within oneself purpose by a particular situation or the form of language that the 2. Interpersonal speaker uses - involves two or more people - can be formal or informal, The different speech styles are: intimate or casual, depending on 1. Frozen Speech Style the relationship the people - also called the oratorical style involved have - most formal style of speech for respectful events and 3. Public ceremonies. - the message can be delivered - A very formal style not really to a bigger number of people in intended to give a message but a venue to allow a reader to find many meanings for oneself. 4. Mass - characterized by long and - has television, social media, complex sentences and in a newspaper, magazines, and the consistently serious tone like as channels - A very formal style whose quality is static, ritualistic, and even Types of Interpersonal Speech archaic. Context - does not require any feedback 1. DYAD from the audience - two people are involved - Examples: State affairs, school 2. SMALL GROUP creeds, national pledge, national - three but not more than anthem, court proceedings, twelve people are involved contracts and wills, oratorical speech, declamation, religious services, prayer 2. Formal Speech Style - straightforward speeches - What the speaker says is can interrupt the speaker at any something that has been time. prepared beforehand. - Examples: Communication - one-way communication (only between teacher and student, the speaker is the source of doctor and patient, expert and information) apprentice, superior and - intended to demonstrate respect subordinate, lawyer and client, between speakers, as well as an consultant and client overall sense of decorum - would not include slang words, 4. Casual Speech Style colloquial language, and - informal communication among normally does not include groups and peers contractions such as hasn’t or - used in conversation between doesn’t friends and insiders who have - Examples: Announcements, state something to share addresses, welcome and closing - jargon, slang, street language, remarks, inspirational talks, gay language, or vulgar words official meetings, television are used in this style newscast, graduation ceremonies - used for conversations in relaxed or normal situation 3. Consultative Speech Style - what is usually used in daily - used in semi-formal conversations communication where sentences - One of the distinct characteristics tend to be shorter and of casual style is the use of “first spontaneous. name basis” between or among - opposite of intimate style groups. - The speaker does not usually - Examples: Chats and messages, plan what he/she wants to say, Phone calls, Inside jokes of most operational among others. friends, casual conversations - It involves cooperation but does with friends and family members not necessarily require involvement. This means that the 5. Intimate Speech Style listeners are involved in - use of completely private meaning-making by being languages developed within allowed to give feedback. families, very close friends, and - Communication using the couples consultative style is automatic, - also used for self-addressed since the speaker does not questions or self-talk prepare what he/she is going to - used in conversation between say more than three seconds people who are very close and beforehand and that the listener know each other quite well  because they have the maximum lectures delivered at Harvard in of shared background 1955. information The differences are also important - The communicators understand while performing a speech act: each other even with just a single nonverbal gesture or Locution - the words that are uttered or behavior. written - The use of special nicknames or Illocution - The speaker’s or writer’s endearments is also common in intention this speech style. Personal Perlocution - the intended effect language codes may also be used. SPEECH ACT CLASSIFICATION - Examples: Couple talking about - Declaration their future plans, family sharing Speech acts that change the situations ideas, very close friends sharing via their utterance/word secrets, marriage proposals, love Ex. Judge: I sentence you to six months letters, private conversations, in prison. between husband and wife, bf and gf, parents and children, - Representative siblings Speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. Speech Act (fact, assertions, conclusions, - An action performed when descriptions) saying something. In a sense, Ex. a) Chomsky didn’t write about you get the work done by simply peanuts. making utterances. Meaning, b) The weather will be cold tomorrow. speaking is more than the sound of the words you produce. - Expressive - Used for: greetings, requests, Utterances used to express the complaints, and others emotional state of the speaker (pleasure, pain, joy, complaint, sorrow) Speech Act Theory Ex. I'm really sorry. - Foreshadowed by the Austrian Congrats! philosopher Ludwig Oh, yes, great! Wittgensteins’s views about Hmm? language games, they were formed by Austin in the late 1930 - Directive and presented in his lectures Speech acts that speaker tries to make given at Oxford in 1952-1954, and listener do something later in his William James Ex. Give me a cup of coffee. Could you lend me a pen, please?  - Commissive Speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to do something in the future. (promises, threats, refusals, pledges) Ex. I’ll be back. I’m going to Japan tomorrow. We will not do that.