Communication Processes PDF

PRELIMS REVIEWER PURCOMM AGE5 00 FIRST SEMESTER | PROF. LOIDA GARCIA COMMUNICATION PROCESSES sender and the receiver of the messag...

PRELIMS REVIEWER PURCOMM AGE5 00 FIRST SEMESTER | PROF. LOIDA GARCIA COMMUNICATION PROCESSES sender and the receiver of the message. It includes their education, religion, socioeconomic status, marital status, Communication is the successful conveying or sharing of and beliefs. ideas or feelings. It is described as a social contact. A Physical Context It pertains to the environment where systematic process in which people interact with and through communication takes place. It involves symbols to create and interpret meaning. tangible factors which can be perceived by the senses. IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION Social Context Refers to the kind of relationship that exists between the sender and the 1. Fosters coordination, enabling people to comprehend each receiver. other’s thoughts and ideas. Psychological Context It includes the emotions and feelings of 2. Its role is crucial to the smooth functioning of each member the participants in the communication within an organization. process 3. It aids effective and efficient decision-making. 4. It boosts managerial efficiency and leadership potential in Cultural Context It is one of the vital considerations in organizations. communication. 5. It promotes peace and cooperation among all employees. 6. It boosts morale and promotes a healthy work environment. 2. Sender - the source that starts communication. The sender imagines the message and then considers how to transmit it ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION to the receiver. 3. Encoding - the process of translating information into a form that can be transmitted to another person or system. It 1. Communication context - pertains to personal, physical, is the part of transforming abstract opinions and ideas into social, psychological, and cultural circumstances, among symbols. others in which communication occurs. 4. Message - refers to the information, ideas, opinions, attitudes, and feelings the sender wants to convey. Personal Context It involves the background of both PRELIMS REVIEWER PURCOMM AGE5 00 FIRST SEMESTER | PROF. LOIDA GARCIA 5. Channel - it is the medium or tool to transmit the message. 9. Feedback - the message sent by the receiver in response to a The person who wants to communicate must choose a message received. It also refers to the receiver’s verbal and channel to send a message. non-verbal response to the source’s message. 6. Noise - it is also called as the barrier that affects the message from being sent, received, or understood. COMMUNICATION MODELS Physical External environmental factors like loud The common models of communication that have been utilized over conversations, static on a phone call, or the years are the: visual distractions. 1. Linear model - also called the transmission model, this is Physiological Biological factors such as hearing or based on the assumption that communication is transmitted vision impairments, fatigue, or hunger. in a straightforward manner (from a sender to a receiver.) 2. Interactive model - this is a two-way process of exchanging Semantic Misinterpretations due to language ideas, messages, and information between two or more differences or ambiguous wording. sources. Psychological Mental distractions or emotional states 3. Transactional model - it is considered the most accurate that affect how a message is received. representation of the communication process. Technical Issues with technology, such as poor internet connectivity or malfunctioning Speakers May be evaluated according to their equipment. credibility, self-concept, or attitude towards self or others. Cultural Misinterpretations arising from cultural differences. Listeners Characterized by their purpose of listening, knowledge, and interest about the topic. 7. Decoding - the first stage in listening. The receiver converts symbols into thoughts from the sender. It translates encoded Feedback May be intentional or unintentional and symbols into understandable language. verbal or nonverbal. 8. Receiver - the person who received the message or to whom Situation Element refers to the physical the message was sent. environment and social context. PRELIMS REVIEWER PURCOMM AGE5 00 FIRST SEMESTER | PROF. LOIDA GARCIA COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES Trustworthiness Effective relationships are built on trust and respect. FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION Effective speaking Effective speaking skills are essential skills principles of communication. 1. Communication is inevitable - it is an indispensable part of Active listening It shows the intentional focus on the daily life. We continuously send and receive messages speaker. Active listening includes receiving, understanding, remembering, through various channels. evaluating, and responding. 2. Communication is irreversible - verbal messages can’t be retracted. Responsible communicators listen dn evaluate Good writing skills Writing affects all areas of your before responding to maintain trust and positivity. life—academic, professional, civic, and 3. Communication is complex - we use words as symbols, personal. giving them connotative and denotative meanings. Good reading skills Quick, efficient, and imaginative reading techniques are essential Connotative Means the implied or underlying especially in achieving academic meaning of a word. success. Denotative Means the literal definition of a word. Objective judgment Refers to forming opinions or making decisions based on facts and evidence rather than feelings, biases, or PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION subjective influences. Value difference Valuing individual contributions in The ultimate goal of communication is to understand each communication strengthens other; when communicating either through speaking or relationships. writing, its purpose is either to persuade, entertain, inform, No assumptions Assumptions are beliefs accepted or express one’s feelings, ideas, and emotions. without evidence. Avoiding them ensures checks and balances in 9 Communication Principles communication. PRELIMS REVIEWER PURCOMM AGE5 00 FIRST SEMESTER | PROF. LOIDA GARCIA greater understanding and appreciation of different Tips to demonstrate truthfulness and transparency in communication: cultures. 1. Be honest and Clear: Always 3. Economic Integration: Effective communication is provide accurate information vital for international trade and business. It helps in and avoid hiding details. negotiating deals, managing multinational teams, 2. Encourage Open Dialogue: and understanding diverse markets. Create an environment where 4. Political Collaboration: Communication enables others feel comfortable sharing their thoughts and feedback. countries to engage in diplomacy, form alliances, 3. Be Consistent and and address global challenges. Accountable: Follow through your promises and be consistent GLOBAL ISSUES AFFECTING COMMUNICATION in your actions and words. Authenticity The quality of being real or true. 1. Technological Disparities: Access to communication technologies varies globally. COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION Regional Variations Significant differences exist within regions. Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and Global North and There is a broad divide between the populations. Global South Global North with advanced technological infrastructure, and the Communication plays a crucial role in globalization by Global south with lower levels of facilitating the exchange of information and ideas across technological development. borders. 1. Enhanced Connectivity: Advances in 2. Global Teams: Working in global teams introduces communication technology, such as the internet and challenges such as time zone differences, varying work mobile phones, have made it easier for people to ethics, and diverse communication styles. connect globally. 2. Cultural Exchange: Communication allows for the sharing of cultural practices and ideas, leading to PRELIMS REVIEWER PURCOMM AGE5 00 FIRST SEMESTER | PROF. LOIDA GARCIA Amazon Operates with teams spread across the Data Privacy The European Union’s General Data globe, leveraging diverse perspectives Regulations Protection Regulation (GDP) enforces and local expertise to innovate and strict data privacy laws, giving maintain a competitive edge. individuals control over their data. Google Known for its innovative culture, Google utilizes global teams to drive its HOW TO COMMUNICATE GLOBALLY projects and maintain its leadership in technology and services. 1. Be considerate of cultural differences - when communicating globally, it’s important for you to understand 3. Economic Disparities: Economic conditions can influence that cultures and beliefs vary across different nations. communication styles and access to resources. 2. Learn how your associates deal with things in their countries - the best way to handle cultural differences is to Limited Access to Access to modern communication research beforehand how different countries handle business Technology technologies like smartphones, meetings or any other type of discourse. computers, and the internet can be 3. Be aware of language barriers - English is usually the limited. medium of discourse but some countries do not necessarily Cost of The high cost of mobile data plans or use this as their primary language. Communication Tools internet subscriptions can limit people’s 4. Go over any form of written correspondence - before you ability to communicate effectively. send it out to your contacts. 5. Always stay updated - with developments in 4. Political and Legal Differences: Different countries have communications and information technology. varying regulations regarding communication, such as 6. Develop active listening skills censorship laws and data privacy regulations. Listen without Pay attention to what others are saying Censorship and Democratic countries often protect judgment without immediately forming opinions. Freedom of Speech freedom of speech, allowing open Ask questions Show genuine interest in understanding expression, while authoritarian regimes the cultural context behind someone’s impose strict censorship. words and actions. PRELIMS REVIEWER PURCOMM AGE5 00 FIRST SEMESTER | PROF. LOIDA GARCIA following: styles of working, age, nationality, ethnicity, race, 7. Practice empathy and gender. Aims of cross-cultural communication a. Create a feeling of trust Put yourself in others’ Try to understand situations from the shoes perspective of people from different b. Facilitate cooperation cultural backgrounds. c. Focus in on providing the right response rather than providing the right message Show respect Acknowledge and respect cultural differences, even if you don’t fully understand them. SOURCES OF MISCOMMUNICATION 8. Adapt communication style 1. Assumption of similarities - refers to our tendency to think that the way we behave and act is the generally accepted code of conduct. Use clear language Avoid jargon and idiomatic expressions that might not be understood by 2. Language differences - problems arise when it’s not everyone. possible to understand what the other person is saying because different languages are spoken. Be flexible Adjust your communication style to suit 3. Nonverbal misinterpretations - the way we express the cultural context of your audience. ourselves through body language, eye contact and gestures also say something. 4. Preconceptions and stereotypes - stereotyping involves COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS placing people in predefined niches based on our image of how we think they are or should be. Culture is the customary beliefs, social forms, and material 5. Tendency to evaluate - humans tend to make sense of the traits of a racial, religious, or social group. It is the set of behavior and communication of others by analyzing them shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that from one’s own cultural point of view. characterizes an institution or organization. 6. High anxiety - sometimes being confronted with a different Cross-cultural communication refers to the communication cultural perspective will create an anxious state in an between people who have differences in any one of the individual who does not know how to act or behave. PRELIMS REVIEWER PURCOMM AGE5 00 FIRST SEMESTER | PROF. LOIDA GARCIA CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN COMMUNICATION reduce risks. Low-power distance Power distance is a term that describes Communication and culture are intertwined. They are vs. High-power how people in a particular culture view inseparable. distance power relationships, including the To increase awareness and to develop competence in degree to which those who are not in communicating in a multicultural setting, it is essential to power accept that power is not evenly unlock some cultural dimensions. distributed. Low-power Individualistic vs. Individualistic culture puts premium on 1. Values the equal treatment of Collectivist Culture self and personal influence fulfillment. everyone Collectivist culture emphasizes the 2. Supports a flat organizational needs and desires of each individual. structure with decentralized decision-making Low-context vs. Low-context culture views explicit responsibilities. High-context culture words as a way to convey messages. 3. Mostly observed in Austria, High-context culture uses subtle Finland, Denmark, Norway, and non-verbal behaviors and implicit USA information to convey meaning. 4. Individuals under this culture might be comfortable Monochronic vs. Monochronic culture advocates challenging the status quo or Polychronic culture punctuality, time completion of tasks, arguing with the boss. and accomplishment of one task at a 5. time. Polychronic culture has a more fluid and flexible concept of time. High-power 1. Power inequality is pronounced Low-uncertainty vs. A low-uncertainty avoidance culture is and common, and people accept High-uncertainty comfortable with unpredictability and that without question. has few rules, allowing for spontaneous 2. Tend value things like tradition responses to situations. (“It’s always been like this.”) High-uncertainty avoidance cultures 3. Hierarchical – people are value precision and create rules to ranked within society by strict PRELIMS REVIEWER PURCOMM AGE5 00 FIRST SEMESTER | PROF. LOIDA GARCIA roles. females. 4. Mostly observed in the Middle East, Malaysia, Guatemala, Female Venezuela, and Singapore. 1. Relationships and quality of life 5. Most likely follows any rule are important. without question. 2. Both men and women should be modest. 3. Both men and women can be Feminine Culture vs. Masculine culture or masculine society tender and focus on Masculine Culture is one that stresses different relationships. expectations for men and women. 4. Single standards: both are Feminine culture or feminine society is subjects. Being responsible, one where gender roles are more fluid. decisive, ambitious, caring and gentle is for women and men. Male 5. In Sweden, Denmark, and 1. Challenge, earnings, Norway, there seems to be no recognition, and advancement male supremacy because males are important. and females are viewed equally 2. Expected to be assertive, in terms of their role in society. competitive, and focused on material success. 3. Women are supposed to be Long-term Long-term orientation culture refers to tender and take care of Orientation vs. how patience is valued in waiting for relationships. Short-term orientation the outcomes of actions. Short-term 4. Double standards: men are orientation is characterized by being subjects, women are objects. very performance driven. 5. Being responsible, decisive, and 6. ambitious is for men; being Long-term caring and gentle is for women. 1. It is more laid back that it has 7. Mexico, Italy, and Japan have more patience in waiting for the highly masculine cultures in outcomes of an action. which the role of males is 2. It values perseverance towards highly valued than the role of the achievement of goals. PRELIMS REVIEWER PURCOMM AGE5 00 FIRST SEMESTER | PROF. LOIDA GARCIA 2. Speak clearly and concisely - make eye contact and 3. People from Japan, China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan can enunciate plainly. Avoid using ambiguous or dual-meaning juggle work time and leisure words. time. 3. Keep it simple - think in terms of your audience, and speak 4. Talking about business during to their understanding. Don’t make long speeches. lunch will not be a big issue for 4. Maintain respect and courtesy for people who come from them since they can mix different cultures - when you respect the people you working time and leisure time. 5. They are more patient when it communicate with this helps reduce the stress they feel when comes to waiting for the trying to understand what you are saying. rewards of their hard work. 5. Smile and be open - your body language communicates your acceptance or non-acceptance and respect, as it helps Short-term put listeners at ease. 1. It emphasizes quick results, 6. Avoid slang - slang words are unique to individual cultures fulfillment of social obligations, and efficient revenue and always interpreted correctly. generation. 7. Shun humor - what is funny in one culture might not be in 2. It values rewards. another. Humor might be misunderstood and interpreted in a 3. USA, Pakistan, Russia, UK, bad light. Canada, Norway – people here 8. Adopt a formal communication approach until you work time is separated from develop a rapport with your group - use a respectful and leisure time. formal mode of speech until you have developed a 4. To talk about business during lunch might be impolite for relationship with your cross-cultural group. them. 9. Stay away from using negative questions or answers - double negatives are easily misunderstood. Keep questions and answers simple. GUIDES ON THE USE OF APPROPRIATE TERMS AND PHRASES 10. Ask for feedback - request members of the cross-cultural group to speak up and provide interaction or ask questions. 1. Slow down when you speak - allow those who don’t have 11. Summarize what you have said - repeat what you have said the same native language as you the time to interpret what in a different way, summarize it and allow people time to you are saying. grasp what you have said. PRELIMS REVIEWER PURCOMM AGE5 00 FIRST SEMESTER | PROF. LOIDA GARCIA 15. Politics THE WORLD ENGLISHES IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS 16. Physical Features 17. Media Diversity is recognized in communication because of the different background and identity of communicators WHAT MAKES LANGUAGE DYNAMIC? involved in the interaction or transaction. Multicultural refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups. World Englishes refers to the various forms and varieties of Cross-cultural deals with the comparison of different the English language used in different sociolinguistic cultures. contexts around the world. Intercultural describes communities in which there is a English is not a monolithic language but has multiple deep understanding and respect for all cultures. localized forms influenced by cultural, social, and historical factors. CULTURAL FACTORS OF COMMUNICATION Kachru’s Concentric Circles of English 1. Mother Tongue and Race Inner Circle Represents the traditional bases of 2. Secondary Languages English. Dominated by the “mother 3. Ethnicity tongue” varieties of the language. 4. Gender Outer Circle English has been institutionalized as an 5. Local Culture additional language. 6. Religion 7. Regional Attire Expanding Circle Includes the rest of the world where 8. Ancestry, Parents, and Families English is used as the primary foreign 9. Teachers language. 10. Friends 11. Neighborhood 12. Education 13. Profession 14. Experience  PRELIMS REVIEWER PURCOMM AGE5 00 FIRST SEMESTER | PROF. LOIDA GARCIA PHILIPPINE ENGLISHES DEVELOPING INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE Globally recognized as one of the best users of the English World Englishes and intercultural competence share the following language. common features: Over the decades, Filipinos developed their own variation of 1. Intercultural competence, which includes skills in English, known as Philippine English. interpreting, relating, discovery, and interaction, is crucial Distinct Accent and Vocabulary: Philippine English features for developing World Englishes and reducing a unique accent and localized vocabulary. misunderstandings. Creative Writing: It includes a body of creative works by 2. Developing critical cultural awareness is essential to Filipino writers in English. overcoming prejudice, whether it’s towards different Legitimate Variety: It is a recognized form of English used in language varieties or broader attitudes towards otherness. key fields like science, technology, law, and education. 3. Equality in democratic citizenship promotes participation regardless of language or language variety. Linguistic Features of Philippine English Consonant Changes: Philippine English often devoices sibilant consonants (e.g., “beige” as “bes”) and renders ‘th’ sounds as ‘t’ or ‘d’ (e.g., “this” as “dis”). Vowel Features: There is a loss of distinction between long and short vowels (e.g., “sheep” and “ship” sound similar), and many speakers use a reduced vowel inventory compared to American English. Borrowed and Translated Terms: Philippine English incorporates many words from Spanish and Tagalog, and uses loan translations like “open/close the light” for “turn off the light.” Local and Archaic Coinages: It includes unique local terms such as “carnap” and “highblood,” as well as archaic American English terms like “comfort room (CR)” and “viand.”