St. John's Fire District Pump Chart PDF

PUMP CHART VERSION 1 UPDATED FEBRUARY 1, 2024 1  Table of Contents The Engineer 3 Pump Chart Introduction 3 Pump Discharge Pressure (PDP) Formula...

PUMP CHART VERSION 1 UPDATED FEBRUARY 1, 2024 1  Table of Contents The Engineer 3 Pump Chart Introduction 3 Pump Discharge Pressure (PDP) Formula 4 Finding the PDP for a Handline Using CQ2L 5 St. John’s Fire District Pump Chart 7 Pump Chart Offensive Operations Explained 8 Pump Chart Defensive Operations Explained 10 Calculation Examples 11 Trash Line 15 Water Supply 25 Plan A: First-Due Engine Takes Its Own Hydrant 25 Plan B: Reverse Lay 25 Plan C: Forward Lay by Second Engine optional Booster Back-up 26 Plan D: Forward Lay by First-Due Engine 26 Hydrant Operations 28 Hydrant Operations - High Volume 29 Rural Water Supply 30 Booster Back-up 30 Tender Tie-In 30 Water Shuttle Hydrant Refill 31 2  The Engineer As with all perishable skillsets, it is recommended to review this curriculum periodically. Just like forcible entry or hose advancement, working your way through pump problems is critical to being able to perform quickly, ef ciently, and correctly on scene. The Engineer position is unique in that they often work alone and without backup. If an Engineer cannot correct an error with the apparatus that is causing it to not go into pump gear, there is a high probability that there is no one nearby to walk them through the issue. Another example of having to think and act independently and outside of their skillset is when an Engineer pulls up to a high-rise re and sees the need for an immediate rescue from an elevated area and the Truck Company members are already inside the building; they may be the only person that can operate the aerial. Practicing all the skillsets of the Engineer position is critical to successful incident mitigation. Pump Chart Introduction The purpose of a pump chart is to give pump operators a shortcut to the values they need to place into the variables to calculate the total Pump Discharge Pressure (PDP). The values that a pump chart provides are designed to get the pump operator within a range of an effective re ow. Friction loss in a hoseline varies based on several factors, including (but not limited to) manufacturing processes, materials used, temperature, wear, age, etc. This curriculum for the Pump Chart is intended to familiarize members with all the major components of the pump chart, some best practices noted in St. John’s Fire District operational guidelines, and to introduce basic hydraulic concepts. The single most important skill to master to utilize the new Pump Chart is to learn how to nd your values by reading a table. This curriculum is intended to address this needed skillset by providing examples. The driving changes for this revision of the pump chart include: 1) The replacement of the Chief Fog nozzle with the 7/8” smoothbore nozzle on attack packages. Additionally, changes to our standpipe hose (2.25”) and accompanying smoothbore nozzle of 1” and 1-1/8”. 2) The transition from Key Combat Ready to Key 1.78” Combat Sniper hose for small diameter attack lines. 3 fi fi fl fi fi  3) The need to address multiple diameters in handlines (i.e., extending a 2-1/2” hoseline with a 1.78” hose section attached) without having to rely on CQ2L to calculate the PDP. 4) Advancements in hose manufacturing that are drastically lowering the coef cients of friction in our hoselines in comparison to educational manuals. 5) The need for simplicity of use based on member feedback. Pump Discharge Pressure (PDP) Formula The variables to calculate total Pump Discharge Pressure (PDP) are: Nozzle Pressure (NP) Friction Loss in the hoseline (FL) Friction loss in the Appliances (APPL) The loss, or gain, due to Elevation (ELEV) The formula to calculate the total Pump Discharge Pressure is: PDP = NP + FL + APPL + ELEV Friction Loss in a Hoseline Calculation To nd the friction loss in hoseline, manufacturers provide re service personnel with a Coef cient of Friction (C). This coef cient is utilized to determine how much friction loss is incurred when pumping water through a hoseline that the re pump will have to overcome. The manufacture’s C can become skewed over time due to issues including the age and wear of the interior jacket of hoseline. The C used to nd the values of the variables in the PDP formula have been derived from ow tests and rounded to make ow estimation easier to calculate. The variables to calculate the Friction Loss (FL) in a hoseline are: 1) Coef cient of Friction (C) 2) Gallons per Minute (GPM) of ow through a hoseline divided by 100 (Q) 3) Length of hoseline divided by 100 (L) 2 The formula to calculate the Friction Loss in a hoseline is: FL = CQ L 4 fl fi fi fi fi fi fl fl fi fi fi  Finding the PDP for a Handline Using CQ2L As an example, let’s say that we wanted to nd the pump discharge pressure needed to create an adequate re ow in a two-hundred-foot section of 1.75” Combat Ready hoseline with a 7/8” tip that is owing 160 gallons per minute. Using our total Pump Discharge Pressure Formula (PDP = NP + FL + APPL + ELEV) we can ll in our variables in the following manner: NP = 50 psi FL = CQ2L APPL = 0 ELEV = 0 The variables needed to determine our Friction Loss for this example are: 1. C (coef cient of friction – this is a constant that is provided by the manufacture = 6.59) 2. Q (GPM divided by 100) = 160 GPM divided by 100 = 1.6 3. L (length of the hoseline divided by 100) = 200 feet divided by 100 = 2 5 fi fi fi fl fi fl Using our friction loss formula, we can work our formula with the following steps: 1. FL = CQ2L 2. FL = 6.59x1.62 x2 3. FL = 6.59x2.56x2 4. FL = 33.74 psi 5. Round to 35 psi for the Friction Loss in the hose When we plug the answer from our Friction Loss formula back into our Pump Discharge Pressure formula, we get: 1. PDP = NP+FL+APPL+ELEV 2. PDP = 50 psi + 35 psi + 0 psi + 0 psi 3. PDP = 85 psi THERE IS AN EASIER WAY THAN USING CQ2L!!!! We built a pump chart that does that math that determines the values for the PDP variables for you. 6 St. John’s Fire District Pump Chart OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS CHIEF 1 3/8” NOZZLE 7/8” SB 1” SB 1 1/8” SB 1 1/4” SB FOG RAM FLOW RATE 160 GPM 175 GPM 210 GPM 265 GPM 325 GPM 500 GPM NOZZLE PRESSURE 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 80 PSI FRICTION LOSS / 100’ 1.75” COMBAT READY 20 PSI 25 PSI 35 PSI 50 PSI 1.78” COMBAT SNIPER 35 PSI 40 PSI 80 PSI 2.25” 10 PSI 20 PSI 25 PSI 2.5” 5 PSI 10 PSI 15 PSI 20 PSI 30 PSI OFFENSIVE APPLIANCES AND ELEVATION STANDPIPE AND SUPPLY TO FDC=30 PSI ELEV=5 PSI PER FLOOR; 0.5 PSI PER FOOT STANDPIPE OPERATIONS ENGINE AT FDC CONNECTION PUMP IN PSI SPRINKLERS: START AT 150 PSI STANDPIPE: PUMP TO FIRE FLOOR IF NO PRV’S PRESENT. PUMP TO THE ROOF IF PRV’S PRESENT. DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS DECK GUN: 100 PSI = 500 - 1000 GPM CLASS A FOAM: 0.1% - 0.6% AERIAL WATER WAY: 100 PSI + EVEL 5” LDH: 500 GPM - 2 PSI | 1000 GPM 5 PSI | 1500 GPM - 10 PSI Crosslay CS = 120 PSI Crosslay CR = 90 PSI Trash Line = 75 PSI Blitz Line = 90 PSI 7  Pump Chart Offensive Operations Explained The Pump Chart Offensive Operations section details the friction loss per hundred feet for handlines and RAM Monitor. This section is to be read as a COLUMN BASED TABLE, meaning, once your NOZZLE or GPM is determined, all the values for the variables needed to complete the Friction Loss section of the PDP formula will come from that column regardless of hose diameter. For instance, if you are owing a 1” tip on a 50’ section of 2.25” hose that was extended off of 200’ of 2.5” hose, the values would come from the 1” tip column and would be located in the 2.25” and 2.5” rows. (20 psi and 10 psi per 100’, which results in 10 psi for the 50’ section of 2.25” and 20 psi for the 200’ of 2.5” This reduces the need to use the CQ2L calculations for more complex problems. OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS CHIEF 1 3/8” NOZZLE 7/8” SB 1” SB 1 1/8” SB 1 1/4” SB FOG RAM FLOW RATE 160 GPM 175 GPM 210 GPM 265 GPM 325 GPM 500 GPM NOZZLE PRESSURE 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 80 PSI FRICTION LOSS / 100’ 1.75” COMBAT READY 20 PSI 25 PSI 35 PSI 50 PSI 1.78” COMBAT SNIPER 35 PSI 40 PSI 80 PSI 2.25” 10 PSI 20 PSI 25 PSI 2.5” 5 PSI 10 PSI 15 PSI 20 PSI 30 PSI The columns increase in tip size from left to right and the rows increase in hose diameter from top to bottom. The values annotated in green background note the friction loss for hose with the recommended tips and resulting ow rates. For example, 1.78” hoseline is recommended to be paired with a 7/8” 160 GPM nozzle, but can be extended from a 2.5” hoseline, which reduces the friction loss from 35 psi to 5 psi per hundred feet in equivalent lengths. 8 fl fl  The ow rates increase from left to right, starting with the 7/8” smooth bore tip and ending with the Ram with an 1-3/8” nozzle (500 GPM); PLEASE NOTE - the Ram NOT limited to defensive master stream and is intended to be used in offensive operations. An OFFENSIVE APPLIANCES AND ELEVATION section that includes the friction loss numbers associated with those items. The Standpipe (typically incurring 25 psi of Friction Loss) includes the supply hose needed to get to the FDC. Elevation includes both the head pressure loss/gain per oor and the 0.5 psi head pressure loss/gain per foot to account for head pressure issues within a building or in elevated terrain. Please note that counting of oors or feet is from the elevation of the re pump. Meaning, you don’t typically account for the rst oor – for example, if we are pumping to the 4th oor, we only have to account for three oors of head pressure loss above the pump. The elevation has also been included for feet when you’re having to deal with terrain (pumping up or down a hill, bridge, etc.) A HIGH-RISE OPERATIONS section that includes an abridged set of rules for pumping into a FDC for standpipe equipped buildings based on the latest version of the high-rise guideline. WHEN SUPPLYING AN FDC OR STANDPIPE THE APPARATUS WILL POSITION AS CLOSE A POSSIBLE TO THE CONNECTION, PREFERABLY WITHIN 50’. 9 fl fi fl fi fl fl fl fl  Pump Chart Defensive Operations Explained The Pump Chart Defensive Operations section provides a single value for apparatus-mounted master stream devices. With simplicity in mind, the Deck Gun and Aerial Waterway utilize an established appliance APPL pressure of 100 psi. For the aerial waterway, an elevation EVEL value is added. The ow of these devices is predicated on available hydrant ow in conjunction with nozzle tip diameter. 10 fl fl Calculation Examples Example: Single Crosslay 200’ of Combat Sniper with 7/8” tip owing 160 GPM OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS CHIEF 1 3/8” NOZZLE 7/8” SB 1” SB 1 1/8” SB 1 1/4” SB FOG RAM FLOW RATE 160 GPM 175 GPM 210 GPM 265 GPM 325 GPM 500 GPM NOZZLE PRESSURE 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 80 PSI FRICTION LOSS / 100’ 1.75” COMBAT READY 20 PSI 25 PSI 35 PSI 50 PSI 1.78” COMBAT SNIPER 35 PSI 40 PSI 80 PSI 2.25” 10 PSI 20 PSI 25 PSI 2.5” 5 PSI 10 PSI 15 PSI 20 PSI 30 PSI NP: 50 psi FL: 35 psi x (L/100) 35 psi x 2 = 70 psi ELEV: 0 APPL: 0 PDP: 120 psi FLOW: 160 GPM 11 fl Example: Two Crosslays Two crosslays each comprised of 200’ of Combat Sniper with 7/8” tip owing 160 GPM OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS CHIEF 1 3/8” NOZZLE 7/8” SB 1” SB 1 1/8” SB 1 1/4” SB FOG RAM FLOW RATE 160 GPM 175 GPM 210 GPM 265 GPM 325 GPM 500 GPM NOZZLE PRESSURE 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 80 PSI FRICTION LOSS / 100’ 1.75” COMBAT READY 20 PSI 25 PSI 35 PSI 50 PSI 1.78” COMBAT SNIPER 35 PSI 40 PSI 80 PSI 2.25” 10 PSI 20 PSI 25 PSI 2.5” 5 PSI 10 PSI 15 PSI 20 PSI 30 PSI NP: 50 psi FL: 35 psi x (L/100) 35 psi x 2 = 70 psi ELEV: 0 APPL: 0 PDP: 120 psi FLOW: 320 GPM 12 fl Example: 1.78” Extended from the 2.5” Bulk Bed 100’ of 1.78” Combat Sniper with 7/8” tip owing 7/8” advanced from 300’ of 2.5” hose NP: 50 psi FL for 1.78”: 35 psi x (L/100) 35 psi x 1 = 35 psi FL for 2.5”: 5 psi x (L/100) 5 psi x 3 = 15 psi FL: 35 psi + 15 psi = 50 psi ELEV: 0 APPL: 0 PDP: 100 psi FLOW: 160 GPM OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS CHIEF 1 3/8” NOZZLE 7/8” SB 1” SB 1 1/8” SB 1 1/4” SB FOG RAM FLOW RATE 160 GPM 175 GPM 210 GPM 265 GPM 325 GPM 500 GPM NOZZLE PRESSURE 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 80 PSI FRICTION LOSS / 100’ 1.75” COMBAT READY 20 PSI 25 PSI 35 PSI 50 PSI 1.78” COMBAT SNIPER 35 PSI 40 PSI 80 PSI 2.25” 10 PSI 20 PSI 25 PSI 2.5” 5 PSI 10 PSI 15 PSI 20 PSI 30 PSI NP: 50 psi FL (1.78”): 35 psi x (L/100) FL (2.5”): 5 psi x (L/100) 35 psi x 1 = 35 psi 5 psi x 3 = 15 psi FL: 35 psi + 15 psi = 50 psi ELEV: 0 APPL: 0 PDP: 100 psi FLOW: 160 GPM 13 fl Example: Blitz Line 200’ of 2.5” with a 1 1/4” tip owing 325 GPM OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS CHIEF 1 3/8” NOZZLE 7/8” SB 1” SB 1 1/8” SB 1 1/4” SB FOG RAM FLOW RATE 160 GPM 175 GPM 210 GPM 265 GPM 325 GPM 500 GPM NOZZLE PRESSURE 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 80 PSI FRICTION LOSS / 100’ 1.75” COMBAT READY 20 PSI 25 PSI 35 PSI 50 PSI 1.78” COMBAT SNIPER 35 PSI 40 PSI 80 PSI 2.25” 10 PSI 20 PSI 25 PSI 2.5” 5 PSI 10 PSI 15 PSI 20 PSI 30 PSI NP: 50 psi FL: 20 psi x (L/100) 20 psi x 2 = 40 psi ELEV: 0 APPL: 0 PDP: 90 psi FLOW: 325 GPM 14 fl Trash Line The trash line consist of 100’ of 1.75” hose with a Elkhart Chief nozzle that delivers 175 PGM at a nozzle pressure of 50 psi. The trash line will be packed at a Triple Load. The trash line can be utilized on vehicle res, overhaul. The Chief Nozzle will NOT be used for structural re ghting. OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS CHIEF 1 3/8” NOZZLE 7/8” SB 1” SB 1 1/8” SB 1 1/4” SB FOG RAM FLOW RATE 160 GPM 175 GPM 210 GPM 265 GPM 325 GPM 500 GPM NOZZLE PRESSURE 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 80 PSI FRICTION LOSS / 100’ 1.75” COMBAT READY 20 PSI 25 PSI 35 PSI 50 PSI 1.78” COMBAT SNIPER 35 PSI 40 PSI 80 PSI 2.25” 10 PSI 20 PSI 25 PSI 2.5” 5 PSI 10 PSI 15 PSI 20 PSI 30 PSI NP: 50 psi FL: 25 psi x (L/100) 25 psi x 1 = 25 psi EVEL: 0 APPL: 0 PDP: 75 psi FLOW: 175 GPM 15 fi fi fi Denver Bundles 150’ of 2.25” with a 1” tip owing 210 GPM OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS CHIEF 1 3/8” NOZZLE 7/8” SB 1” SB 1 1/8” SB 1 1/4” SB FOG RAM FLOW RATE 160 GPM 175 GPM 210 GPM 265 GPM 325 GPM 500 GPM NOZZLE PRESSURE 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 80 PSI FRICTION LOSS / 100’ 1.75” COMBAT READY 20 PSI 25 PSI 35 PSI 50 PSI 1.78” COMBAT SNIPER 35 PSI 40 PSI 80 PSI 2.25” 10 PSI 20 PSI 25 PSI 2.5” 5 PSI 10 PSI 15 PSI 20 PSI 30 PSI NP: 50 psi FL: 20 psi x (L/100) 20 psi x 1.5 = 30 psi ELEV: 0 APPL: 0 PDP: 80 psi FLOW: 210 GPM 16 fl Example: 150’ of 2.25” (New Standpipe Hose Layout - High Rise) 300’ of 2.25” with a 1 1/8” tip owing 265 GPM (NO PRV’s present) OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS CHIEF 1 3/8” NOZZLE 7/8” SB 1” SB 1 1/8” SB 1 1/4” SB FOG RAM FLOW RATE 160 GPM 175 GPM 210 GPM 265 GPM 325 GPM 500 GPM NOZZLE PRESSURE 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 80 PSI FRICTION LOSS / 100’ 1.75” COMBAT READY 20 PSI 25 PSI 35 PSI 50 PSI 1.78” COMBAT SNIPER 35 PSI 40 PSI 80 PSI 2.25” 10 PSI 20 PSI 25 PSI 2.5” 5 PSI 10 PSI 15 PSI 20 PSI 30 PSI OFFENSIVE APPLIANCES AND ELEVATION STANDPIPE AND SUPPLY TO FDC=30 PSI ELEV=5 PSI PER FLOOR; 0.5 PSI PER FOOT 17 fl  NP:50psi FL: 25 psi x (L/100) 25 psi x 3 = 75 psi ELEV: 5 oors - 1 = 4 4 x 5 psi = 20 psi APPL: Standpipe = 30 psi PDP: 175 psi FLOW: 265 GPM 18 fl Example: Crosslay with 100’ added 300’ of 1.78” Combat Sniper with 7/8” tip owing 160 GPM OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS CHIEF 1 3/8” NOZZLE 7/8” SB 1” SB 1 1/8” SB 1 1/4” SB FOG RAM FLOW RATE 160 GPM 175 GPM 210 GPM 265 GPM 325 GPM 500 GPM NOZZLE PRESSURE 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 80 PSI FRICTION LOSS / 100’ 1.75” COMBAT READY 20 PSI 25 PSI 35 PSI 50 PSI 1.78” COMBAT SNIPER 35 PSI 40 PSI 80 PSI 2.25” 10 PSI 20 PSI 25 PSI 2.5” 5 PSI 10 PSI 15 PSI 20 PSI 30 PSI OFFENSIVE APPLIANCES AND ELEVATION STANDPIPE AND SUPPLY TO FDC=30 PSI ELEV=5 PSI PER FLOOR; 0.5 PSI PER FOOT NP: 50 psi FL: 35 psi x (L/100) 35 psi x 3 = 110 psi ELEV: 5 psi x (Number of oors subtracted from the level of the pump) 5 psi x (3 oors - 1) 5 psi x 2 = 10 psi 19 fl fl fl APPL: 0 PDP: 170 psi FLOW: 160 GPM 20 Example: Flying Standpipe 200’ of 1.78” Combat Sniper with 7/8” tip owing 160 GPM connected to a reducer from aerial at a height of 40 feet. 21 fl  OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS CHIEF 1 3/8” NOZZLE 7/8” SB 1” SB 1 1/8” SB 1 1/4” SB FOG RAM FLOW RATE 160 GPM 175 GPM 210 GPM 265 GPM 325 GPM 500 GPM NOZZLE PRESSURE 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 50 PSI 80 PSI FRICTION LOSS / 100’ 1.75” COMBAT READY 20 PSI 25 PSI 35 PSI 50 PSI 1.78” COMBAT SNIPER 35 PSI 40 PSI 80 PSI 2.25” 10 PSI 20 PSI 25 PSI 2.5” 5 PSI 10 PSI 15 PSI 20 PSI 30 PSI OFFENSIVE APPLIANCES AND ELEVATION STANDPIPE AND SUPPLY TO FDC=30 PSI ELEV=5 PSI PER FLOOR; 0.5 PSI PER FOOT NP: 50 psi FL: 35 psi x (L/100) 35 psi x 2 = 70 psi ELEV: 0.5 psi x per foot 0.5 psi x 40 0.5 psi x 40 = 20 psi APPL: 0 PDP: 140 psi FLOW: 160 GPM 22 Example: Defensive Operations - Deck Gun Deck Gun NP: N/A FL: N/A EVL: N/A APPL: 100 psi DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS PDP: 100 psi DECK GUN: 100 PSI = 500 - 1000 GPM Flow: See Chart Below AERIAL WATER WAY: 100 PSI + EVEL TIP DIAMETER FLOW 1 3/8” 500 GPM 1 1/2” 600 GPM 1 3/4” 800 GPM 2” 1000 GPM 23 Example: Defensive Operations - Aerial Aerial extended to 50’ NP:N/A FL: N/A EVEL: 50’ x (0.5 psi per foot) = 25 psi APPL: 100 psi PDP: 125 psi DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS TIP DIAMETER FLOW DECK GUN: 100 PSI = 500 - 1000 GPM 2 1/4” 1300 GPM AERIAL WATER WAY: 100 PSI + EVEL 2 1/2” 1600 GPM 2 3/4” 2000 GPM 24  Water Supply The establishment of water supply is an integral component of effective mitigation. However, incident objectives should not be delayed for the establishment of water supply. Water Supply priorities stress the primary tenant the power of “fast water” via the booster tank attack. The ef cacy of the booster tank attack was supported by our improved suppression capacity with high ow rates as demonstrated by studies conducted by Underwriters Laboratories and the Fire Service Research Institute. Most importantly, the booster tank attack is consistent with our primary objective of life safety. The new hose and nozzle complement improves ef ciency. Typically, residential structure res can be controlled with 200 to 300 gallons of water. With booster tanks of 1000 gallons, this provides a safety factor of approximately 4:1. Moreover, aggressive searches are made possible as a result of early re control. This supports the rst incident objective of life safety by getting the engine on scene as quickly as possible to assess for imminent rescue. It also allows for “fast water” through early hoseline deployment and appropriate line placement. Expedient re suppression actions inhibit re growth, which coincides with the second incident objective of stabilization. Based on the priorities above, we developed a water supply algorithm. This algorithm provides command and company of cers with plans A through D. All of the plans start with the booster tank attack. Plan A: First-Due Engine Takes Its Own Hydrant If the nearest hydrant is located within a distance where the engineer is capable of hand-stretching LDH, typically 200 feet or less, they will establish their own water supply. Engine companies are encouraged to factor hydrant location into their apparatus placement and either stop short or pull past the re building. Either way, this serves a dual objective of saving the front of the building for truck placement. Plan B: Reverse Lay If the rst-due engine is unable to spot within hand stretch distance of the hydrant, it defers water supply completion to the second-due engine. By laying away from the attack engine, LDH is laid away from the re scene and tends to leave better spotting for the rst-due truck. On arrival at the scene, the second-due pumper’s of cer and re ghter, fully dressed with self-contained breathing apparatus donned, exit the engine, obtain tools for their assignment, and are ready to work 25 fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fl fi fi fi  immediately. The apparatus operator of the second-due pumper, who typically drives in turnout bottoms only, proceeds away from the scene and establishes the water supply. If the re ow requirements necessitate a relay operation, the apparatus operator can pump the hydrant. If a relay is not required, the apparatus operator simply takes the hydrant and is then able to don remaining personal protective equipment and proceed to the re scene to join his crew. The advantages of reverse lay include the following: More combat-ready personnel on scene for initial operations. Less likely to block the scene with LDH, and supply line is laid away from the scene. Enhanced re ow capacity with a pumper at the hydrant. Pump redundancy with a pumper at the hydrant able to take over if the attack pumper has a mechanical issue. The reverse lay is an excellent option when hydrant location and street grinding allow. However, this may not be a viable option on dead-end streets, cul de sacs, and many apartment complexes. As reverse lay is a newer tactic for our organization, we encouraged our of cers to quickly look to plan C (forward lay dry with booster tank backup) if reverse lay does not appear easily implementable. NOTE: This tactic can be accomplished by utilizing a split lay. Plan C: Forward Lay by Second Engine optional Booster Back-up This tactic entails the second-due engine laying from the hydrant and proceeding to the scene and sharing its booster tank water with the rst-due to provide a total of 2,000 gallons of available water for initial operations. This positions the second- due engine to the scene to assist in incident operations. However, the primary disadvantage of this method requires an individual from either the second-due engine or subsequent units to charge the hydrant. Plan D: Forward Lay by First-Due Engine This has been the typical water supply tactic utilized by the District. While comfortable, this tactic delays the arrival of the rst-due engine on scene to assess for life safety considerations including potential victims and the deployment of initial attack lines. The second-due engine is not available to assist with the rst line during initial operations and is delayed in pulling a secondary line. Additionally, ow testing illustrates that this operation signi cantly reduces our 26 fi fl fl fi fl fi fi fi fi fi fi ability to access the full water supply potential available in the hydrant system. Unless the hydrant is supported, the volume of water is not enough water in most incidents. 27 Hydrant Operations The most optimal water supply utilizes a static water supply source. This process involves connecting from the hydrant to the pumper. Additionally, it is prescribed that the hydrant be supported when feasible. Illustrated below are two options for hydrant connections. Option A shown can be utilized on all district apparatus by connecting from the 4.5” hydrant outlet to the pump intake through the intake valve. Option B is available for all third-generation engines that are out tted with a rear intake. Option A - Pump Suction Intake Option B - Rear Intake 28 fi Hydrant Operations - High Volume The most optimal water supply utilizes a static water supply source. This process involves connecting from the hydrant to the pumper. Additionally, it is prescribed that the hydrant be supported when feasible. Illustrated below are two options for hydrant connections. Option A shown can be utilized on all district apparatus by connecting from the 4.5” hydrant outlet to the pump intake through the intake valve. Option B is available for all Third Generation engines that are out tted t a rear intake. Optimal 5” hose to pump suction intake and 5” hose to rear intake Alternative 5” hose to pump intake and 3” to auxiliary suction intake 29 fi fi  Rural Water Supply The St. John’s Fire District encompasses a signi cant portion of the response area that lacks hydrants. This requires company of cers to utilize critical thinking to formulate a water supply plan coinciding with the initiation of rural water supply considerations. One signi cant consideration associated with rural water operations is the reduction of on scene personnel as the engineer will remain with their apparatus to conduct water shuttle. The incident commander must account for the potential reduction in the effective re ghting force as a result of the implementation of a water shuttle. Additional resources should be requested to supplement re ghting operations or aid in water shuttle in the form of a Water Tender resource. Effective rural water supply is dependent on water support and coordinated water shuttle measures. Moreover, tethering multiple apparatus reduces ef cacy. Only one engine is permitted to tether to the attack pumper. Booster Back-up This method utilizes the second arrival to provide additional water for initial operation and serve as a reserve water tank. The second pumper will connect to the attack pumper, preferably at a large diameter intake, and utilize 3” hose to supply water. These two apparatus will remain connected for the duration of the incident. Subsequent pumpers shuttling water will connect to the backup pumper to deliver water. Ideally, once connected the attack pumper will maintain a full booster tank of water. Note the nomenclature booster backup and tender tie-in differentiate the tank capacity of the support apparatus connected to the attack engine. Tender Tie-In Similar to the Booster Back-up tactic. This tactic calls for the Water Tender to connect with the attack bumper. This terminology indicates that a Water Tender with a tank of 2000 gallons or more will tether to the attack pump. Both the Booster Back-up and Tender Tie-In should attempt to extend a minimal hose to a location that facilitates apparatus to deliver water and depart with minimal maneuver. Unfortunately, seldom are the circumstances ideal. Apparatus awaiting water transfer should be positioned to limit congestion to roadway access. 30 fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi Water Shuttle Hydrant Refill Filling from a hydrant should employ the following. The rst apparatus to arrive at the hydrant will ush the hydrant and dress it utilizing two hydrant valves. Preferably 3”, but 2.5” is acceptable, and will be connected from the hydrant valve. Engines will utilize a single line and connect to the 2.5 direct tank ll located on the rear of the apparatus. Water Tenders will employ both hoselines from the hydrant, if available, and connect to their respective dual 2.5” direct tank lls. 31 fl fi fi fi