PSYCH 111 PDF

INTRO TO PSYCH Ψ- greek letter “PSI” Psychology - Comes from 2 greek words (Psyche) and (Logos) - Study of science - is the science that seeks to describe, explain, measure, predict, and change the behavior of humans and animals. Behavior - Observable action; response of...

INTRO TO PSYCH Ψ- greek letter “PSI” Psychology - Comes from 2 greek words (Psyche) and (Logos) - Study of science - is the science that seeks to describe, explain, measure, predict, and change the behavior of humans and animals. Behavior - Observable action; response of an organism; can be study through observation Types of Behavior: 1. Overt (Obvious)- talking, running, eating 2. Covert (Hidden)- thinking, feeling, thoughts Types of Observation: 1. Unaided-naturalistic 2. Aided - use of tools/instrument May be: 1. Objective- without being biased; observing others 2. Introspective - observing one’s behavior HISTORY: Wilhelm Wundt - Established the first laboratory for experimental psychology Virgilio G. Enriquez - Father of Filipino Psychology - Advocates indigenous psychology PAP (Psychological Association of the Philippines) - Professional organizations of psychologists. - Proposed R.A 10029 - The Psychological Law- aims to professionalize the practice of psychology through a licensure exam Pop Psychology - Online quiz Pseudoscience - A collection of beliefs or practices Scientific Method: 1. Stating a problem- A problem or questions 2. Formulating a hypothesis - Intelligent guess 3. Gathering data - making use of questionnaires, interviews, or experiments. 4. Organizing and Analyzing Data - refers to basically understanding the data through quantitative or qualitative analysis 5. Conclusions- is the answer to the problem or question. The hypothesis is either accepted or rejected. Research Method: 1. Experimental - a systematic observation wherein a set of conditions are manipulated in order to determine their effect on a particular behavior Objective: Discover the effect of an independent variable (IV) on a dependent variable Variables: ✔IV – manipulated; control ✔DV – to be measured; ✔CV (Controlled Variable) – other factors which may have an effect to the DV Designs: ✔ Simple Design- 2 randomized grps ✔ Multiple Grp Design- more than 2 levels of IV ✔ Factorial Experiment- more than one IV is controlled 2. Differential Method - Used to study existing differences between subjects by comparing an exp grp with a control grp Experimental Group- does Controlled Group- does not 3. Correlational Group - used to determine whether 2 or more variables are associated with or related to each other a. Positive- direct relationship ⬆⬆ ⬇⬇ b. Negative- indirect relationship ⬆⬇ ⬇⬆  c. No negative correlation 4. Naturalistic Method - Observing behavior in its most natural environment Advantages: High realism : High external validity Availability of and accessibility to descriptive information on sequence and/or development of behavior. Disadvantages Prone to perceptual distortion & subjectivity Lack of control over situation Takes a lot of time to observe 5. Survey Method - Study a certain behavior in a wider scale. - Surveys may be through questionnaires (written) or interviews (oral) 6. Clinical Method - used by Psychologists 7. Archival Method - looking into and analyzing written records 8. Longitudinal Method - studying an individual’s (or group’s) behavior over a long period of time Example: Analyze the study and apply the steps using the scientific method, given that hypothetically, you will conduct this research using the EXPERIMENTAL METHOD. Study: The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance in College Students Scientific Method: 1. Stating a problem ANSWER: To determine the whether the lack of sleep affects negatively on the academic performance of college students 2. Hypothesis ANSWER: College students who sleep less than 6 hours per night on average will have lower academic performance compared to those who sleep 7-9 hours per night. 3. Gathering Data ANSWER: Conducted using experimental method with the use of surveys 4. Organizing and Analyzing Data ANSWER: Calculate the GPA of the 2 groups and use statistical tests to determine if there is a significant difference in GPA between the two groups. 5. Conclusion ANSWER: The data supports the hypothesis that sleep deprivation negatively impacts academic performance. College students who get adequate sleep tend to have better GPAs than those who are sleep-deprived. PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE: 1. Psychodynamic Perspective - “Childhood” - Defense mechanisms 2. Behavioral Perspective - Everything is being learned - Phobias and addictions 3. Cognitive Perspective - Lahat ay nasa utak mo lang 4. Phenomenological - Subjective experience - Di porket naranasan mo, sila rin kasi magkakaiba tayo ng experience sa buhay 5. Biological - Endorphins, dopamine, oxytocin, cortisol 6. Sociocultutal Perspective - Naiinfluence ng society 7. Evolutionary Perspective - Adaptation of behavior from our ancestors; namana Hereditary or Nature - totality of influences biologically transmitted from the parents to the offspring  - It covers all the factors present at the time of conception - Biological - Inherently from the parents Biological Transmission: 1. Chromosomes - Thread-like structures - During conception, zygote receives 23 chromosomes from the father and 23 chromosomes from the mother. All in all we have 46 chromosomes. Out if 46 chromosomes, 22 pairs are autosomes and 2 pairs are sex chromosomes 2. Genes - heredity units within the chromosomes Genotype– includes all genetic characteristics, seen and unseen, dominant and recessive (Allele - one of two or more versions of a gene) Phenotype– refers to all observable characteristics (NOTE: Note that the while a PHENOTYPE is influenced by the genotype, genotype does not equal phenotype. The phenotype may be influenced by the genotype and factors including epigenetic modifications and environmental and lifestyle factors.) Principles of Heredity: 1. Principles of consistency - Like begets like - Children resemble their parents more closely than any other person. 2. Principles of Variability - Like begets almost like. - Variability comes in as a result of the combination of the hereditary factors of both parents. 3. Chance Principle - Some hereditary factors cannot be predetermined. 4. Principle of Dominance and Recessiveness - Genes can either be dominant (common, usual, strong) or recessive (weak). Environment or Nurture - sum total of all external conditions and factors potentially capable of influencing an organism. - It covers all the external factors that have acted upon an individual after conception. - Lahat ng environment mo nakakaapekto B=HxE - Behavior is the product of heredity and environment THE ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM 1. Microsystem - layer closest to the individual - contains the structures which the individual has direct contact with. 2. Mesosystem - layer that provides the connection between the structures of the individual’s microsystem. 3. Exosystem - the layer that defines the larger social system 4. Macrosystem - the outermost layer - comprised of cultural values, customs, and laws. 5. Chronosystem - relates to the individual’s environments. NERVOUS SYSTEM - Controlling and coordinating behavior Neuron - Building blocks of the nervous system - Transmits electrical and chemical signals Parts: 1. Cell body (soma) - Central part of the neuron Nucleus- houses DNA and controls neuron’s activity Cytoplasm- gel-like fluid 2. dendrites - Tree-like extensions Dendrites spines- small protrusions 3. Axon - Long, slender projections Axon Hillock- area where the axon 4. Myelin Sheath - Fatty layers Nodes of Ranvier- small gaps of myelin sheath 5. Axon Terminals- sites where neurotransmitters are released Synaptic Vesicles- small sacs Neurotransmitters; THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM KEY HORMONE