PSYCH 104 Learning Theories PDF

top-down processing : using our background knowledge and expectations to interpret what we see bottom-up processing : allowing sensation and the stimulus itself to shape our perception without any preconceived ideas learning receiving information and storing it; being able to understand and a...

top-down processing : using our background knowledge and expectations to interpret what we see bottom-up processing : allowing sensation and the stimulus itself to shape our perception without any preconceived ideas learning receiving information and storing it; being able to understand and apply knowledge types of learning 1. non associative learning : repeated exposure/stimulation 2. associative learning : pairing or associating stimuli habituation/sensory adaptation/desensitization : repeated stimulation leads to a decrease in response sensitization : repeated stimulation leads to an increase in response – classical conditioning also known as pavlovian conditioning – when neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response pairing of two stimuli, autonomic stimulus vs response 1. unconditioned stimulus - something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism 2. unconditioned response - reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus 3. conditioned stimulus - stimulus that is initially neutral and produces a reliable response in an organism 4. conditioned response - reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus acquisition - phase of classical conditioning when CS and US are presented together extinction - gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when US is no longer presented second order conditioning - conditioning where the CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with US in an earlier procedure - explains why some people desire things to the point that they hoard it spontaneous recovery - tendency of a learned response to recover from extinction after a rest period applications - fear conditioning / developing phobias - taste aversions - stimulus generalization – process by which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during the acquisition - stimulus discrimination – capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli - biological preparedness – idea that people and animals are inherently inclined to form associations between certain stimuli and responses – operant conditioning type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether the behavior will be repeated in the future pairing the consequences of an organism’s behavior law of effect : stimulus or behaviors will be likely to be repeated if followed by a positive response and vice versa the ABCs Antecedent → Behavior → Consequence (stimulus - signal) (increase/decrease likelihood) (outcome – reinforcer/punisher) reinforcer vs punisher 1. reinforcer - stimulus that leads to an increased likelihood in behavior - positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement 2. punisher - stimulus that leads to a decreased likelihood of repetition of that behavior - positive punishment and negative punishment primary reinforcers : satisfy biological needs (food, shelter) secondary reinforcers : associate with primary reinforcers (money, trophies) overjustification effect : becoming less motivated to enjoy an activity when offered external incentive consequential reinforcement punishment stimulus - attempt to increase likelihood of - attempt to decrease likelihood of behavior behavior positive positive reinforcement positive punishment - added stimulus adding stimulus to increase that behavior adding stimulus to decrease that behavior getting a cookie when you say please receives speeding ticket negative negative reinforcement negative punishment - remove stimulus removing stimulus to increase that removing stimulus to decrease that behavior behavior wears a seatbelt so car doesn’t produce taking away a toy when kid tantrums annoying beeping fear, phobias and avoidance maintained through operant conditioning - increase and decrease of stimulus = positive or negative - increase and decrease of response = reinforcement or punishment reinforcement schedules fixed variable interval fixed interval variable interval (timing) reinforced every __ time interval reinforced on average every __ time interval paycheck every 2 weeks contractor does 5 summer projects, no winter – paid over the year ratio fixed ratio variable ratio (occurence of behavior) reinforced every behavioral occurrence unpredictable number of response every 10 coffee purchased, 11th coffee is slot machines on average payout is about free 1% cognitive elements edward tolman saw operant conditioning as a means-end relationship ○ latent learning : something is learned but not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future → explored campus before, the next day you know the shortest route to a place in campus didn’t use that info when learned, but used this knowledge in the future ○ cognitive map : mental representation of the physical features of the environment how the campus looks in your mind applications 1. maintains avoidance behaviors (phobias, fear, taste aversions) – have biological relevance 2. helps develop goal-oriented behaviors (dopamine reward pathway) 3. negative reinforcement maintains avoidance and addiction behaviors - avoidance → decrease in anxiety - addiction behaviors → decrease in withdrawals and cravings – observational learning learning from a model – particularly looking at the outcome of their behavior diffusion chain : process in which individuals initially learn behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior – serves as a model - eg. yawning mirror neurons : fire to produce observational learning in humans and other animal species - plays a critical role in imitation of behavior and prediction of behavior - involved in learning behaviors that you intend in doing in the future – implicit learning learning with no intention – lack of awareness in learning priming : introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a stimulus - you’re not aware you picked up that stimuli, but behavior changes in the future bc of that stimuli habituation : decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure - we’re not aware that we’re becoming sensitized procedural learning : learning something by simply being exposed to it - learning skill with no awareness of learning about it - eg. how we learn grammar rules when we are exposed to the language more