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Questions and Answers
What role does negative reinforcement play in avoidance behaviors?
What role does negative reinforcement play in avoidance behaviors?
- It increases the likelihood of relapse.
- It promotes the development of new habits.
- It is unrelated to behavioral responses.
- It maintains avoidance by decreasing anxiety. (correct)
Mirror neurons are only found in humans.
Mirror neurons are only found in humans.
False (B)
What is the process called when individuals learn behaviors by observing others?
What is the process called when individuals learn behaviors by observing others?
observational learning
___ is the phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to a decrease in response.
___ is the phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to a decrease in response.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
What is the main difference between top-down processing and bottom-up processing?
What is the main difference between top-down processing and bottom-up processing?
Sensitization occurs when repeated stimulation leads to a decrease in response.
Sensitization occurs when repeated stimulation leads to a decrease in response.
What is the phase of classical conditioning called when the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) are presented together?
What is the phase of classical conditioning called when the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) are presented together?
The gradual elimination of a learned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented is called __________.
The gradual elimination of a learned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented is called __________.
Match the learning concepts with their definitions:
Match the learning concepts with their definitions:
In the context of operant conditioning, what does the law of effect state?
In the context of operant conditioning, what does the law of effect state?
Second order conditioning involves pairing a previously conditioned stimulus with a new unconditioned stimulus.
Second order conditioning involves pairing a previously conditioned stimulus with a new unconditioned stimulus.
What term describes the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli?
What term describes the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli?
Which type of reinforcement entails adding a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior?
Which type of reinforcement entails adding a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior?
Negative punishment involves adding a stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Negative punishment involves adding a stimulus to decrease a behavior.
What are primary reinforcers primarily associated with?
What are primary reinforcers primarily associated with?
The __________ effect describes a decrease in intrinsic motivation when an external incentive is introduced.
The __________ effect describes a decrease in intrinsic motivation when an external incentive is introduced.
Match the following types of reinforcement or punishment to their definitions:
Match the following types of reinforcement or punishment to their definitions:
Which reinforcement schedule is characterized by a reward being given after an unpredictable number of responses?
Which reinforcement schedule is characterized by a reward being given after an unpredictable number of responses?
Latent learning refers to learning that is immediately expressed in behavior.
Latent learning refers to learning that is immediately expressed in behavior.
What term describes a mental representation of the physical features of an environment?
What term describes a mental representation of the physical features of an environment?
Positive reinforcement involves __________ a stimulus to increase behavior.
Positive reinforcement involves __________ a stimulus to increase behavior.
In operant conditioning, which of the following is NOT a consequence used to modify behavior?
In operant conditioning, which of the following is NOT a consequence used to modify behavior?
Flashcards
Top-Down Processing
Top-Down Processing
Using prior knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory information.
Bottom-Up Processing
Bottom-Up Processing
Perception is shaped solely by sensory information without pre-existing ideas.
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus, eliciting a learned response.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
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Reinforcer
Reinforcer
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Extinction (in Classical Conditioning)
Extinction (in Classical Conditioning)
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Stimulus Generalization
Stimulus Generalization
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Punisher
Punisher
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Primary Reinforcer
Primary Reinforcer
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Secondary Reinforcer
Secondary Reinforcer
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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Negative Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
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Positive Punishment
Positive Punishment
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Negative Punishment
Negative Punishment
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Fixed Interval Schedule
Fixed Interval Schedule
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Latent Learning
Latent Learning
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Observational Learning
Observational Learning
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Diffusion Chain
Diffusion Chain
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Mirror Neurons
Mirror Neurons
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Implicit Learning
Implicit Learning
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Habituation
Habituation
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Study Notes
Atkinson-Shiffrin Information Processing Model
- This model describes how information is processed in the brain.
- Stimuli are received through sensation and attention.
- Bottom-up processing: Sensory information shapes perception without preconceived notions.
- Top-down processing: Background knowledge and expectations influence perception.
Learning
- Receiving and storing information for understanding and applying knowledge.
- Types of learning:
- Non-associative learning: Repeated exposure leads to changes in response (habituation/sensitization).
- Associative learning: Pairing stimuli.
Habituation/Sensory Adaptation/Desensitization
- Repeated stimulation leads to decreased response.
Sensitization
- Repeated stimulation leads to increased response.
Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning)
- Neutral stimulus paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response.
- After pairing, the neutral stimulus alone can produce the response.
- Stimulus vs. Response
- Unconditioned stimulus (US): Naturally triggers a response.
- Unconditioned response (UR): Natural reaction to the US.
- Conditioned stimulus (CS): Initially neutral; after pairing with US, elicits a response.
- Conditioned response (CR): Response to the CS.
Classical Conditioning: Processes
- Acquisition: CS and US presented together.
- Extinction: CS presented alone without US, the CR decreases.
- Spontaneous recovery: Reappearance of a CR after extinction.
- Second-order conditioning: A CS is paired with a stimulus that was previously associated with the US.
Applications of Classical Conditioning
- Taste aversions
- Fear conditioning
Operant Conditioning
- Consequences of behavior determine if the behavior will be repeated.
- Law of effect: Behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated.
- Antecedent (stimulus): Behaviour: Consequence (reinforcer/punisher)
Reinforcers vs. Punishers
- Reinforcers: Increase likelihood of behavior (Positive/Negative).
- Punishers: Decrease likelihood of behavior (Positive/Negative).
- Primary vs Secondary Reinforcers: Primary satisfy biological needs, secondary are learned associations.
Reinforcement Schedules
- Fixed interval: Reinforcement after a set amount of time.
- Variable interval: Reinforcement after a variable amount of time
- Fixed ratio: Reinforcement after a fixed number of behaviors.
- Variable ratio: Reinforcement after a variable number of behaviors.
Cognitive Elements
- Latent learning: Learning that's not immediately evident.
- Cognitive maps: Mental representations of the environment.
Applications
- Maintaining avoidance behaviors (phobia, taste aversions)
- Developing goal-oriented behaviors.
- Maintaining behaviors, such as addiction.
Observational Learning
- Learning by observing others.
- Diffusion chain: Individuals learn behaviors by watching others.
- Mirror neurons: Neural firing that supports imitation and prediction of behaviors in others.
Implicit Learning
- Learning without conscious awareness.
- Priming: An exposure to a stimulus affects behavior.
- Habituation: Decreased response to a repeated stimulus.
- Procedural learning: Learning skills through repetition.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Information Processing Model and learning types. Explore concepts such as classical conditioning, habituation, and the differences between bottom-up and top-down processing. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of how we process and learn information.
