PSY 125 - Module 1 - Introduction PDF

INTRODUCTION & HISTORY OF RESEARCH Jhulen Cabral Macapinlac, RPm PSY 125: Field Method in Psychology  WHAT IS RESEARCH? (Leedy & Ormrod, 2019). Howitt (2016) Braun & Clarke (2006)...

INTRODUCTION & HISTORY OF RESEARCH Jhulen Cabral Macapinlac, RPm PSY 125: Field Method in Psychology  WHAT IS RESEARCH? (Leedy & Ormrod, 2019). Howitt (2016) Braun & Clarke (2006) describes research in psychology as a emphasize research as an analytical Research is a systematic structured process aimed at process where data is collected, coded, understanding human behavior and and analyzed to identify patterns and inquiry aimed at discovering mental processes through empirical and themes. They focus on thematic analysis new information, validating qualitative methods. This includes the as a specific method within qualitative existing knowledge, or solving use of various qualitative research research, defining it as a method for methods, such as interviews, case systematically identifying, analyzing, and specific problems through studies, and thematic analysis, to reporting patterns (themes) within data. rigorous methodologies explore psychological phenomena in depth. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH ADVANCEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE Research is crucial for advancing knowledge within a discipline. It allows for the development of new theories, models, and understanding of phenomena. This contributes to the academic and practical progress of the field. INFORMED DECISION-MAKING Research provides evidence-based data that supports informed decision-making in both personal and professional contexts. It helps individuals and organizations make choices that are grounded in facts and scientific evidence rather than assumptions. IMPROVEMENT OF PRACTICES Research is essential for improving practices within any field. In psychology, for instance, research can lead to better therapeutic approaches, more effective interventions, and enhanced teaching methods. The findings from research can be applied to improve real-world outcomes, thus making research an essential component of professional practice. TYPES OF RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Conducted to expand knowledge without immediate practical application. APPLIED RESEARCH Aims to solve practical problems, such as developing interventions for mental health issues (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). HISTORY OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY THE EMERGENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE Psychology began as a distinct scientific discipline in the late 19th century. Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879, marking the official start of psychology as an experimental and empirical science (Schultz & Schultz, 2016). HISTORY OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY MAJOR MILESTONES Behaviorism - Emerged in the early 20th century with researchers like John Watson and B.F. Skinner, focusing on observable behavior (Watson, 1913). Cognitive Psychology - In the mid-20th century, a shift towards understanding mental processes emerged, with significant contributions from researchers like Ulric Neisser (Neisser, 1967).  01 Rationalism vs. Empiricism PHILOSOPHICAL 02 Positivism and the Scientific Method FOUNDATIONS OF RESEARCH 03 Interpretivism and Qualitative Research Rationalism vs. Empiricism RATIONALISM The belief that knowledge is gained through reason and logical analysis (Descartes, 1641). Rationalism emphasizes the role of reason and innate knowledge in understanding the world. It suggests that certain truths can be known through intellectual reasoning without requiring sensory experience. EMPIRICISM The view that knowledge is primarily derived from sensory experience (Locke, 1690). Empiricism posits that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience and that all ideas are derived from what we perceive through our senses.  The Role of Reason in Moral Judgments This study explores the influence of rationalist principles on moral judgments. Rooted in the philosophical tradition of rationalism, the research posits that individuals employ logical reasoning to determine moral outcomes rather than relying solely on emotional or sensory input. Using a series of moral dilemmas, the study examines how participants apply reason-based principles, such as consistency and universality, in making ethical decisions. The findings suggest that reason plays a significant role in shaping moral judgments, with participants often justifying their choices based on rational principles. This study contributes to the ongoing debate in moral psychology regarding the role of reason versus emotion in moral decision-making, supporting the rationalist view that reason is central to ethical judgments.  An Empirical Study on Sensory Perception and Cognitive Processing in Visual Learning This research investigates the role of sensory experience in cognitive processing, particularly within the context of visual learning. Grounded in the empirical tradition, the study examines how visual stimuli contribute to knowledge acquisition and retention. Participants were exposed to a series of visual learning tasks, followed by assessments to measure their cognitive processing and memory retention. The results indicate a strong correlation between sensory input and cognitive outcomes, suggesting that sensory experiences are foundational to learning processes. This study provides empirical evidence supporting the empiricist view that knowledge is primarily derived from sensory experiences, reinforcing the importance of sensory perception in educational practices. Positivism and the Scientific Method POSITIVISM A philosophical stance asserting that only empirical, observable, and measurable phenomena are valid for knowledge (Comte, 1830). Positivism is a philosophical stance that asserts that knowledge is best obtained through observable, empirical data a nd logical reasoning. It emphasizes the importance of using the scientific method to study phenomena and generate objective, measurable knowledge. SCIENTIFIC METHOD The scientific method, rooted in positivism, emphasizes observation, experimentation, and validation. The scientific method involves systematic observation, measurement, experimentation, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses. The Impact of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on Anxiety Disorders: A Quantitative Positivist Approach This study examines the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in reducing symptoms of anxiety disorders using a positivist framework and the scientific method. The research adopts a quantitative approach, employing a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to test the hypothesis that CBT significantly reduces anxiety symptoms compared to a control group receiving no intervention. Data were collected from 150 participants diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and panic disorder (PD). Participants were randomly assigned to either the CBT treatment group or the control group. Anxiety levels were measured using standardized assessment tools, including the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), at baseline, post-treatment, and follow-up intervals. Statistical analyses, including t-tests and ANOVA, were conducted to compare the effectiveness of CBT across different types of anxiety disorders and to evaluate the treatment's long-term efficacy. The results demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in anxiety symptoms in the CBT group compared to the control group, with sustained improvements observed at the 6-month follow-up. These findings provide empirical evidence supporting the effectiveness of CBT in treating anxiety disorders and contribute to the broader literature on evidence-based psychological interventions. This study illustrates the positivist emphasis on observable, measurable outcomes and the use of the scientific method to derive objective, generalizable conclusions. Interpretivism and Qualitative Research INTERPRETIVISM Focuses on understanding the subjective meaning of human experiences. It is often linked to qualitative research methods that explore complex social phenomena (Geertz, 1973). Interpretivism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes understanding the subjective meanings and experiences of individuals within their social context. It rejects the idea that there is a single, o bjective reality, instead focusing on the multiple realities that individuals construct through their experiences. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH is a methodological approach used to collect, analyze, and interpret non-numerical data, such as words, texts, and observations. It aims to explore phenomena in depth and understand the meanings and experiences of participants. Understanding the Lived Experiences of Refugee Women: A Phenomenological Study This study explores the lived experiences of refugee women resettled in urban areas, using a phenomenological approach grounded in interpretivism. The research aims to understand how these women perceive and make sense of their new lives, focusing on their challenges, coping mechanisms, and identity reconstruction processes. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 20 refugee women from various backgrounds who have resettled in a major city over the past five years. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify common themes and patterns in their narratives. The findings reveal that the women’s experiences are shaped by multiple factors, including cultural displacement, social integration challenges, and the renegotiation of their identities in a new cultural context. Despite facing significant hardships, the women demonstrated resilience and resourcefulness, often drawing on community support and cultural traditions to navigate their new environment. The study highlights the importance of understanding refugee experiences from the perspective of the individuals themselves, emphasizing the value of qualitative research methods in capturing the complexity of human experiences. This research contributes to the broader discourse on refugee integration, offering insights that can inform policies and programs aimed at supporting refugee populations. CHECK ON THESE EXAMPLES! The Role of Environmental Stimuli in Shaping Behavior: A Behavioral Analysis This research examines how environmental stimuli impact behavior through an empirical analysis of conditioned responses. The study uses controlled experiments to assess how different types of stimuli influence learning and behavioral outcomes, reinforcing the empiricist view that behavior is shaped by experience. Exploring the Relationship Between Personality Traits and Academic Performance This study applies a positivist approach to explore the relationship between personality traits (as measured by standardized tests) and academic performance. The research uses regression analysis to identify patterns and correlations, providing quantifiable insights into how personality influences academic success. Understanding the Experience of Grief: A Qualitative Study of Bereaved Parents This study delves into the experiences of grief among parents who have lost a child, using an interpretivist approach to understand how they make sense of their loss. Through qualitative interviews and phenomenological analysis, the research uncovers the subjective meanings and coping mechanisms that shape their grieving process. The Role of Rational Thought in Problem- Solving Strategies This study examines how individuals apply rational thought processes to solve complex problems. Using a series of logic puzzles and strategic games, the research demonstrates that rational, rule-based thinking is essential for effective problem-solving, challenging the notion that intuition alone can guide decisions in complex scenarios. The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive Performance: A Controlled Laboratory Study This study examines the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance using the scientific method. Participants were randomly assigned to sleep-deprived and well- rested groups, and their cognitive functions were tested using standardized tasks. The findings provide empirical evidence on how sleep impacts cognitive abilities. The Social Construction of Identity Among Transgender Youth This research examines how transgender youth construct their identities within social contexts, using an interpretivist framework. The study employs narrative analysis of interviews with transgender individuals to explore how they navigate societal norms and expectations in forming their identities.  THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD The scientific method is a systematic process used in research to explore observations, answer questions, and test hypotheses. It is a cornerstone of psychological research (Kothari, 2004). OBSERVATION HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENTATION ANALYSIS CONCLUSION The scientific method is used in various psychological studies, including experimental and correlational research (Gravetter & Forzano, 2018).  THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD The goal is to identify a problem or question that needs exploration. This observation serves as the foundation for further investigation. OBSERVATION HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENTATION ANALYSIS CONCLUSION The scientific method is used in various psychological studies, including experimental and correlational research (Gravetter & Forzano, 2018).  THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD The hypothesis guides the direction of the research by providing a clear statement that can be tested through experimentation. OBSERVATION HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENTATION ANALYSIS CONCLUSION The scientific method is used in various psychological studies, including experimental and correlational research (Gravetter & Forzano, 2018).  THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Experimentation provides empirical evidence to support or refute the hypothesis. By carefully controlling variables, the researcher can isolate the effect of the independent variable (e.g., noise level) on the dependent variable (e.g., memory performance). OBSERVATION HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENTATION ANALYSIS CONCLUSION The scientific method is used in various psychological studies, including experimental and correlational research (Gravetter & Forzano, 2018).  THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD The analysis helps the researcher determine whether the data support the hypothesis or if the results are due to chance. It’s a critical step in making sense of the experimental findings. OBSERVATION HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENTATION ANALYSIS CONCLUSION The scientific method is used in various psychological studies, including experimental and correlational research (Gravetter & Forzano, 2018).  THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD This step allows the researcher to summarize their findings, understand their implications, and contribute to the broader body of knowledge in the field. It also provides direction for future research. OBSERVATION HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENTATION ANALYSIS CONCLUSION The scientific method is used in various psychological studies, including experimental and correlational research (Gravetter & Forzano, 2018).  QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE Explores phenomena in-depth Involves the collection and analysis using non-numerical data, such as of numerical data to identify interviews, observations, and text patterns, test hypotheses, and analysis (Creswell & Poth, 2018). make predictions (Bryman, 2016).  QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE Focuses on understanding Emphasizes measurement and meaning and context, often used statistical analysis, often used in in exploratory research. confirmatory research. IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN RESEARCH Ethical research ensures the protection of participants, the integrity of data, and the credibility of scientific findings (Resnik, 2020). Key Ethical Principles 1.Informed Consent 2.Confidentiality 3.Beneficence and Nonmaleficence  HISTORICAL CASES OF UNETHICAL RESEARCH 1.Milgram Experiment (1963): Controversial study on obedience that raised questions about the psychological harm inflicted on participants (Milgram, 1963). 2. Stanford Prison Experiment (1971): Raised ethical concerns about the treatment of participants and the lack of informed consent (Zimbardo, 2007).  Identifying the Research Problem 01 Start by identifying a gap in the literature or a specific issue that needs to be addressed (Creswell, 2014). Literature Review 02 Review existing research to understand the current state of knowledge and refine your research question (Hart, 2018). Formulating Hypotheses 03 THE Develop testable statements based on the literature review and research questions (Bordens & Abbott, 2021). Designing the Study 04 RESEARCH Choose appropriate methods and plan the research design, including sampling, data collection, and analysis (Punch & Oancea, 2014). PROCESS 05 Data Collection and Analysis Collect data systematically and analyze it using appropriate statistical or qualitative methods (Miles, Huberman, & Saldaña, 2014). Reporting Results 05 Present findings in a clear, concise manner, following ethical guidelines and academic standards (APA, 2020). Common Research Methods in Psychology Experimental Methods O b s e r va t i o n a l S t u d i e s S urveys an d Q uestio nna ire s Case Studies Inter views an d Foc us Grou p Challenges in psychological research Re l i a b i l i t y a n d Va l i d i t y T h e Re p l i c a t i o n C r i s i s Dealing with Bias references A m e r i c a n P s y c h o l o g i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n. ( 2 0 2 0 ). E t h i c a l p r i n c i p l e s o f p s yc h o l o g i s t s a n d c o d e o f c o n d u c t. A PA. 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T h e L u c i f e r e f f e c t : U n d e r s t a n d i n g h o w g o o d p eo p l e t u r n e v i l. R a n d o m H o u s e. Thank You PSY 125: Field Method in Psychology