Social & Personality Psychology Notes PDF

Week 1 : What is social Psychology ? The scientific study of feelings thoughts behaviours of ·...

Week 1 : What is social Psychology ? The scientific study of feelings thoughts behaviours of · + , individual in social settings. Example 1 : Asch's Line Judgement Task ↳ Despite the answer being obvious the researcher made , the first few people to say an incorrect answer ↳ When then asked to will answer the OR are answer , you obvious would you be influenced by your surroundings ? · Does Social & Personality Psychology just document the obvious ? ↳ common sense is sometimes right and sometimes wrong. - E the bronze. , Olympic g Silver medallists takes m o re joy in their achievement than. - less Silver medallists tend to be happy than the bronze · What is Personality Psychology ? Studies of individual differences in behaviour. · Why bother with Research ? (errors in judgement ). 1. Confirmation Bias : belief perseverance.. 2 We overly rely on shortcuts in making judgements (2 g ,. Stereotyping). 3. Our insight into the reasons of our ow n behaviour and that of others is often limited. · Where do Research Questions come from ?. 1 Testing a Theory 2. Curiosity/demonstrating a phenomenon 3.. Testing a Technique Between Sample · Subjects Design : split into groups where each group test different conditions. ↳ treatment VS. Control Within Subjects Research Design Same · : sample tests all condition , one after another. Week 2 : · · · Quasi-Experimental Designs : establish cause-and-effect relationship between an IV BDV. - Advantages : Investigate naturally occurring characteristics that could not be induced in lab. > e. g , depression or extreme stress ↳ Disadvantages No : random assignment , So it is difficult to impute Causality (correlation NOT causation) · Correlation Designs : investigates relationship between variables without researcher controlling/manipulating designs. ↳ Advantages : Allows us to explore questions that would be difficult/impossible with experimental - Disadvantages Have random allocation it is difficult to impute : no to treatment and control groups , : (i) Relationship (ii) Non-spurious (iii) Order (cause precedes the effect) causality. , , Introduction to Personality Psychology Personality · : ↳ is & the distinctive relatively enduring ways of thinking , feeling Bacting that characterise a persons response to life. - Refers to psychological systems that contributes to an individual's enduring + distinctive patterns of experience and behaviour. factors · Personality Research addresses both : Human Nature (common features) & Individuality (Specific 1) - Investigations gain written information unique to individual being studied. ↳ Traits dimensions/spectrum as e. g , normal distribution) , Quantitative Approach · Application of trait Approach · The Personality Understanding the "Parts' : Theory WHOLE person rather than simply the ↳ synthesising other areas of psychology e. g , perception , neuroscience , human development. - > Important for helping us to understand personality pathology & wellbeing. · Psychopathology : > - Psycho = Psychological & Pathos = diseases/disorders/ sufferings. ↳ Personality research emerged out of 'Abnormal Psychology' ) ↳ Understanding our personalities can break down (e g. , Personality Disorders). ↳) for Theory and Implications Therapy. Personality & Wellbeing health · HelpUS understand what is for mental wellbeing necessary :. Personality B CHISTORICALLY) · Social Psychology : ↳ Personality Theories = behaviours that a re typically caused by internal factors rather than environmental. ↳ Social how Psych = each persons individual behaviour is influenced by the social environment. Social ~ Person's within situations = Scientific study of feelings , thoughts & behaviours of individuals in Situations. Personality Development : Nature VS. Nurture. 1 Nature = what are we like by Nature (prior to environmental influences). ↳ e. g , genetics , biological needs , temperament.. 2 Nurture = how the environment nurtures us (ALL environmental influences). Is Personality Stable Changing ? · OR ↳ Personality Paradox = personality is generally stable over-time (Consistency) , BUT behaviour varies according to Situation (change). Personality · Research and Science : ↳ Science to discover what is the trying case = ↳ Critical Two Appraisal Subjecting beliefs & kinds Criticism : = theories to criticism. of. 1 Logical : Testing logical Coherence of theories ↳ Theoretical/conceptual analysis 3) Identifying contradictions , hidden assumptions , Vagueness , ambiguity. 2 Empiricism:Observationis exentia toscience Douroberrationssupportthether a · · further hypothesis. - > Clinical/counselling Application , Interviews. ↳ Biases. Self-Report 2 : Self-Report Questionnaires , fast B easy data collection , Deception , lack of insight. 3 Projective Tests : Ambiguous Stimuli (individual interpretations reveal aspects of their personality). ↳ Issues with interpretation. Week 3 : Psychodynamic Research Psychoanalytic Theory Personality (id superego) Unconscious B · : , ego , conscious mind , , defence mechanisms , Psychosexuality /individual goes through Series of sexual stages). Dreaming · Current Psychodynamic Theories : e.. g * 1. Unconscious mental processes : Mental processes + content that we are unaware of 2. Defence Mechanisms : Unconscious processes that protect UI from negative emotional content /e g.. anxiety , self-esteem threats). ↳ Both associated historically with being untestable. · Unconscious Processes : ↳ History : developed in 19th C.. (Historically problematic) > ↳ Freud's & Mostly associated With Psychoanalysis theory of defence mechanisms. ↳> 1980s : 'The new conscious' : Automatic processes , nonconscious processes , implicit processes. ↳ Unconscious Processes are now generally accepted Examples · : 1. Blindsight : Seeing without awareness of Seeing ↳ Mere Effect Mere increases Exposure = repeated exposure to stimulus attractiveness. Subliminal · Perception : Findings > Emotional 'abandonment' Eating : Experimental grp presented with cue (e.g lonely) ,. > Control grp : neutral Stimuli (e g ,. gallery) > Cracker conclusion were provided people given negative cues ate more. = : · Why might we not know ourselves ? ↳ Simply too much information influences , The 'new unconscious' B nonconscious , unconscious processes · Defence Mechanism for evidence. Defensive · Personality Styles : - Repressive Coping : Cognitive or emotional effort to ignore/divert attention from threatening stimuli , whether internal or external. ↳ Repressors : Self-protective personality style associated With avoiding anxiety - provoking information , Limited self-awareness. · Why Physiological Stress ? Vigilance - avoidance Theory · 1. Initial Rapid , Vigilant response triggering behavioural B Physiological responses. :. 2 Avoidance Stage avoidant cognitive biases that inhibit the conscious experience of anxiety. Moniters 3 Blunters ·. 1 Moniters = Hyper-attentive to threats , always scanning for threats , Amplifying threats. threats. 2 Blunters = Ignoring , downplaying risk , self-distracting. Neuropsychoanalysis & Dreams (Freud trained in Neurology : Nerve Cells , lesions & aphasia) Personality the ego (Consciousness Reality principle) 3 · > : conscious - the unconscious id (unconscious drives & the repressed > - Pleasure Principle) (right/wrong good/bad). ↳ Superego : morality , · Interpretation of dreams : - Id-drives 3 motivational States (desires) - Adults : Repression & Censorship - ↳ Desires , waking fantasy sleeping fantasy Regression to primary processes. ↳ satisfaction ↳ undisguised wish-fulfilment of our desires. Y during ingdingtendencies oppose eachoha  Freuds basic Point Dreams meaningful 3 reflect id-desires · : are our. Dreams & (Rapid-eye & : REM movement sleep Paradoxical highly brain (almost awake) · sleep : active as if. McCarley (1977) 4 Allan Hobson & Rober+ > Dreams occur due to chaotic brain stem activity associated with REM sleep. > neutral' Dreams B illogical Motivationally , are meaningless : Random images thinking · REM = Dreams : Problems ? (Loss of dreaming associated with other parts of the brain. ) ↳ Dreaming can occur prior to REM sleep : (i) Vivid dreaming can occur prior to REM sleep (ii) Brain-Stem lesions eliminate REM sleep eliminate which do not dreaming. Dreams Psychosis & (prefrontal lobotomy) to · + : 1940-1975 - Schizophrenia Leucotomines reduce psychotic symptoms. dreaming & impoverished fantasy & curiosity ↳ Result Cessation of in life waking :. ↳ surgical damage to dopamine pathway , Neuropsychoanalysis of dreams · : ↳ Damage to dopamine pathway : REM unaffected , but dreaming ceases. - Anti-psychotics which block dopamine (DA) inhibit dreaming. ↳ Chemical DA Stimulation : increase in frequency & vividness of dreams. · Role of Dopamine : motivation 3 reward. ↳ "the out engage Dopamine Pathway motivates subject to seek with external objects " which can satisfy inner biological needs. - Damage to dopamine pathway associated with reduction of motivated behaviour ↳ Dreaming-dopamine link suggest dreams are associated with desires ('wishes') system · Drug Dreams 3) Freudian Theory : Drugs of addiction hijack the brain's natural reward 1 - feel Often withdrawal in dreams symptoms. · B Neuropsychoanalysis A link between all of psychoanalysis neurosciences : ↳ The if life brain is the organ of the mind , we want to fully understand mental , the mind We must integrate findings of neuroscience with all levels of the.  ModifyingPsychoanalysis FreudlocalisedbothconsciounthegoinThecortenell. : , The Conscious id Consciousness is in it is generated generated cortex · : not the , > in the id the ego is fundamentally unconscious -. Week 4 : Gordon Founded · Allport Psychology first personality Wrote the textbook personality : on ↳ Introduced idiographic vs. Nomothetic distinction. 4 Interested in unique individual traits = Cardinal , Central , Secondary traits. Identifying Lexical hypothesis traits identified ~ Traits : be through language : can. - Factor of Analysis = Obtain list adjectives > - people then rate themselves based on adjectives > - we them see which ones may correlate with one another. · Eysenck's 3 Factor Account : Extraversion - Introversion , Neuroticism (degree of emotional - stability) - normality , Psychoticism /not fitting into expectations / nor ms of society). ~ Individual differences of extraversion are related to the amount of Cortical arousal an individual exhibits. - Extraverts are expected to exhibit lower levels of ARAS arousal. · Five Factor Model/Theory : (OCEAN) Based seco hypothesa - on ↳ Useful for job selection/screening tool , e. g. police impact of the environment on personality traits human Traits are HIGHLY heritable. 3) NOT affected by culture , but are instead shaped by biology (common heritage of the species) - e Two. g. individuals who are equally extraverted may express their emotions differently due to their culture. ↳ Traits are stable but universal age-changes. Around age 30 : N , E , ON : A , C - Is the Fire-Factor Model Universal ? Language Barriers across the world , translation may not be accurate + different individuals may perceive words differently. · Personality Disorders : Enduring patterns of thinking/ feeling/ acting/relating Culturally , deviant , Persuasive & inflexible , Lead to distress/social impairment. Personality · Disorder Types : (A) Paranoid , Schizoid Schizotypal > individuals odd appear egocentric - , , (B) Antisocial Borderline computer dramaticemotional ,ea , , Narcissistic > - () Avoidant , Dependent , Obsessive , me Personality NOS most common diagnosis , Poor inter-rater reliability. (AMPD) ~ Alternative Model of Personality Disorders : & Personality Disorders involve : (A) impaired personality functioning & (B) Pathological personality traits. 4 Thenorganised intobrodimensioneFor modeltional stability goal , Conscientiousness = Work-related goals , Openness = Cognitive goals. ↳ Evaluation : 2. Acceptable/improved inter-rater reliability. 3 Reasonable psychometric properties. 4 still unclear whether AMPD is better than categorical model. Personality B Physical Health : Does personality help predict B explain physical health ? ↳ Leading underlying causes of death in Australia : Coronary Heart Disease , Dementia , strokes , Cancers ~ Research Considerations Methodological Issues : ↳ is factor complexity personality only one amongst many = ↳ Methodological Heterogeneity = diverse samples + methods can make comparing studies difficult. 4 4 Time cannot make causal assumptions. frame issues (e g. , fast/slow growing cancers). · 1850s : Psychosomatic illnesses > - 1895 : Freud B Hysteria · 1850s : Type A personality & Coronary heart disease) highly competitive , ambitious , stressed , aggressive , etc. ) ↳ After Research : No association found between Type A personality & CHD. Type D personality /distressed personality) & Coronary · Heart Disease. ↳ General D climical & Findings Type prospectively with reported CHD : personality associated worse Patient - outcomes. Therefore Type D personality Individuals may recover poorer if undergone cardiovascular surgery. ↳ Findings : Positive association between Type D & MACEB Negative association b/w Type D BHRQOL medical (Type DBCHD) (smoking · Possible alcohol) hesitant for 1 Mechanisms : Psychophysiological Stress , Unhealthy Lifestyle , , help. ~ Is there a cancer-prone personality ? After research , Extraversion/Neuroticism Unrelated to cancer risk/survival. ↳ Cancer-prone personality) Type c) > - NO evidence between Type C and cancer outcomes. ↳ FFM COCEAN NO association blw personalities) and cancer risk and cancer mortality. · Repressive coping & physical health : ↳ Repressive coping = diverting attention from threatening Stimuli (e. g, health threats) ↳ Repressors = Low trait anxiety/High defensiveness. > Repressors may cope by denying/repressing in response to life stressors. Repressive Coping B Coronary Findings for death · Heart Disease : - repressors at increased risk , myocardial infarction and other cardiac events. ↳ Possible of effect of heart mechanisms = underestimation the stress on , Non-compliance with treatment , stress. Coping 3 intervention) · Repressive Heart attack outcomes : High anxious men (after psychosocial Support = improved Survival outcomes BUT Repressors = poorer survival outcomes. B hypertension) · Significant associations b/w repressive coping Cardiovascular diseases (esp · · Repressive coping appears to be a consequence of cancer diagnosis. Dementia Personality · change patients suffering from : may occur in this ↳ 47 % demented dementia Findings : exhibited personality changeprior to diagnosis. > 23 % personality change in non-demented. ↳ Risk ↑ neuroticism substantial dementia and Findings : Factors risk : = impact on increasing ↑ conscientiousness : is protective against dementia. ↳ Individuals with PNBdC = less physically active , more likely to be obese/smoke , greater risk for depression. B Personality Longevity Conscientiousness is consistent predictor of longevity · : a ↳ Conscientiousness - related traits : - health-related behaviours Negatively related to all risky 7 related all beneficial health-related behaviours Positively to.  We dodotbrainwasystemLinutralianhaan addiction or substance - abuse problea Substance disorders · Addiction : DSM-5 = Substance use - & the individual cluster of cognitive , behavioural physiological symptoms indicating that continues using the substance substance-related despite significant problems , e. g , alcohol , tobacco , Opioids , Stimulants Cannabis ,. · Behavioural Addictions (non-substance related disorders) : 4) The compulsion to continually engage in an activity/behaviour despite the negative impact on the persons ability to remain mentally Bor physically healthy B functional in the home + community. ↳ e Gambling disorder Exercise Shopping Taking Selfies internet Usage g +... , , , Is there an "Addictive Personality" ? become · Addictive Personality = A personality that is more likely to addicted to something ↳ A specific personality configuration acting as a vulnerability/predisposing factor : M developing multiple addictions , "difficulty with Withdrawal , "turning to substitute addiction. ↳ Limitations of online addictive personality tests = each person considers excessive differently , higher risks of individuals who receive low addictive personality scores -> they may think that they are less prone : attempt drugs , gambling , etc. · Early Research on substance addiction : 1950s - 1960s : "addiction prone" personality & Psychological weaknesses - Comparing 3 Methodological (e g addicts vs. non-addicts issues. , causality) ↳ Basic There Finding is no single set of characteristics that for addictions : personality account a. Problem with Concept : Homogenising (one-size fits all) , False categorising & hopelessness , Fake assurance. personality & Substance Use · - : Terracciano & Costa (2004) : FFM & smoking · personality & Nicotine use + Personality & alcohol : (Malouff et al , 2000) 4 ↑ Neuroticism B ↓ Agreeableness + ↓ Conscientiousness. ↳ Modest (small) Relationships : Other factors may be involved : NOT the major driving force. t A ↳ Drug use & compulsive sexual behaviour : Neuroticism & impulsivity & lowest on agreeablenes) Conscientiousness. ↳ Gambling ↑ : Neuroticism & impulsivity BUT socioeconomic factors also relevant (↑ income) · · Personality & Addiction : Dash et al. (2019) ↳ Findings : ↑ Neuroticism ↓ Agreeableness + Conscientiousness - common across all 4 addictions. -> Nicotine/Cannabis : ↓ Extraversion , Cannabis : ↑ openness · Does Personality Predict Addiction ?. 1 NE : Negative emotionality : easily upset , (stress , alienation , aggression).. CN 2 : Low Constraint : impusitivity high , risk taking (low self-control + harm avoidance). ↳ Elkins et al. (2006) : Findings > Nicotine dependence = ↑ Negative emotionality Bd Low constraint · - Alcohol dependence/illicit of drug dependence = ↑ NEB ↓ CN (3 being male). Can ? Addiction change Personality · ↳ destruction of character 3 Drug Addiction causes a relentless releases criminal tendencies - Addictive as the effect personality of addiction. ↳ Dishonesty - Aggression/anger , Risk taking - depression/anxiety , Paranoia -Criminal activity · Brain Changes & Addiction : Chronic substance abuse linked to dysfunction in the prefrontal Cortex (PFC) ↳ PFC = Planning , Attention , emotional regulation , B self control. ↳ Addiction ↑ Impulsitivity stress reactivity ↓ Impaired self-monitering emotional regulation = , , ↳ Dopamine pathways Benhanced craving. ↳ Quinn al (2011) >