Principles of Animal Science.pdf

Principles of Animal Science  Why is animal science important? ◦ Started with food ◦ Human: Omnivore ◦ Teeth, Digestive system, Inability ot manufacture B - Complex vitamins ◦ Animal products like cheese milk, leather, fi...

Principles of Animal Science  Why is animal science important? ◦ Started with food ◦ Human: Omnivore ◦ Teeth, Digestive system, Inability ot manufacture B - Complex vitamins ◦ Animal products like cheese milk, leather, fiber, feathers, soap, drywall, tires, lipstick ◦ Animal use in transportation and agriculture ◦ US: 43% on food in 1990, 30% in 1950, 11.9% in total; 6% now ◦ How are we going to feed everyone ◦ What is animal science? ◦ Production ◦ Zoos ◦ Research (Ex. AI) ◦ Vet Med ◦ ~150 billion would be spent this year on pets ◦ Shows privledge ◦ A lot of calming products and vitamins/supplements used on pets ◦ American Society of Animal Science ◦ Started 1908 Wild animals ◦ Not domesticated/tame Domesticated ◦ Selective breeding, genetically adapted, made fit for our purpose (work and/or pleasure/enjoyment) Feral ◦ Domesticated species reverted in a wild state or condition ◦ Cats readily become feral (one generation) Tame ◦ Relative tolerence to human presence, domestic or wild Introduced ◦ Not native to enviornment and believed to be benefical to enviroment, economy, and/or health ◦ Almost all crops, pets, horticultural plants, and food is introduced Invasive ◦ Not native and believed to cause damage ◦ Perception changes in events or situations Without domestication = hunter gatherer; Created the ability for civilizations (start with plants) Magnificent 7: Dog, Cat, Horse, Pig, Chicken, Sheep, Cow Theory 1: Intentional Domestication ◦ “Control every step” (Sheep, Goats, Cattle, Horses) ◦ “Specialization” ◦ Strict capaity (limit and intentional breeding), Trait standardization, Genetic firewall (minimize genes from wild species) Theory 2: Self Domestication ◦ “Village dump analogy” (Mice, Dog, Pig, Cat)  Digestive Systems and Strategies ◦ Digestive anatomy and physiology ◦ Nutrient Requirements: Water (Limiting resource), Energy, Protein, Vitamin, Minerals ◦ Classe: Carbohydrates (Simple/ Complex), Fats, Amino Acids (used under extreme stress in place of protein), Vitamins (Fat soluble/ Water solublea), Minerals (Macro/Micro) ◦ Continuous feeders ◦ Grazing animals ◦ Primarily forages ◦ Eating all the time (high fiber, low digestability) ◦ Microbial digestion first, then chemical digestion ◦ Horses ◦ Discontinuous Feeders ◦ Carnivores/Omnivores Image of horses, humans, and ◦ High quality food in bulk lions here ◦ Carnivores: >80 or 90% animal-based diet ◦ Chemical digestion ◦ Microbial digestion (Very limited) ◦ Omnivores: Meat and Highly digestible plants ◦ Grains/Fruits ◦ Limited to very limited microbrial digestion ◦ Others are hunters, foragers, and scavengers (Lots of overlap with 3 main groups) Types of Digestive Systems Stomache images ◦ Monogastric: Carnivores and Omnivores here ◦ Ruminant: Herbivore (Most have 4 chambers in stomaches) ◦ Non-Ruminant Herbivore: Herbivore (Monogastic with ruminant features) ◦ Modified Monogastric (Avian): Most -ore types ◦ Common features ◦ Prehension - Capable of grabbing (Hands, Mouth) ◦ Mastication - Breaking down the food for digestion (Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars) ◦ Carnivores without molars suck at matication ◦ Digestion - Chemical/Microbial ◦ Carnivores have the shortest digestive tract and omnivores have the longest ◦ Absorption ◦ Eliminaton - Indigestible/ Nondigestible Herbivores eat vertically (circular motion), Omnrivores eat horizontally Monogastric ◦ Esophagus - Transportation bolus (wad of food) from mouth to stomache ◦ Designed as a one way system; acid in stomache ◦ Stomach ◦ Gastric (Chemical digestion) ◦ pH - Power of Hydrogen; sour = low pH and bitter = high pH ◦ Small intestine ◦ Proximal region - digestion, bile ◦ Distal region - Nutrient absorption ◦ Large intestine ◦ Water metabolism ◦ Some absorption ◦ Cecum ◦ Blind pouch ◦ Functional with some microbial digestion ◦ Pigs ◦ Appendix ◦ Non functional form of cecum ◦ Humans Herbivore ◦ Do both chemical and microbial digestion ◦ Esophagus - Two way system ◦ Rechew to improve mechanical breakdown (Mastication) ◦ Mouth to Reticulum to Mouth ◦ Reticulum - honey comb ◦ One of the first chambers ◦ Bolus sends right amount back up esophagus ◦ Traps things that shouldn’t be in their food (non-digestive foreign matter) ◦ Rumen magnets stay until death ◦ Part of forestomach (Rumen, Reticulum, Omasun, Abomasum) ◦ Rumen ◦ “Fermantation Vat” ◦ 80% of energy is coming from VFA’s ◦ Omasum - separater (strainer) ◦ Keep larger particles of feed in the rumen ◦ Absorbs some water and nutrients ◦ Abomasum - Chemical Digestion (Same as gastric stomach) ◦ Cecum ◦ Functional with more microbial digestion ◦ Young calfs have larger abomasum and as they grow up, the rumen gets bigger ◦ esophogeam groove Non-ruminant herbivore (i.e horses, rabbits) ◦ Hydrochloric Acid ◦ gastric stomach with one way esophagus ◦ Produced by stomach for ◦ Horses can’t choke breakdown and digestion ◦ Dont get as much protien as herbivores due to microbial ◦ Pepsin digestion being too late ◦ Enzyme present in gastric juice ◦ Coprophagy - eating manure needed to get microbes that begins the hydrolysis of while young proteins ◦ Trypsin ◦ Enyzme from pancreas that digests protein in small intestine ◦ Lipase ◦ Enzyme that digests fats in stomach and small intestine; produced in stomach and pancreas  Modified Monogastric (Avian) ◦ Suck at mastication ◦ Esophagus can go two ways in some species ◦ Crop ◦ Outside of body cavity ◦ Storage; softens + moistens feed ◦ Proventriculous ◦ Gastric stomach ◦ Gizzard ◦ Mastication occurs here w/ rocks (grit) swallowed ◦ Small intestine ◦ Digestion and absorption ◦ Caeca ( 2 cecums) ◦ Birds don’t have bladders ◦ Fecal and urine materials stored here ◦ Get rid of excess nitrogen ◦ Large intestine ◦ Removal of feces and urine Nutrition and Feed Resources ◦ Body Comp. Of animals Water ◦ 60% water ◦ Lubrication, cooling (some species), Transport ◦ 16% protein ◦ The less water you have, the worse you will ◦ 2-20% fat feel until death ◦ 4% ash ◦ Exception: Camel; can lose up to 25% of ◦ Nutrients its watter ◦ Required Energy ◦ water ◦ Commonly the most limiting nutrient ◦ Energy ◦ Carbs ◦ Protein ◦ Energy subtrates: ◦ Vitamins and minerals ◦ Monosaccharides ◦ Nutrient class ◦ Common one: Glucose, Fructose, ◦ Water Glalactose ◦ Carbohydrates (Simple/Complex) ◦ Disaccharides ◦ Fats ◦ Sucrose - Glucose and Fructose ◦ Amino Acids (C12H22011) ◦ Vitamins (Fat/ Water Soluble) ◦ Lactose ◦ Minerals (Macro/Micro) ◦ Maltose Polysaccharides ◦ Gluocose polymers ◦ Starch ◦ Easy to digest and is stored in plants ◦ Cellulose ◦ Hard or impossible to digest and is the main component of the cell walls of most plants ◦ Glycogen ◦ Easy to digest and is stored in liver and musles in man and animals Fats ◦ Animal and Plant sources ◦ ~2.25x that of Carbs ◦ Fats can make ATP (Mitocondria is the POWERHOUSE of the cell Protein ◦ Muscles, tendons, ligaments, connective tissues ◦ Animo acids (20) ◦ 9 essential (need to be ingested) ◦ 6 conditionally non- essential ◦ 5 non-essentials ◦ Ruminats: protien in diet and digest microbes ◦ Monogastrics: protein in diet Minerals ◦ 7 Macrominerals ◦ Calcium ◦ Bone, teeth, nerve and muscle function ◦ Sodium, Potassium, Vitamins Chlorine ◦ Fat soluable (can be stored) ◦ Osmotic balace ◦ A - Cell growth (movement of water ◦ D - Bone formation to dilute excess salt) ◦ E - Red blood cell ◦ Nerve function formation ◦ Muscle function ◦ K - Clotting ◦ 11 microminerals ◦ Water Soluable vitamins ◦ Iodine ◦ C - Antioxidant and ◦ T3/T4; Metabolic prevents scurby rate ◦ B, B-complex - ◦ Iron metabolism ◦ Hemoglobin (oxyen transportaton)