Hydrogeology Presentation 1 PDF

Hydrogeology HYDROGEOLOGY 4 E SEMESTER M AY 20 2 4  Hydrogeology: Semester 4 Oclaya Verwey -Researcher: - Groundwater in coastal aquifers Hydrogeologist Researcher/ -Lecturer: - Hydrogeology Adj. Ocala Mineworker...

Hydrogeology HYDROGEOLOGY 4 E SEMESTER M AY 20 2 4  Hydrogeology: Semester 4 Oclaya Verwey -Researcher: - Groundwater in coastal aquifers Hydrogeologist Researcher/ -Lecturer: - Hydrogeology Adj. Ocala Mineworker - Groundwater Hydraulics Few/Hydrogeology [email protected] Kamer 43 gab. 7 5/31/2024 2 Introduction Cursus doelen:  Algemene kennis over het concept van de hydrogeologische cyclus;  Basis kennis over het identificeren van grondwater voorkomens;  Aquifers classificatie en eigenschappen in verschillende geologische settingen;  Opstellen en berekenen van eenvoudige grondwater balansen  Basis kennis over grondwater in Suriname  Basis kennis over groundwater surveys 5/31/2024 3 Introduction Onderwerpen die aan de orde komen: Hydro(geo)logical cycle Rocks ad groundwater Water balances Groundwater Chemistry Grondwater management Grondwater in Suriname 5/31/2024 4  Introduction Opzet van de Cursus: 28 uren Co 28 uren Co Totaal 4 ect’s % Format 60 Written exam (closed book) Hydrogeology 30 Practicum Hydrogeology 10 Presentation Hydrogeology 5/31/2024 5  Introduction Participation College: Er is GEEN college plicht, maar wel te adviseren de colleges bij te wonen voor: - Interactie - Stellen van vragen - Participatie Practicum: 100% aanwezigheids plicht 5/31/2024 6 Introduction Presentation In groups of 4 conduct a 10 minutes presentation on and aquifer: Location, size ad borders Hydrogeological ad groundwater classification Porosity ad permeability ( type ad estimated value) Recharge sources ad estimated values Conceptual model ( recharche, flow ad discharge zones) Exploitation rates ad purposes Other information Indicate all your sources!! 5/31/2024 7 Introduction Lecturing material: Nonner, J.C., Introduction to hydrogeology, 3rd Ed., 2015 5/31/2024 8 Dag Tijd Maandag 27 Mei 2024 (Lokaal 20/2) 8:00 – 11:00 Dinsdag 28 Mei 2024 (Lokaal 20/2) 8:00 – 12:00 Woensdag 29 Mei 2024 (Online) 8:00 – 12:00 Vrijdag 31 Mei 2024 (Lokaal 20/2) 8:00 – 12:00 Maandag 03 Juni 2024 (Lokaal 20/2) 8:00 – 12:00 Dinsdag 04 Juni 2024(Lokaal 20/2) 8:00 – 12:00 Donderdag 27 juni (presentatie) 8:00 – 12:00 5/31/2024 9 Hydrogeology Hydrogeology is ‘The study of the occurence, movement and chemistry of groundwater in its geological environment’ also reffered to as “the study of groundwater” 5/31/2024 10  Hydrogeology Mathematics Geology Water Application Earth sciences Other sciences engineering Physics Hydrology Hydraulic engineering Chemistry Meteorology Drainage engineering Environmental engineering 5/31/2024 11 Hydrological systems "Water, Water, Everywhere...“ 5/31/2024 12 Hydrogeology All water in, on and All of earth’s liquid above the world fresh water Credit: Howard Perlman, USGS/illustration by Jack Cook, WHOI 5/31/2024 13 Hydrological systems Groundwater systems at the continents Groundwater system: the zone in the earth crust where the open space in the rock is completely filled with water (pressure equal to or larger than atmospheric pressure). Introduction to hydrogeology, 3rd Ed., 2015 5/31/2024 14 Hydrological cycle 5/31/2024 15 Hydrological Cycle -Transportation of water from one environment to the other in a cyclic process. -Driving force -> sun -The hydrological cycle has no beginning and no end!! - Is a simplified scheme describing a more complex system. 5/31/2024 16 Hydrological cycle 5/31/2024 17 Hydrological cycle 5/31/2024 18 Hydrological Cycle Components of the hydrological Cycle: Precipitation processes Evaporation & evapotranspiration Infiltration and surface runoff 5/31/2024 19 Hydrologic cycle Precipitation process “Precipitation is any liquid or frozen water that is formed in the atmosphere and falls back to the earth“ National Geographic Precipitation: The discharge of water, in liquid or solid state, out of the atmosphere, generally upon a land or water surface USGS.GOV 5/31/2024 20  Hydrological Cycle Precipitation Process Precipitation is the primary connection in the water cycle which transports, through its different forms, water from the atmosphere to the earth. Precipitation forms: -Rainfall -Hail -Snow -Sleet ( mixture of rain ad snow) 5/31/2024 21 Hydrological Cycle The formation of precipitation is stimulated by the following atmospheric processes: Lateral moisture transport , Convective moisture transport Transport under the influence of mountain effects 5/31/2024 22  Hydrological cycle Precipitation processes Orographic effect https://www.globalweatherclimatecenter.com 5/31/2024 23  Hydrological Cycle Gathering precipitation data Precipitation rates vary geographically and also from time to time, therefore proper collection of precipitation data is needed in order to calculate precipitation rates. What is needed to gather precipitation data: ◦ Dense network of observation points ◦ Recorders ( standard rain gauges, pluviometers, automatic recorders) 5/31/2024 24 Hydrological Cycle Rain gauge 5/31/2024 25  Hydrological Cycle Automatic rain recorders Meteo Nusantara UNDP Suriname 5/31/2024 26 Hydrological cycle Processing of precipitation data: Isohyetal maps : contour lines connecting points of equal precipitaion depth. These maps give a good overview of aerial distribution of rain depth. Graphs of: ◦ time series of precipitation rates e.g. average daily, monthly or yearly precipitation rates. ◦ Precipitation frequency and precipitation intensity on specified time basis. 5/31/2024 27 Hydrological Cycle Evapotranspiration 5/31/2024 28 Hydrological cycle Evapotranspiration 1. ”The sum of all forms of evaporation plus transpiration” 2. “The sum of evaporation from the land surface plus transpiration from plants.” USGS.gov Evaporation (from landsurface) + Transpiration = Evapotranspiration 5/31/2024 29  Hydrological Cycle Evapotranspiration ◦ Water lost to the atmosphere from the groundwater surface ◦ evaporation from the capillary fringe of the groundwater table ◦ the transpiration of groundwater by plants whose roots tap the capillary fringe of the groundwater table. USGS.gov 5/31/2024 30 Hydrological Cycle Evaporation: The process whereby solar energy releases water molecules directly from free water surfaces. Also defined as the process where water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor. It is also said that evaporation drives the water cycle. Studies has shown that the oceans, seas, lakes ad rivers provides nearly 90% of the moisture in the atmosphere via evaporation. Evaporation is more common over the ocean surface than precipitation, while over the land surface it’s the other way around. 5/31/2024 31 Hydrological Cycle Transpiration The release of water from plant leaves. the transformation of water into watervapor takes place through the vegetation at land surface. This water is taken up by the plant ad trees roots and transported to their leaves. 5/31/2024 32 Hydrological cycle Factors controlling evaporation: Meteorological conditions ◦ Temperature: higher temperature creates more evapotranspiration. ◦ Relative humidity; in humid surrounding air there wil be less evapotranspiration. ◦ Wind ad air movement; transpiration intensity will increase with increased air movement around the vegetation. Type of vegetation: plants transpire water at different rates. Water supply : lack of soil moisture can result in less transpiration. 5/31/2024 33 Hydrological Cycle Evapotranspiration water supply comes from different sources: Direct supply from open water surface (oceans, lakes, rivers, etc.); Water that is retained on leaves and branches from the vegetational cover above land surface; Water that has accumulated in the in the root zone (upper part of the unsaturated zone); When groundwater in shallow groundwatear systems is transported to the rootzone by capillary flow. 5/31/2024 34 Hydrological Cycle Evapotranspiration watersupply from shallow groundwataer through plant roots. 5/31/2024 35 Hydrologicl cycle Evapotranspiration data collection: The pan evaporation method: a large circular pan is used to directly messure the evaporation, which is defined as the total loss of water. The lysimeter technique: within this technique field measurents are carried out and evaporation is calculated through the actual water balance. Energy budget method: based on measurements of meteorological parameters such as air temperature, humidity, windspeed, etc. The potential evapotranspiration is than calculated through the Penman- Montheith equation. 5/31/2024 36  Hydrologicl cycle Evaporation pan Environdata.com Lysimeter setup CivilDigital.com 5/31/2024 37 Hydrological cycle Penman- montheit equation for the calculation of evapotranspiration. Source: FAO.org 5/31/2024 38 Hydrological Cycle Infiltration ad Surface runoff Source: brainstudy.info 5/31/2024 39 Hydrological Cycle Infilration is that part of precipitation that enters into the unsaturated zone. The flow of water above ground into the subsurface. Infiltration is important for: -Irrigation -Contaminant transport -Groundwater recharge -Ecosystem viability 5/31/2024 40 Hydrological cycle Infiltration Infiltration rate = the rate at which the water ctully seeps through the soil after an event. Infiltration capacity = the maximum rate at which a soil is capable of absorbing water. 5/31/2024 41 Hydrological cycle Infiltration Factors affecting infiltration: Land surface Vegetation cover Surface soil characteristics Storm characteristics Surface soil ad waer temperature Chemical properties of the water ad soil 5/31/2024 42 Surfacewater systems Surface runoff is that part of precipitation that flows over land surface towards a surface water system. Surface runoff is caused of surplus water when precipitation proceeds after infilttration has already taken place. Surface runoff is affected by a number of meteorological ad physical factors. 5/31/2024 43  Surfacewater systems Surface water systems includes the surface runoff flows to a system of lakes, streams and rivers. The shape ad pattern of a surface water body is usually determined by the interaction between surface runoff ad the slope ad geology of the area. 5/31/2024 44 Surfacewater systems Surface water systems There are 3 types of surface water bodies: Perennial /Permanent water bodies; Ephemeral ( semi-permanent) water bodies; Manmade water bodies 5/31/2024 45 Surfacewater systems Perennial/Permanent water bodies Retains most of its volume over the year and has only slight changes in water level in various seasons. These water bodies depend mostly on rainfall and have (seasonal) exposure to other sources of water. These water bodies support their own aquatic flora and fauna communities and also tend to have self – sustaining fish populations. 5/31/2024 46 Surfacewater systems Ephemeral ( semi-permanent) water bodies Has flowing water only for a short duration of time, usually after rainfall/precipitation events in a typical year. they aren’t exposed to other sources of water such as groundwater because they are situated above the water table. 5/31/2024 47 Surfacewater systems Manmade water bodies They don’t have a history of being a lake or stream, are not naturally formed, these include: Dams, reservoirs, well tubes, constructed wetlands. 5/31/2024 48  Surfacewater systems Monitoring of surface water bodies Surface waterbodies can be monitored by making use of surface measurements ad satellite imagery. Discharge = the volume of water passing through a cross section of a stream or river per unit of time. Hydrograph = graph showing the river discharge against time. Contributions to river discharge: Surface runoff taking place after persistent precipitation Outflow of groundwater systems ( baseflow) 5/31/2024 49 Surfacewater systems Field measurements of discharge Discharge can be determined using stream gauging instruments equipped with propellers or lightweight cups. These are measuring the actual velocity at various depths. 5/31/2024 50  Groundwater systems Groundwater system: the zone in the earth crust where the open space in the rock is completely filled with water (pressure equal to or larger than atmospheric pressure). Introduction to hydrogeology, 3rd Ed., 2015 5/31/2024 51 Groundwater systems Groundwater systems Groundwater table: The groundwater table can be found near or even at land surface, but it can also be at considerable depth below the surface. The groundwater table is not fixed, but usually fluctuates seasonally. 5/31/2024 52 Groundwater systems 5/31/2024 53  Groundwater systems Groundwater recharge is considered to be “the inflow of water into the groundwater system at near the groundwater table”. Forms of recharge: Recharge from precipitation ; Watter losses ad leaching practices in irrigation schemes; Inflow from surface water systems into the groundwater systems; Artificial recharge. 5/31/2024 54 Groundwater systems Groundwater discharge can be defined as the “outflow of water from a groundwater system at or near the groundwater table”. Forms of discharge: Springs Capillary flow of water from shallow groundwater tables; The outflow of water from a groundwtaer system into a surface water system; Groundwater abstraction 5/31/2024 55