Introduction To Practical Research PDF

Introduction to Practical Research \- Research \- Systematic inquiry involving data collection. documentation.of critical Information, and analysis interpretation of data Is conducted to : 1\. Evaluate the validity of hypothesis 2\. Assemble a body of substantive knowledge and findings 3\. Hel...

Introduction to Practical Research \- Research \- Systematic inquiry involving data collection. documentation.of critical Information, and analysis interpretation of data Is conducted to : 1\. Evaluate the validity of hypothesis 2\. Assemble a body of substantive knowledge and findings 3\. Help generate questions for further inquiries. Acronym: EAH Quantitative Research \- Systematic empirical investigation using statistical mathematical, or computational techniques. \- Observable Characteristics of Quantitative Research Structured Research Instrument \- Data used in Quantitative researches \- Helps in collecting in-depth and actionable data \- Use of surveys, questionnaires. Sample Size \- Represents population to assure the reliability of results \- Appropriate sampling methods are used as well to fortify objective \- Large Sample Sizes For reliability and generalization. Replicable \- Could be repeated gives high reliability Clearly Defined Questions. \- Clearly defined research questions to objective answers are sought Numerical \- Data in the form of statistics and numbers arranged in tables charts and Squres \- Makes easy to understand & proves validit Objective-based \- Seeks accurate measurement & analysis \- Generalization of Results Strengths of Quantitative Research: 1\. Reach bigher sample size and reach accurate generalized conclusion that gives greater credibility 2\. Collect more info quickly \- Experiments, surveys & Interviews provide immediate answers become useful from data-centered approach. 3\. Uses randomized samples \- Can get rest of demographic 4\. Results duplication is possible \- Only focus on actual data 5\. Focuses on facts/seres of into (specific fact) Weaknesses of Quantitative Research: 1 Doesn\'t consider meaning behind social phenomenon 2\. Can be very expensive 3\. No access to specific feedback 4\. Some randomization will.not create usable info \- Doesn\'t look why variables exist 5\. Requires large.samples \- Properties of a a Good Title Good Research Titles: \- Specificity: Should express the entire research scope in FEW WORDS \- Have nature of Subject Clarity. Must be definite and understandable \- Attractiveness: Needs to capture attention without being too complex Indicate \- Subject and Scope Avoid Abbreviations Ensure clarity by avoiding shortened terms. \- Key Variables: Both dependent and independent should be identified. Acronym: SCAAK - Specifies, Clear, Attractive, Avoids Abbreviations, Key Variables \- Standards \- Use declarative forms, be concise, avoid unnecessary phrases like \"A study of,\" \"An assessment of.\" \- Shouldn\'t exceed 3 lines and must be in V-line \- Kinds of variables and Their Uses \- Variables \- Attributes or characteristics that \"vary\", \"can change and are measured in research. \- Fundamental concepts of research \- Can take more than one value & values can be words or numbers. \- Most Common Variables;Age, Sex, Gender, Education, Income, Marital Status, Occupation Attribute - a specific value/variable \- The Nature of Variables and Data \- Nominal Variables, Categories that can\'t be ordered. (ex. Blood type, Zip code, Gender, Race, Eyecolor, Political party) \- Ordinal Variables, Categories that can be ordered from greatest to smallest (ex: Educational Level, income brackets, Satisfaction Rating) Interval Variables \- No true zero and can represent values below zero xamples: A person\'s net worth you love when you subtract your dest them Ratio Variables \- Data NEVER FALL below zero (ex. Height and weight, Dose amount, Concentration, Pulse, Survival Time) KINDS OF VARIABLES Independent Variables \- Cause, influence, or affect outcomes, called treatment, manipulated, antecedent or predictor variables. \- Can stand alone & not changed sther variables you are trying to mee they spend ang gadgets, tow much time youngsters spend on computer ones Intervening Variables \- Stand between independent and dependent variables \- Explains Why or How the relationship exists. Control Variables \- Special type of independent variables measured as they potentially influence dependent variable \- May be demographic.or personal variables Confounding Variables \- not actually measured or observed in a study. A confounding variable is an \"extra\" can ruin a study. Chapter 1 contains: Background of the Study \- Describes how the cument situation needs to be changed and ideal issue \- Depth about study. Provides context and rationale for the research, arranged in chronological order, and outlines the problem or gap being studied 1st Paragraph - macro to micro development that gives an overview of the research. Discussion of the problem situation/gap 2nd Paragraph - important concepts and ideas related to the problem from other sources, Cite some relevant past attempts on same study and quote w/year. 3rd Paragraph - legal bases of the study and the personal justifications: written single space, indented, justified. 1 inch margin 4th Paragraph - main objective, importance, and purpose Theoretical Framework: Proponent & Year, Content of theory Emphasis of theory Application of the theary Acronym: PCEA Statement of the Problem \- Changed to \"Past Tense\" of the verb when.revision, after the conduct of Final Oral Defense Conceptual Framework \- Own conceptualization of the research \- Analytical tool with several variations and contexts. \- To organize ideas and make conceptual distinctions Significance of the Study \- Justified format in this section \- Impact of the results of the study \- Value to the available research literature & how important Scope and Limitation \- SCOPE refers to the area of the study, where and when \- LIMITATION (influences that the researcher cannot control), affects adversely but has no control \- DELIMITATION (choices made by the researcher which should be mention) or boundaries and areas where the results of the study cannot be applied. Physical limitations necessarily delimit the scope of the study. Hypothesis 1\. Null Hypothesis \- No significant difference 2\. Alternative Hypothesis \- There\'s significance difference Definition of Terms \- Key terms and variables, delined for clarity. \- Important terms from the title or variables are enlisted and arranged on alphabetical order, written in bold letters (First letter of the word is capitalized) followed by a period (.) before the meaning 1\. Conceptual Definition \- Dictionary meaning 2\. Operational Definition \- Researcher\'s own definition Chapter 3 contains: Research Method \- Qualitative and quantitative research methods. Research Design \- Blueprint or skeletal framework guiding the study. describing how data will be collected, analyzed, and interpreted. \- Contains Introductory paragraph citing the different parts of chapter used Remember that: Method - (Qualitative Research utilizing Type: Phenomenology etc): Research Design - (Descriptive Design etc) Setting of the Study \- locale or venue of the study, including relevant characteristics. Subject of the Study \- nature or characteristics of the respondents or participants HOW did you choose the participants? HOW MANY are the participants? WHY did you choose your participants? Procedure of the Study \- different activities undertaken to complete the research which follows the general procedure of the study. A Gantt Chart of activities may guide the discussion. Sources of Data \- Primary Data (gathered by researchers) and, \- Secondary Data (paper-based/electronic) data Sampling Technique \- SAMPLING, a method or process of selecting respondents Types of Probability Sampling Probability Sampling/unbiased sampling: \- involves all members listed in the sampling frame representing a certain population focused on by the study. The researcher must obtain a SAMPLE that is capable of representing the population under study or of showing strong similarities in characteristics with the members of the population. 1\. Simple Random Sampling - Sometimes called fish bowl method (bunutan), no patterns involved and researchers dont have control 2\. Systematic Sampling - there is pattem involved, there is still randomization but the entire population is not involved. 3\. Stratified Sampling - division of population into strata (groups) 4\. Cluster Sampling - population will be divided into groups, but only 1 group will be considered to represent the entire population Types of Non-Probability Sampling: Non-Probability Sampling \- not every member of the population has the equal chance of being selected. Subjective judgement of the researcher is involved. 1\. Convenience Sampling - selecting sample based on the availability of the members. 2\. Quota Sampling - proportion of the groups in the population were considered in the number. and selection of the respondents 3\. Purposive/Judgmental Sampling - samples are chosen based on the goals of the study. They may be chosen based. on their knowledge on the study. 4\. Snowball Sampling - participants were tasked to recruit other members for the study. Data Gathering Procedure Narrates \- How the researchers administered the test/survey. Statistical Treatment \- Explains the relevant formulas and methods used for data analysis. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS \- Quantitative Research Designs have five general classifications: descriptive, correlational, ex-post facto, and experimental. Descriptive Design \- When little is known about the research problem, then it is appropriate to use descriptive research design. It is a design that is exploratory in nature. The purpose of descriptive research is basically to answer questions such as who, what, where, when, and how much. So, this design is best used when the main objective of the study is just to observe and report a certain phenomenon as it is happening. Correlational Design \- The main goal of this design is to determine if variable increases or decreases as another variable increases or decreases. This design seeks to establish an association between variables. It does not seek cause and effect relationship like descriptive research; it measures variables as it occurs. It has two major purposes: (a) to clarify the relationship betwee variables and (b) predict the magnitude of the association. However, the extent of the purpose of correlational research depends on the scope and delimitation of the study. Ex-Post Facto Design \- If the objective of the study is to measure a cause from a pre-existing effect, then Ex Post Facto research design is more appropriate to use. In this design, the researcher has no control over the variables in the research study. Thus, one cannot conclude that the changes measured happen during the actual conduct of the study Experimental Design \- This research design is based on the scientific method called experiment with a procedure of gathering data under a controlled or manipulated environment. It is also known as true experimental design since it applies treatment and manipulation more extensively compared to quasiexperimental design. \- Random assignment of subjects or participants into treatment and control group is done increasing the validity of the study. Experimental research, therefore, attempts to affect a certain variable by directly manipulating the independent variable. \- TRUE EXPERIMENTAL, (The researcher has control over the variables, treatment, intervention, and the subjects.There is experimental and controlled group, subjects are assigned to groups) \- QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL, (It is either no control group or the subjects are not randomly assigned to groups) \- PRE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN (The researcher has little control over the research) \- Pre-Test, Post-Test Controlled Group Subjects are assigned to groups Pretest is given to both groups Experimental group receives the treatment/intervention Control group does not receive the treatment/intervention Posttest is given to both group \- Post-Test Only Controlled Group Subjects are assigned to groups Experimental group receives the treatment/intervention Control group does not receive the treatment/intervention Posttest is given to both groups \- Solomon Four Group Subjects are assigned to one or four groups Pretest is given to 2 groups/ 2 groups are not given pretest 2 groups receive the treatment or intervention/ 2 groups does not receive the treatment or intervention Posttest is given to all 4 groups groups Quasi-Experimental Design - The term means partly, partially, or almost. This research design aims to measure the causal relationship between variables. The effect measured is considered to have occurred during the conduct of the current study. The partiality of quasi-experimental design comes from assigning subjects, participants, or respondents into their groups Time-Series Design - The researcher periodically observes or measures the subject One-Shot Case Study - A single group is exposed to an experimental treatment followed by observation after the treatment. One Group Pretest Posttest Design - The researcher will just provide a comparative description of the of a group of subjects before and after the treatment of intervention.