Poland - The World Factbook PDF

11/13/24, 1:09 PM P la d - The W ld Fac b k E plore All Co ntries Poland E ope Page last updated: November 04, 2024 INTRODUCTION Background P la d' hi a a a e bega ea he iddle f he 10 h ce. B he id...

E plore All Co ntries Poland E ope Page last updated: INTRODUCTION Background P la d' hi C eake P la d a U i i W he i de e de elec i i 1989 a d 1990 cl e. A b i Ce al E GEOGRAPHY Location Ce al E Geographic coordinates h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM 52 00 N, 20 00 E Map references E e Area total : 312,685 land: 304,255 water: 8,430 c ai Area - comparative ab A ea com a i on ma : Land boundaries total: 2,865 k border countries (6): Bela Obla ) Coastline 440 k Maritime claims territorial sea: 12 exclusive economic one: de Climate e e a e i h c ld, cl a d h de h e Terrain l Elevation highest point: R lowest mean elevation: 173 Natural resources c al, Land use agricultural a able la d: 36.2% (2018 e.) h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM e a e c e a e forest: 30.6% (2018 e.) other: 21.2% (2018 e.) Irrigated land 760 k (2013) Major lakes (area sq km) salt water lake(s): Zale Major rivers Wi la (Vi la) i e ce a d note - l ge i e i P la d Major watersheds (area sq km) A la ic Ocea d ai age: ( Population distribution la i c e e i Natural ha ards di g Geography - note hi PEOPLE AND SOCIETY Population total: 38,746,310 male: 18,441,415 female: 20,304,895 (2024 e.) c ai Nationality noun: P le( ) adjective: P li h Ethnic groups P li h note: e e e Languages P li h major-language sample(s): K i ga Fak The W ld Fac b note 1: ha e f la g age ce ; da a e e e la g age h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM note 2: Ge a , A e ia , R (P l ka P i h a di Religions Ca h lic O h d ), Age structure 0-14 years: 15-64 years: 65 years 2023 o Dependency ratios total dependency ratio: 51.4 youth dependency ratio: 23.4 elderly potential Median age total: 42.9 ea male: 41.5 ea female: 44.3 ea c ai Population growth rate -1% (2024 e.) c ai Birth rate 8.4 bi h /1,000 c ai Death rate 12.2 dea h /1,000 c ai a ki g: 14 Net migration rate -6.2 ig a ( )/1,000 c ai Population distribution la i c ce e e i Urbani ation h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM urban population: 60.2% f rate of Major urban 1.798 Sex ratio at birth: 1.06 0-14 years: 1.06 15-64 years: 0.96 65 years and over: 0.67 total population: 0.91 Mother's 27.9 ea (2020 e.) Maternal mortality ratio 2 dea h c ai Infant mortality rate total: male: 5.3 female: c ai Life expectancy at birth total population: 76.7 ea male: 72.8 ea female: 80.9 ea c ai Total fertility rate 1.32 child e b c ai Gross reproduction rate 0.64 (2024 e.) Contraceptive prevalence rate 62.3% (2014) Drinking water source improved: al: 100% f al: 100% f unimproved: al: 0% f la i h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM al: 0% f Current health expenditure 6.5% f GDP (2020) Physician density 3.77 h Hospital bed density 6.5 bed /1,000 Sanitation facility access improved: al: 100% f al: 100% f unimproved: al: 0% f la i al: 0% f Major infectious diseases degree of risk: i e vectorborne diseases: ickb Obesity 23.1% (2016) c ai a ki g: 68 Alcohol total: 10.96 li e beer: 5.72 li e wine: 0.88 li e spirits: 4.36 li e other alcohols: 0 li e c ai Tobacco use total: 24% (2020 e.) male: 27.9% (2020 e.) female: 20.1% (2020 e.) c ai Currently 56.6% (2023 e.) Education expenditures 5.2% f GDP (2020 e.) c ai a ki g: 69 h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM Literacy de nition: age 15 a d total population: 99.8% male: 99.8% female: 99.8% (2021) School total: 16 ea male: 15 ea female: 17 ea ENVIRONMENT Environment - current issues dec ea ed e ha i i ed e i f c al- ed ce i a Environment party to: A a c ic- Ma i e Li i g Re K P S ecie , E i Te Ba , O signed, P ll a Climate e e a e i h c ld, cl a d h de h e Land use agricultural a able la d: 36.2% (2018 e.) e a e c e a e forest: 30.6% (2018 e.) other: 21.2% (2018 e.) Urbani ation urban population: 60.2% f rate of Revenue from forest resources 0.17% f GDP (2018 e.) c ai Revenue from coal h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM 0.27% f GDP (2018 e.) c ai a ki g: 19 Air pollutants particulate carbon methane emissions: 46.62 Waste and recycling municipal municipal percent Major lakes (area sq km) salt water lake(s): Zale Major rivers Wi la (Vi la) i e ce a d note - l ge i e i P la d Major watersheds (area sq km) A la ic Ocea d ai age: ( Total water withdrawal municipal: 1.96 billi industrial: 5.87 billi agricultural: 1.39 billi Total renewable 60.5 billi c bic Geoparks total global global Ge a ); H l C GOVERNMENT Country name conventional long form: Re conventional local long form: R ec local short form: P l ka former: P li h Pe etymology: a e de i e f 10 h ce " le" ( eld Government type h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM a lia e a Capital name: Wa a geographic time difference: UTC+1 (6 h daylight etymology: he igi f he a e i e e al Administrative divisions 16 i d hi [ (K a ia-P (Ma ia), S ie k Zach d i Independence 11 N e be 1918 ( e blic da e), National holiday C i i Legal system ci il la he C Constitution history: e e al amendments: a age e i e a lea a icle ela i g aj i International acce c Citi enship citi enship by birth: citi enship dual citi enship recogni ed: residency Suffrage 18 ea Executive branch chief of state: P e ide head of cabinet: C h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM elections/appointments: e (eligible held i 2025); i e i i e , de b he Sej election results: 2020: A d ej DUDA eelec ed TRZASKOWSKI (KO) 49% 2015: A B i la Legislative branch description: Se a e ea e ) Sej (460 ea ; e be elec ed i h e h ld f al e be e e 4- ea e ) elections: Sej - la held election 11.5%, U i ed Sej - e ce c ali i Judicial branch highest court(s): S e e C j ice di ci li a cha be ); C judge selection S e eC C cil a d a e e ded; C subordinate ci il, Political parties AGRO i AU Ce e f P la d CdP Ci ic Pla f PO C fede a i K ki ' 15 K'15 Lab U i UP La a d J ice PiS Lef T ge he LR M de.N Na i al M e e NN Ne H e RN Ne Lef NL P la d 2050 PL2050 P li h I i ia i e iPL P li h Pe le' Pa P li h S ciali Pa PPS Re e al S e eig P la d SP The G ee Ziel i h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM U i fE ea De c a Ye ! F P la d T!DPL International A c ic C ESA, EU, IMSO, I OECD, OIF UNIDO, WFTU (NGO Diplomatic chief of mission: A ba chancery: telephone: (202) 499-1700 FAX: (202) 328-2152 email address and website: a hi g.a b. ek e a ia @.g. l h ://.g. l/ eb/ consulate(s) Diplomatic chief of mission: A ba embassy: Aleje Uja d mailing address: 5010 Wa a telephone: (22) 504-2000 FAX: (22) 504-2088 email address and website: ac a a @ a e.g h :// l. e ba.g / consulate(s) general: K ak Flag description e note: i ila National symbol(s) hi e c National anthem name: "Ma lyrics/music: J note: ad i e i 1797; he l ic e ae a i ' National heritage h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM total World selected f he Ca A ch i Bi ke a C ce a i Ca F e ( ); Old Ci f Za ECONOMY Economic overview high-i 2004; eb ed b EU Real GDP $1.616 illi (2023 e.) $1.613 illi (2022 e.) $1.527 illi (2021 e.) note: da a i 2021 d lla c ai a ki g: 19 Real GDP growth rate 0.16% (2023 e.) 5.64% (2022 e.) 6.93% (2021 e.) note: a c ai Real GDP per capita $44,100 (2023 e.) $43,800 (2022 e.) $40,500 (2021 e.) note: da a i 2021 d lla c ai a ki g: 54 GDP (of cial exchange rate) $811.229 billi note: da a i c In ation 11.53% (2023 e.) 14.43% (2022 e.) 5.06% (2021 e.) note: a c ai Credit ratings Fitch rating: A- (2007) Moody's Standard note: The ea efe GDP - composition, h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM agriculture: 2.9% (2023 e.) industry: 28.7% (2023 e.) services: 58.8% (2023 e.) note: g e c ai GDP - composition, by end use household government investment investment exports imports note: g e Agricultural products ilk, note: Industries achi e b ildi g, i Industrial 0.55% (2023 e.) note: a c ai Labor force 18.387 note: c ai Unemployment rate 2.91% (2023 e.) 2.89% (2022 e.) 3.36% (2021 e.) note: % f lab c ai Youth unemployment total: 11.6% (2023 e.) male: 12% (2023 e.) female: 11.1% (2023 e.) note: % f lab c ai h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM Population below poverty line 11.8% (2022 e.) note: % f Gini Index 28.5 (2021 e.) note: i de (0-100) f i c c ai Average on food: 19.4% f h on alcohol Household lowest 10%: 3.4% (2021 e.) highest 10%: 22.8% (2021 e.) note: % ha e f i c Remittances 0.84% f GDP (2023 e.) 0.93% f GDP (2022 e.) 1.05% f GDP (2021 e.) note: e Budget revenues: $234.98 billi expenditures: $250.097 billi note: ce al g e e cha ge a e f ea i dica ed Public debt 50.6% f GDP (2017 e.) note: da a c e ge e al g e ha he ea i ag e a f e i c ai Taxes and other revenues 17.27% ( f GDP) (2022 e.) note: ce c ai Current account balance $12.689 billi (2023 e.) -$16.697 billi (2022 e.) -$8.515 billi (2021 e.) note: bala ce f a c ai a ki g: 25 h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM Exports $469.264 billi $434.008 billi $392.694 billi note: bala ce f a c ai Exports - partners Ge a note: ee Exports - commodities ehicle a note: Imports $419.701 billi (2023 e.) $421.226 billi (2022 e.) $369.82 billi (2021 e.) note: bala ce f a c ai Imports - partners Ge a note: ei Imports - commodities ga e , c de e note: Reserves $193.783 billi (2023 e.) $166.664 billi (2022 e.) $166.03 billi (2021 e.) note: h ldi g c ai Exchange rates l ch (PLN) e US d lla - Exchange rates: 4.204 (2023 e.) 4.458 (2022 e.) 3.862 (2021 e.) 3.9 (2020 e.) 3.839 (2019 e.) ENERGY Electricity access electri Electricity h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM installed consumption: 156.869 billi exports: 16.915 billi imports: 15.238 billi transmission/distribution c ai a ki g : a ca aci 24 Electricity fossil fuels: 78.4% f solar: 4.9% f wind: 11% f hydroelectricity: 0.8% f biomass and waste: 4.9% f Coal production: 116.682 consumption: 123.782 exports: 12.047 imports: 13.347 proven Petroleum total petroleum re ned crude oil Natural gas production: 5.551 billi consumption: 20.056 billi exports: 587.771 imports: 14.42 billi proven Carbon dioxide emissions 293.356 illi from coal from petroleum from consumed c ai Energy consumption per capita h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM 106.196 illi c ai COMMUNICATIONS Telephones - xed lines total subscriptions: 5.277 subscriptions c ai Telephones - mobile cellular total subscriptions: 52.589 subscriptions c ai Telecommunication systems general ec ; he eg la e i ec a d al b e cha ac e l elea ed a d e-fa ed ec dela ed, i h ec C id-19 domestic: international: c P la d, acce Broadcast media a e- i a el idi g acce ai ; 2 i a el a Internet country code. l Internet users total: 32.3 percent c ai Broadband - xed subscriptions total: 8,369,218 (2020 e.) subscriptions c ai TRANSPORTATION National air transport system number h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM inventory annual annual Civil aircraft SP Airports 288 (2024) c ai a ki g: 23 Heliports 11 (2024) Pipelines 14,198 k Railways total: 19,461 k c ai Roadways total: 427,580 k c ai Waterways 3,997 k c ai a ki g: 29 Merchant marine total: 152 (2023) by type: c ai Ports total ports: 10 (2024) large: 2 medium: 2 small: 4 very small: 2 ports with oil terminals: 5 key ports: Gda MILITARY AND SECURITY Military and security forces P li h P ie Defe e F ce (W j ka Ob Mi i fI ei h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM Military expenditures 4.1% f GDP (2024 e.) 3.9% f GDP (2023 e.) 2.2% f GDP (2022) 2.2% f GDP (2021) 2.2% f GDP (2020) c ai a ki g: 15 Military a note: a e i cl di g 250,000 Military he ili a ' i e ea K ea, a ea E ea a d US defe e ec note: i ha b a K ea, he UK, a d he US Military 18-28 ea ldie e e i e); i i ial c note 1: a f 2024, note 2: i Ma 2022, P la d a a e- e ice, he l ee j i he i c Military deployments 210 K (2024) note 1: (LITPOLUKRBRIG), i e a i al aff, h ee ba ali c e i e a i al e a i Military - note P la d ge g a hic l ca i hea f c i R ia agg e i agai ili a i ce 2014, NATO ea e E ha ced F head a b di a e ba leg N hea ); f ce i E h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM S he he e SPACE Space agency/agencies P li h e ea ch i 1977) (2024) Space program overview ace a /c be e c ica i ecei i g, de el e ; i d Ja a , Me ic , R e e i e (2024) note: f he de ail ab g e e e di g e i a e TERRORISM Terrorist group(s) Terrorist note: de ail ab ce f TRANSNATIONAL ISSUES Refugees refugees stateless Illicit drugs a major h ://.cia.g / he- 11/13/24, 1:09 PM P la d - The W ld Fac b k November 04, 2024 a a a e bega ea he iddle f he 10 h ce. B he id-16 h ce , he P li h-Li h a ia eal h led a a ac f la d i Ce al a d Ea e E e. D i g he 18 h ce , i e al di de ed he a i , a d i a e ie f ag ee e be ee 1772 a d 1795, R ia, P ia, a d A ia a i i ed g he el e. P la d egai ed i i de e de ce i 1918 l be e b Ge a a d he S ie ld Wa II. I beca e a S ie a elli e a e f ll i g he a. Lab il i 1980 led he f ai f ade i S lida i ha e i e beca e a li ical f ce i h e 10 illi e be. F ee S lida i c l f he a lia e a d he e ide c , b i gi g he c i ea a " h ck he a " g a d i g he ea l 1990 e abled he c a f i ec i e f he e. P la d j i ed NATO i 1999 a d he EU i 2004. e, ea f Ge a ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 1/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k k k k a ki g: al 71 ice he i e f Ge gia; ligh l alle ha Ne Me ic 375 k ; C echia 699 k ; Ge a 467 k ; Li h a ia 100 k , R ia (Kali i g ad 209 k ; Sl akia 517 k ; Uk ai e 498 k ed b i e a i al ea ie d , de a el e ee i e ihfe e eci i a i ; ild e ihfe e h e a lai ; ai al g he b de 2,499 point: ea Rac ki Elbla kie -2 lf , c e, a al ga , il e , lead, al , a be , a able la d land: 48.2% (2018 e.) ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 2/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k : 1.3% (2018 e.) a e: 10.7% (2018 e.) S c eci ki/S e i e Haff ( ha ed i h Ge a ) - 900 k (by length in km) h ( ha ed i h Bela a d Uk ai e) - 1,213 k ) Da be (795,656 k ) ce a ed i he he a ea a d K ak a d he ce al a ea a d Wa a a dL d , iha he he c a al ci f Gda k icall , a a ea f c ic beca e f a e ai a d he lack f a al ba ie he N hE ea Plai a ki g : fe ale 36; ale 40; al 38 96.9%, Sile ia 1.1%, Ge a 0.2%, Uk ai ia 0.1%, he a d eci ed 1.7% (2011 e.) e h ici decla ed ( f cial) 98.2%, Sile ia 1.4%, he 1.1%, eci ed 1.2% (2011 e.) ia a, ie b d e d d a ch i f acji. (P li h) k, he i di e able ce f ba ic i f ai. e ha 100% beca e e e de ga e e ha ea e he ke a h e ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 3/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k P la d al ec g i e Ka h b a a egi al la g age; C ech, Heb e , Yiddi h, Bela ia , Li h a ia , ia , Sl ak, a d Uk ai ia a a i al i i la g age ; a d Ka ai , Le k , R a i R a a d Be gi ka R a), a d Ta a a e h ic i i la g age a e: 84.6% (R a Ca h lic 84.6% a d he Ca h lic 0.3%), O h d 1.3% (al all a e P li h A ce hal P e a 0.4% ( ai l A g b g E a gelical a d Pe ec al), he 0.3%, eci ed 13% (2022 e.) 14.2% ( ale 2,830,048/fe ale 2,676,300) 65.9% ( ale 12,513,402/fe ale 13,036,977) and over: 19.8% (2024 e.) ( ale 3,097,965/fe ale 4,591,618) la ion amid: dependency ratio: 28.6 support ratio: 3.5 (2021 e.) (2024 e.) a ki g: al 38 a ki g: 230 la i (2024 e.) a ki g: 207 la i (2024 e.) la i (2024 e.) a ki g: 210 a ed i he he a ea a d K ak a d he ce al a ea a d Wa a a dL d , iha he he c a al ci f Gda k ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 4/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k al la i (2023) urbani ation: -0.16% a al a e f cha ge (2020-25 e.) areas - population illi WARSAW (ca i al), 769,000 K ak (2023) ale( )/fe ale ale( )/fe ale ale( )/fe ale ale( )/fe ale ale( )/fe ale (2024 e.) mean age at rst birth /100,000 li e bi h (2020 e.) a ki g: 184 4.9 dea h /1,000 li e bi h (2024 e.) dea h /1,000 li e bi h 4.4 dea h /1,000 li e bi h a ki g: al 177 (2024 e.) a ki g: al la i 101 / a (2024 e.) a ki g: 217 ba : 99.9% f la i la i la i ba : 0.1% f la i ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 5/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k la i (2020 e.) icia /1,000 la i (2020) la i (2018) ba : 100% f la i la i la i ba : 0% f la i la i (2020 e.) edia e (2023) e e ce hali i - adult prevalence rate consumption per capita f e alc h l (2019 e.) f e alc h l (2019 e.) f e alc h l (2019 e.) f e alc h l (2019 e.) f e alc h l (2019 e.) a ki g: al 13 a ki g: al 59 married women (ages 15-49) ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 6/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k e ca ead a d ie life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) (2020) hea i d a d i c ea ed e i e al c ce b -c i g e e ha e ; ai ll i e ai ei beca e f e i i f b i gl - ali c al i h e a d e la ; he e l i g acid ai ca e f e da age; a e ll i f i d ial a d ici al ble , a i di al f ha a d a e - international agreements Ai P ll i , Ai P ll i -Ni ge O ide , Ai P ll i -S l h 94, A a c ic-E i e al P ec i , ce , A a c ic Seal , A a c ic T ea , Bi di e i , Cli a e Cha ge, Cli a e Cha ge- c l, Cli a e Cha ge-Pa i Ag ee e , C ehe i e N clea Te Ba , De e i ca i , E da ge ed e al M di ca i , Ha a d Wa e , La f he Sea, Ma i e D i g-L d C e i , N clea e La e P ec i , Shi P ll i , T ical Ti be 2006, We la d , Whali g but not rati ed: Ai P ll i -Hea Me al , Ai P ll i -M l i-effec P c l, Ai P ll i -Pe i e O ga ic d , de a el e ee i e ihfe e eci i a i ; ild e ihfe e h e land: 48.2% (2018 e.) : 1.3% (2018 e.) a e: 10.7% (2018 e.) al la i (2023) urbani ation: -0.16% a al a e f cha ge (2020-25 e.) a ki g: 98 ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 7/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k matter emissions: 18.83 ic g a e c bic e e (2019 e.) dioxide emissions: 299.04 ega (2016 e.) ega (2020 e.) solid waste generated annually: 10.863 illi (2015 e.) solid waste recycled annually: 2,866,746 (2015 e.) of municipal solid waste recycled: 26.4% (2015 e.) S c eci ki/S e i e Haff ( ha ed i h Ge a ) - 900 k (by length in km) h ( ha ed i h Bela a d Uk ai e) - 1,213 k ) Da be (795,656 k ) c bic ee (2020 e.) c bic ee (2020 e.) c bic ee (2020 e.) water resources ee (2020 e.) geoparks and regional networks: 3 (2024) geoparks and regional networks: La d f E i c V lca e ;M ka e Fal e b ge / kM ak a (i cl de M ai (2024) blic f P la d short form: P la d li a P l ka le' Re blic he P la ia , a e Sla ic ibe ha i ed e e al di g Sla ic g (9 h- ie A.D.) a d h a ed hei a e he c ; he a e f he ibe likel c e f he Sla ic lai ), i dica i g he a a e f hei c ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 8/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k e blic coordinates: 52 15 N, 21 00 E ahead f Wa hi g , DC, d i g S a da d Ti e) saving time: +1h , begi la S da i Ma ch; e d la S da i Oc be k ; he P li h de ig a i "Wa a a" a he a e f a hi g illage a d lege d / adi i li k he ci ' f di g a a a ed Wa Wa i ce ] ( je d a, i g la - je d ); D l la kie (L e Sile ia), K ja k -P kie e a ia), L d kie (L d ), L bel kie (L bli ), L b kie (L b ), Mal l kie (Le e P la d), Ma ieckie O l kie (O le), P dka ackie (S bca a hia), P dla kie, P kie (P e a ia), Sla kie (Sile ia), kie (H l C ), Wa i k -Ma kie (Wa ia-Ma ia), Wielk l kie (G ea e P la d), kie (We P e a ia) clai ed); able ea lie da e : 14 A il 966 (ad i f Ch i ia i , adi i al f di g 1 J l 1569 (P li h-Li h a ia C eal h c ea ed) Da , 3 Ma (1791) e ; j dicial e ie f legi la i e, ad i i a i e, a d he g e e al ac ; c i i al la li g f i i al T ib al a e al e i ; la e ad ed 2 A il 1997, a ed b efe e d 25 Ma 1997, effec i e 17 Oc be 1997 ed b a lea e f h f Sej de ie , b he Se a e, b he e ide f he e blic; - hi d aj i e i he Sej a d ab l e aj i e i he Se a e; a e d e e eig , e al f eed ,a dc i i al a e d e ced e al e i e a age b e i a efe e d ; a e ded 2006, 2009 law organi ation participation l ICJ j i dic i ih e e ai ; acce ICC j i dic i by descent only: b h a e be ci i e f P la d requirement for naturali ation: 5 ea f age; i e al A d ej DUDA ( i ce 6 A g 2015) government: P i e Mi i e D ald TUSK ( i ce 11 Dece be 2023) cil f Mi i e ed b he i e i i e,a i ed b he e ide , a d a ed b he Sej ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 9/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k e ide di ec l elec ed b ab l e aj i la ei 2 d if eeded f a 5- ea f a ec d e ); elec i la held 28 J e 2020 i h a ec d d 12 J l 2020 ( e be i e i i e ,a dC cil f Mi i e a i ed b he e ide a d c ed ; all e ide ial ca dida e e ig hei a af lia i e ide i ec d d; e ce f e - A d ej DUDA (i de e de ) 51%, Rafal d ej DUDA elec ed e ide i ec d d; e ce f e - A d ej DUDA (i de e de ) 51.5%, KOMOROWSKI (i de e de ) 48.5% bica e al Pa lia e c i f: Se a (100 ea ; e be di ec l elec ed i i gle- ea c i e cie b i le aj i e e e 4- l i- ea c i e cie b a -li i al e e e a i e i h 5% e eeded f a ie a d 8% f c ali i gai ea ; i i a ie e e f h e h ld; Se a e - la held 15 Oc be 2023 ( e be held i 2027) 15 Oc be 2023 ( e be held i 2027) results: Se a e - e ce f e b c ali i / a - U i ed Righ 34.8%, Ci ic C ali i 28.9%, Thi d Wa The Lef 5.3%, Se a e Pac I de e de 2.7%, i de e de 3%; ea b c ali i / a - Ci ic C ali i 41, Righ 34, Thi d Wa 11, The Lef 9, Se a e Pac I de e de 4, i de e de 1 f e b c ali i / a - PiS 35.4%, KO 30.7%, TD 14.4%, Le ica 8.6%, K f 7.2%; ea b / a - U i ed Wa 194, Ci ic C ali i 157, Thi d Wa 65, The Lef 26, C fede a i 18 Sad Naj (c i f he e ide f he S e e C a d 120 ga i ed i c i i al, ci il, lab a d cial i a ce, a d e a di a a eal a d blic affai a d i i al T ib al (c i f 15 j dge , i cl di g he c e ide a d ice e ide ) and term of of ce: e ide f he S e e C i a ed b he Ge e al A e bl f he a d elec ed b he e ide f P la d; he j dge i a ed b he 25- e be Na i al J dicial i ed b he e ide f P la d; j dge e e il e i e e , all a age 65, b e e ca be i i al T ib al j dge ch e b he Sej f i gle 9- ea e courts: ad i i a i e c ; ili a c ; l cal, egi al a d a ella e c bdi ided i ili a , c i i al, lab , a d fa il c f he P li h C KKP PSL f he Re blic f P la d ON RP ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 10/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k UED organi ation participation cil ( b e e ), A alia G , BIS, BSEC ( b e e ), CBSS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC ( a i al c i ee ), ICC , ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, e l, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGO ), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS ( b e e ), ( b e e ), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Sche ge C e i , UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UN Sec i C cil ( e a ), UNWTO, UPU, Wa e aa A a ge e , WCO, ), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC representation in the US ad ( aca ); Cha g d'Affai e Ada KRZYWOS DZKI ( i ce 31 J l 2024) 2640 16 h S ee NW, Wa hi g , DC 20009 a-e /e ba - a hi g general: Chicag , H ,L A gele , Ne Y k representation from the US ad Ma k BRZEZINSKI ( i ce 19 Ja a 2022) kie 29/31, 00-540 Wa a Place, Wa hi g , DC 20521-5010 al h i al ba d f hi e ( ) a d ed; c l de i e f he P li h e ble -a hi e eagle a ed eld he ag fI d e ia a d M ac hich a e ed ( )a d hi e ed eagle; a i al c l : hi e, ed ek Dab kieg " (Dab ki' Ma ka) ef WYBICKI/ adi i al ed 1927; he a he , c l k a "Je c e P l ka ie gi ela" (P la d Ha N Ye Pe i hed), a gl i h P le beca e he e ec he e cca i i hich he la d ha e bee cc ied ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 11/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k Heritage Sites: 17 (15 c l al, 2 a al) World Heritage Site locales: Hi ic K ak (c); Hi ic Wa a (c); Medie al T (c); W de T e k a a hia Regi (c); Ca le f he Te ic O de i Malb k (c); Wielic ka a d B ch ia R al Sal Mi e (c); (c); A cie a d P i e al Beech F e f he Ca a hia ( ); Bia ie a (c) c e, di e i ed, EU- e be ec ; ig i ca g h i GDP, ade, a d i e e i ce j i i g EU i di g f l d igge ed b i a i a d fall i c e de a d; g f eig i e e c al f d ; i c e a ef a d defe e e di g ha e added blic deb (purchasing power parity) al GDP % g h ba ed c a l cal c e c a ki g: 185 (2023 e.) e d lla a f cial e cha ge a e rate (consumer prices) al % cha ge ba ed c e ice a ki g: 186 rating: A2 (2002) & Poors rating: A- (2018) he ea i hich he c e c edi a i g a b ai ed. by sector of origin ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 12/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k a al 100% d e -all ca ed c i ca ed i ec -e ed da a a ki g : e ice 94; i d 75; ag ic l e 141 consumption: 57.2% (2023 e.) consumption: 18.6% (2023 e.) in xed capital: 17.8% (2023 e.) in inventories: 0.3% (2023 e.) of goods and services: 57.8% (2023 e.) of goods and services: -51.7% (2023 e.) a al 100% d e di g ga i da a c llec i ga bee , hea , ai e, a e , i icale, a le , a e eed, ba le , e (2022) e ag ic l al d c ba ed age a d eel, c al i i g, che ical , hi b ildi g, f d ce i g, gla , be e age , e ile production growth rate al % cha ge i i d ial al e added ba ed c a l cal c e c a ki g: 148 illi (2023 e.) be f e le age 15 lde h aee l ed eeki g k a ki g: 36 f ce eeki g e l e a ki g: 41 rate (ages 15-24) f ce age 15-24 eeki g e l e a ki g: al 117 ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 13/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k la i ihi c e bel ai al e li e coef cient - distribution of family income e di ib i ; highe al e e e e g ea e i e ali a ki g: 134 household expenditures eh ld e e di e (2022 e.) and tobacco: 6.4% f h eh ld e e di e (2022 e.) income or consumption by percentage share e acc i g l e a d highe 10% f la i al a fe a dc e ai be ee e ide a d - e ide i di id al /h eh ld /e i ie (2022 e.) (2022 e.) e e e e (e cl di g g a )a de e e c e ed US d lla a a e age f cial e deb a d i cl de deb i e i ed ( ed) b g e e e i ie he ; he da a i cl de ea deb held b f eig e i ie , he da a i cl de b a i al e i ie , a ell a e al deb ; i ag e e al deb c i f ea b i g f l e i he cial f d , ch e e , edical ca e, a d e l e ; deb i e f he cial f d a e ld a blic a c i a ki g: 104 al g e e a e e e a a % f GDP a ki g: 111 e - e ade a d i a / ec da i c ei c e d lla ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 14/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k (2023 e.) (2022 e.) (2021 e.) e -e fg d a d e ice i c e d lla a ki g: 19 27%, C echia 6%, F a ce 6%, UK 5%, Ne he la d 5% (2022) a e ba ed e ce age ha e f e /acce ie , la ic d c , ga e , elec ic ba e ie , c e (2022) ee c di ie ba ed al e i d lla e -i fg d a d e ice i c e d lla a ki g: 19 23%, Chi a 11%, I al 5%, Ne he la d 5%, C echia 4% (2022) a e ba ed e ce age ha e f i le , ca , ehicle a /acce ie , la ic d c (2022) ei c di ie ba ed al e i d lla of foreign exchange and gold f g ld ( ea -e d ice )/f eig e cha ge/ ecial d a i g igh i c e d lla a ki g: 21 cation - total population: 100% (2022 e.) ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 15/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k generating capacity: 58.719 illi kW (2022 e.) kWh (2022 e.) kWh (2022 e.) kWh (2022 e.) losses: 8.659 billi kWh (2022 e.) i i /di ib i l e 174; i 17; e 18; c i 27; i alled ge e a i g generation sources al i alled ca aci (2022 e.) al i alled ca aci (2022 e.) al i alled ca aci (2022 e.) al i alled ca aci (2022 e.) al i alled ca aci (2022 e.) illi e ic (2022 e.) illi e ic (2022 e.) illi e ic (2022 e.) illi e ic (2022 e.) reserves: 28.531 billi e ic (2022 e.) production: 24,000 bbl/da (2023 e.) petroleum consumption: 722,000 bbl/da (2023 e.) estimated reserves: 113 illi ba el (2021 e.) c bic ee (2022 e.) c bic ee (2022 e.) illi c bic ee (2022 e.) c bic ee (2022 e.) reserves: 91.492 billi c bic ee (2021 e.) e ic e f CO2 (2022 e.) and metallurgical coke: 163.359 illi e ic e f CO2 (2022 e.) and other liquids: 94.138 illi e ic e f CO2 (2022 e.) natural gas: 35.86 illi e ic e f CO2 (2022 e.) a ki g: al e i i 23 ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 16/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k B / e (2022 e.) a ki g: 47 illi (2022 e.) per 100 inhabitants: 13 (2022 e.) a ki g: al b ci i 28 illi (2022 e.) per 100 inhabitants: 132 (2022 e.) a ki g: al b ci i 32 assessment: he libe ali ed elec a ke ha ee c ide able de el e i he b adba d a d bile e ha e c aged a ke c eii , a l b e c agi g e a ec e i g acce cable a d be i f a c e; he bile a ke i ece ea ha bee e i ed b he a id e e i f LTE a d 5G e k , a d he de el e f bile da a e ice ba ed ; he eg la a e a ci ec i a a ge f ba d ha bee i he 5G- i able 3.4-3.8GH a ge ha i g bee back la e i 2023 a a e l f he b eak a d cha ge legi la i (2024) ed-li e i 13 e 100 ( e ice lag i al a ea ), bile-cell la i 132 e 100 e (2022) c de - 48; la di g i f he Bal ica a d he De a k-P la d2 b a i e cable c ec i g De a k a d S ede ; i e a i al di ec diali g i h a a ed e cha ge ; a elli e ea h a i - 1 ih I el a , E el a , I a a , a d I e ik (2019) blic TV e a e 2 a i al cha el le e ed b 16 egi al cha el a d e e al iche cha el ; ed e i ie e a e e e al a i al TV e k a da be f ecial i e e cha el ; a i a el ed cha el b adca i g l call ; ghl half f all h eh ld a e li ked ei he a elli e cable TV e f eig ele i i e k ; a e- blic adi e a e 5 a i al e k a d 17 egi al adi ed a i al adi e k , e e al c e cial a i b adca i g l i le ci ie , a d i a el ed l cal adi ai (2019) illi (2021 e.) of population: 85% (2021 e.) a ki g: al 32 per 100 inhabitants: 22 (2020 e.) a ki g: al 24 of registered air carriers: 6 (2020) ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 17/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 169 passenger traf c on registered air carriers: 9,277,538 (2018) freight traf c on registered air carriers: 271.49 illi (2018) -k registration country code pre x ga , 1,374 k il, 2,483 k e ed d c (2018) (2020) 11,946 k elec i ed a ki g: al 14 (2022) a ki g: al 14 (2009) ( a igable i e a d ca al ) ge e al ca g 6, il a ke 6, he 140 a ki g: al 75 k, Gd ia, P P l ch , S c eci A ed F ce (P l kie Si Zb j e): La d F ce (W j ka Lad e), Na (Ma a ka W je a), Ai F ce (Sil e), S ecial F ce (W j ka S ecjal e), Te i ial Defe e F ce (W j ka Ob Te ial ej), C be ace C be e e i) a d Ad i i ai : P li h Na i al P lice (P licja); B de G a d (S a G a ic a SG) (2024) ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 18/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k and security service personnel strengths i a el 210,000 i cl di g ai , g d, a al, ecial f ce , a d Te i ial Defe e F ce (2024) a i al defe e la i 2022 e a g al d ble he i e f P la d a ed f ce 300,000 e el, fe i al ldie a d 50,000 e i ial equipment inventories and acquisitions c i fa i f e S ie -e a a d a g i ga f e de , NATO-c a ible e ; i ece ea , he leadi g lie fa a e ha e i cl ded e e al E ea c ie , S h d he US; P la d ha a la ge d e ic defe e ec ha d ce ide g ade a ide a ie f e , a ic la l g d e ch a a k a d he a ed ehicle ; i al c eae i h he (2024) la e 2018, P la d a ced a 7- ea ( h gh 2026) a i a el $50 billi defe e de i a i la ld i cl de ch i e a 5 h ge e a i c ba ai c af , a ed ae ial ehicle , cke a ille , helic e , i e , f iga e , a d i ed c be ec i ; i 2022-2023, i ig ed la ge ili a ea c ac ihS h service age and obligation f age f ale a d fe ale l a ili a e ice; c ci i ha ed i 2009-12; fe i al a e a e ba i (f a eci ed e i d f i e) ac ac ba i (f a eci ed e i d f ac e i d i 24 h ; e e e i he ili a he a e e a e (2024) e ade ab 16.5% f he ili a ' f ll- i e e el ced a e 12- h l a ili a e ice ga i h ec i g i g h gh h ba ic ai i g e i d i h a ili a i , f ll ed b 11 h f eciali ed ai i g; c le i f ld be all ed j i he Te i ial Defe e F ce he ac i e e e e, a d ha e i i fe i al a a d be gi e efe e ce f e l e i he blic ec ; he g a i a f a eff ea e he i e f he P li h ili a (NATO/KFOR); 180 La ia (NATO); 190 Leba (UNIFIL); a i a el 230 R a ia (NATO) P la d ha bliga ed ab 2,500 he Li h a ia, P la d, a d Uk ai e j i ili a b igade hich a e abli hed i 2014; he b igade i head a e ed i P la d a d i c i ed f a , a d eciali ed i ; i af lia ed i h he l i a i al b igade e ai i hi he f he a ed f ce f hei e ec i e c ie il he b igade i ac i a ed f a ici a i i a NATO ea e a k a d i hi f f eig i a i de i he P li h ili a e i ial a d b de defe e a d i g i NATO a d EU ec i c i e ; i chief c ce eighb i g Uk ai e i ce 2014, hich ha led eff b b de defe e a d ca abili ie a d i c ea e he NATO a d US ili a e e ce i P la d P la d ha bee h i g e e al NATO ili a f ai de ig ed e ha ce he defe e f P la d a d a k, i cl di g a US-led l i a i al NATO g d f ce ba leg a a f he Allia ce a d P e e ce i i ia i e, NATO gh e de ach e a Malb k Ai Ba e, a NATO-led di i i al e (M l i a i al Di i i N hea ), hich c di a e ai i g a d e a a i ac i i ie f i e ec i e i P la d a d Li h a ia, a d a c -le el NATO eld head a e (M l i a i al C i ce 2022, he US ha e abli hed a e a e c head a e i P la d c a d US a i al e; P la d al a ici a e i a a ie f EU a d NATO ili a de l e i Af ica, he Bal ic S a e , ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 19/20 P la d - The W ld Fac b k E e, a d he Middle Ea ; P la d ided c ide able he NATO i i i Afgha i a , e ha 30,000 ili a e el e ed e a 20- ea e i d bef e he i i e ded i 2021 (2024) S ace Age c (POLSA; e abli hed 2014; e a i al i 2015); S ace Re ea ch Ce e (SRC, i e di ci li a i i e f he P li h Acade f Scie ce ha ac ed a P la d ace age c il POLSA a e abli hed g a i i eg a ed i hi he f a e k f he E ea S ace Age c (ESA); b ild a elli e , i cl di g e e i g (RS) a d ed ca i al/ cie i c/ ech l g a elli e ; e ea che a d de el , RS, a iga i al, a d he cie i c a lica i f a elli e a l ad ; c ea i g i f a c ef i g, ce i g a d di ib i g da a f e e l gical a d e i e al a elli e ; e ea che a d he ace- ela ed ech l gie , i cl di g e a d b ic be f i e la e a la de , a d la che a ici a e i i e a i al ace ga a dc eae i h a a ie f f eig ace age cie a d ie , i cl di g h e f B a il, Ca ada, Chi a, ESA/EU e be a e ( a ic la l F a ce, Ge a , I al ), I dia, ia, Uk ai e, UK, a d he US; ha a g i gc e cial ace ec ih e ha 300 ac i e he ke ac i i ie , g a , a d ile e f he c ace ga ,a ell a he ace ec , a ea i he S ace P g a efe e ce g ide group(s): I la ic S a e f I a a d a h-Sha (ISIS) he hi , ai , leade hi , ga i a i , a ea f e a i , ac ic , a ge , ea , i e, a d f he g ( ) a ea ( ) i he Te i efe e ce g ide and internally displaced persons (country of origin): 956,635 (Uk ai e) (a f 15 Dece be 2023) persons: 1,435 (2022) so rce of prec rsor or essen ial chemicals sed in he prod c ion of illici narco ics ld-fac b k/c ie / la d/ 20/20

Poland - The World Factbook PDF

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