Plan Quality Management, Manage Quality PDF

**Plan Quality Management, Manage Quality** What Is Quality? "The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill\[s\] requirements" (American Society for Quality). Project Quality Management Project Quality Management includes the processes for incorporating the organization's...

**Plan Quality Management, Manage Quality** What Is Quality? "The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill\[s\] requirements" (American Society for Quality). Project Quality Management Project Quality Management includes the processes for incorporating the organization's quality policy regarding planning, managing, and controlling project and product quality requirements in order to meet stakeholders' objectives. Project Quality Management also supports continuous process improvement activities as undertaken on behalf of the performing organization (PMBOK 6th Edition). The Four Factor Focus Plan Quality Management Plan Quality Management is the process of identifying quality requirements and/or standards for the project and its deliverables, and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance with quality requirements and/or standards (PMBOK 6th edition). Plan Quality Management: Tools & Techniques Data gathering -- Benchmarking Looking at past projects to get ideas for improvement on the current project and to provide a basis to use in measuring quality performance. Comparing your project with actual or planned project practices to generate ideas for improvement. -- More on benchmarking later when we talk about 'Develop project quality standards'. Plan Quality Management: Tools & Techniques Data analysis -- Cost-benefit analysis Project manager weighs the benefits versus the costs of meeting quality requirements. Plan Quality Management: Tools & Techniques Data analysis -- Cost of quality Involves looking at costs of conformance and non-conformance. Cost of quality = Cost of conformance + Cost of non-conformance Where is 'Planning'? Where is 'Customer returns'? -- Either way, quality costs! Quality Planning Steps Step 1: Identify stakeholders and customers Step 2: Prioritize stakeholders and customers Step 3: Identify project quality requirements Step 4: Prioritize project quality requirements Step 5: Develop project quality standards Step 1: Identify stakeholders and customers The importance of identifying all the stakeholders and customers -- Customer focus is the key to providing a quality service or product -- If you don't identify all the stakeholders and customers, you cannot determine their expectations and requirements -- If you don't determine their expectations and requirements, you cannot meet them Which process is the above? Step 2: Prioritize stakeholders and customers Prioritize stakeholders and customer from the most important to the least. Step 3: Identify project quality requirements What is a requirement? 1\) Stakeholder/customer wants and expectations from a product or service 2\) Functional requirements -- Functions or capabilities of the product or service 3\) Technical requirements -- Description of the features of the deliverable in detailed technical terms Step 3: Identify project quality requirements Common characteristics of product quality requirements -- Producibility -- Usability -- Reliability -- Maintainability -- Availability -- Operability -- Flexibility -- Social acceptability -- Affordability Step 3: Identify project quality requirements Common characteristics of service quality requirements -- Tangibles -- Reliability -- Responsiveness -- Competence -- Courtesy -- Credibility -- Security -- Access -- Communication Step 3: Identify project quality requirements Common characteristics of software quality requirements -- Correctness -- Reliability -- Efficiency -- Integrity -- Usability -- Maintainability -- Testability -- Flexibility -- Portability -- Reusability -- Interoperability Step 4: Prioritize project quality requirements Prioritize project quality requirements from the most important to the least. Step 5: Develop project quality standards What are quality standards? -- A quality standard is an objective, measurable expression of a requirements. Requirement  Standard -- Quality standards should be SMART Step 5: Develop project quality standards Benchmarking -- Comparing project practices to those of similar projects to provide a standard by which to measure performance -- Determining best practices from other projects that might be applied to your project Step 5: Develop project quality standards Benchmarks are derived from standards -- A quality standard is an objective, measurable expression of a requirement -- A quality benchmark is the stated goals of the standards to be measured against Step 5: Develop project quality standards Quality metrics -- Product defects -- Schedule and scope compliance -- Numbers of requirements satisfied -- Customer satisfaction -- Others? Plan Quality Management: Outputs Quality management plan -- The quality standards that apply to the project. -- To improve customer satisfaction. -- Who will be involved in managing quality, when, and what their specific duties will be. -- Review of earlier decisions to make sure those decisions are correct. -- The meetings to be held addressing quality. -- The reports that will address quality. -- What metrics will be used to measure quality. -- What parts of the project or deliverables will be measured and when. Plan Quality Management: Outputs Quality management plan -- First step in developing quality management plan First step in developing quality management plan is to develop a quality policy. The quality policy includes the overall intentions and direction of the organization with regard to quality, as formally expressed by top management. If the performing organization lacks a formal quality policy or if the project involves multiple performing organizations, as in a joint venture, the project management team must develop a quality policy for the project as an input to the Plan quality management. Plan Quality Management: Outputs Quality metrics -- Acceptable measurement. -- Examples are: The number of changes (to help measure the quality of the project management planning process) The number of resources used The number of items that fail inspection The variance of the weight of a product produced by the project compared to the planned weight The number of bugs found in the software that is being developed as part of the project -- More when we talk about 'Develop project quality standards'. Plan Quality Management: Outputs Process improvement plan -- The areas to be considered in the process improvement plan include process boundaries, process configuration, process metrics, and targets for improved performance. Manage Quality Manage Quality is the process of translating the quality management plan into executable quality activities that incorporate the organization's quality policies into the project (PMBOK 6th edition). What Is Quality Control? Consists of the execution of project tasks according to the preagreed standards. The purpose of quality control is to identify defects and ensure they are corrected so that defect-free work-products or deliverables will be produced. -- Monitoring specific project results to determine if they comply with relevant quality standards. -- Identifying ways to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory performance -- Applying it throughout the project. -- Using quality tools and techniques to assist in performing these activities. -- Inspects specific results or deliverables. -- Focuses on the product or results. -- Testing, Inspection, etc. What Is Quality Assurance? Comprises all the planned and systematic activities implemented to provide confidence that the project will satisfy the applicable standards. Quality assurance (QA) activities are performed throughout the project. -- QA reviews may vary based on the size and complexity of the projects as well as the work product being reviewed. -- QA review method may need to be customized based on the context of the project. -- It is ongoing during execution. -- Focuses on the process. -- Audits, reviews, etc. The Major questions of QP, QA, and QC Quality Planning (QP) -- Who are the stakeholders and customers? -- What are their requirements? -- How do I objectively measure their requirements (that is, create standards)? Quality Control (QC) -- Do the QA activities show that the products and services meet standards? -- How many defects to we have left to fix? Quality Assurance (QA) -- What needs to be done to measure the standards (that is, develop QA activates)? -- Is my project team/organization capable of performing the QA activities? -- What process improvements are needed to enable my project team/organization to conduct the QA activities? Manage Quality: Tools & Techniques Data gathering -- Quality checklists Structured tool, usually component-specific, used to verify that a set of required steps has been performed. Manage Quality: Tools & Techniques Data representation -- Cause-and-effect diagrams Also known as Fishbone diagram and Ishikawa diagram Cause-and-effect diagrams can be used to identify root causes of a given effect. Effect = "Product quality not matching the requirements" Major causes = People, Process, Equipment, Material, Environment, Management Minor causes = "Worker's fatigue", "Lack of training", etc. "Worker's fatigue" can be branch off even deeper to show 'Root Cause'. Manage Quality: Tools & Techniques Data representation -- Flowcharts It can be used to "see" a process and find potential quality problems. Flowcharting is used in quality control to help analyze how problems occur. Manage Quality: Tools & Techniques Data representation -- Histograms Histograms are used to plot the number of occurrences of a problem and can be related to the check sheet. It displays data in the form of bars or columns. It shows what problems are worth dealing with. A typical histogram arranges data in no particular order. Manage Quality: Tools & Techniques Data representation -- Scatter diagrams Tracks two variables to see if they are related. Scatter diagrams are used to plot the relationship of two variables with one another. Manage Quality: Tools & Techniques Data representation -- Pareto diagrams A type of histogram, but it arranges the results from most frequent to least frequent to help identify which root causes are resulting in the most problems. Pareto charts are used in quality control to identify causes of problems; action will be taken to fix first the problems causing the highest number of defects. 80/20 rule: Roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes. Manage Quality: Tools & Techniques Data representation -- Control charts A control chart is a graphical representation over time of a process. It is used to determine if the process is "in control". Control charts are SET UP in the Plan Quality Management process as part of the effort to determine what will be quality on the project. They are UTILIZED in Control Quality, where they help determine if a process is within acceptable limits. It's a tool used primarily to help monitor process variation over time. Manage Quality: Tools & Techniques Data representation -- Control charts Control limit calculations begin with the Centre Line (the average or median of the data). Next calculate sigma. The formula for sigma depends on the type of data. From the centre line, lines are drawn at +/-1 sigma, +/- 2 sigma and +/-3 sigma. +3 sigma = Upper Control Limit (UCL) -3 sigma = Lower Control Limit (LCL) Manage Quality: Tools & Techniques Data representation -- Control charts Manage Quality: Tools & Techniques Data representation -- Control charts Manage Quality: Tools & Techniques Data representation -- Control charts Manage Quality: Tools & Techniques Design of Experiments (DOE) -- Uses experimentation to statistically determine what variables will improve quality. -- This allows you to systematically change all of the important factors in a process and see which combination has a lower impact on the project. -- This is faster and more accurate than changing the variables one at a time. -- Design of experiment is used to track the change of one constant and its relative impact on the others