Human Physiology - 3. Intermediary Metabolism PDF

Human Physiology 3. Intermediary metabolism 3. Intermediary metabolism cupty Tyger...

Human Physiology 3. Intermediary metabolism 3. Intermediary metabolism cupty Tyger acid 3.1 Contents aeventy Carbohydrates: breakdown, storage and synthesis ↳ full juice ~ ink grope theagen recor Where is the energy in our body? Fat: breakdown, storage and synthesis Proteins: breakdown, storage and synthesis ↳ o ↓ down glacial Summary of fuel metabolism break Essential nutrients 3.2 Intermediary metabolism _ _ _ _ _ _ _of_ _nutrients Intermediate steps between the _ _entrance _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the cell and their use in glycolysis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ or citric acid cycle + oxidative phosphorylation. There are no dedicated pathways to form ATP from _ _fat _ _ _ _or protein ___ ______ The body can _convert _ _ _ _ _ _ across organic molecule types to enter the pathways above. Not everything needs to be converted into _ _ _ _ _ _ _. broken glucose * Fat is +18 Other components enter _ _ 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ at various points. _ _ _ _ _pathways _ _ _main down coA , Acety 2 issues demand the ability of converting back and forth between organic molecule types. fuel Availability of _ ____ Food availability not very predictable. There are _ _limitation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to conversion though. Diet _ _ _ _ must be complete and balanced. Best _storage _ _ _ _ _ _ container: _sweets _ _ _ _ _ can be converted to fat!!! (sugar) 3 different fuels burned during a marathon. is * Glycogen better energy fat than storage 1  Human Physiology 3. Intermediary metabolism 3.3 Carbohydrate metabolism Glucose (6C) as diy Pyruvate (3C) co. &d ↑ Energized coenzymes (NADH, FADH2) - - > Electron chain T Acetyl CoA (2C) ATP synthase d 4C CO2 - 5C 6C CO2 Recycled coenzymes (NAD+, FAD+) E - Aerobic => 38 _ _ ATP, anaerobic => 2 glucose _ ATP AS and it 3.4 Glycogen storage ge blood cell _Glucose _ _ _ _ _ _ : transported in blood. from can store aycogen _Glycogen _ _ _ _ _ _ _ : reserves in skeletal muscles and liver. Enzymes for production and Cell breakdown in _cytosol Branch off _2nd _______ _ _ _ of glycolysis. _ _ _ _Step removesP in muscle Glycogen has 0% If glucose high, _make _ _ _ glycogen. glucose po pora in cytosol If glucose low, _break _ _ _ _ glycogen. cone , Enzymes with allosteric and covalent modulation. : E glucos - 6 Glycogen synthesis = _gluconeogenesis ___________ - has Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate phosphate breakdown = _ _glycogenolysis ____________ high conc. In liver and kidneys only (not in muscles): &enzyme liver Kidney ↓ Pyruvate Production of _glucose _ _ _ _ _ _ from glucose 6-phosphate. Transport by blood to the rest of the body. - + enzyme) 3.5 Making glucose (gluconeogenesis) (requires differ e Kidney Making glucose from precursors that are not carbohydrates _ _ _ _ and _Kidney in _liver ______. Mostly _Pyruvate _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for substrate conversion of will * The into low glycogen back * When glucose is & lucose-6-phosphate 2 to make glucon-6 add POy group it to g) lucore is to transport phosphate Then liver Kidney enzymes part of body. , in-18 different will convert glucor-6-phosphate a it to brain glucose and transport > - Pyruvate > - ATP where is converts to glucose-o-phosphate econ about Human Physiology from lactate (_fermentation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ), glycerol (fat Converts 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to 1 glucose, taking 6 pyruvate 3. Intermediary metabolism _ _ _ ), amino acids (_proteins _ ATP. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ). Phospherolpymet It uses the same enzymes as _glycolysis __________ Except for irreversible reactions. There are specific enzymes for: converts Pyruvate -=> _oxaloacetate ___________ directly Pyruvate > (convert => _Phosphoenolpyruvate Oxalacetate - ___________________ anch Everywhere else it is a _reverse _ _ _ _ _ _ glycolysis. into Oxaloacetate CAC through doesn't go unecessarily S we Glucose because through · 2 carbons lose COn > Phosphoenolpyruvate (3C) - Glycolysis I J (irreversible) co O Tre ~ Pyruvate (3C) * CO2Y [i Acetyl CoA (2C) glycerol 3 - Oxaloacetate (4C) Citrate (6C) Citric acid cycle & To & CO2 Oxaloacelate Pyruvate CO + = + Lactate + Amino acid + glycerol Oxalocetate - CO = Phosphoenolpyruvate is to allow of making phosphorel pyruvate 3 The * whole point reversible a reaction between phosphorolpyruvate & CAC and producing glucose from the phosphonol pyruvate Howiporre > - Pyruvate > - Netyl-CoA > - CAC glucose pynets g rats Human Physiology glycolysis oxid , 3. Intermediary metabolism into > - AcetylCoA > - AT4 3.6 Energy in the body Acid Fatty Oxid. CAC Most of the body is water. Of the remaining mass: Beta % body mass kcal/g Total body kcal % energy stored (in 70 kg) 16 __ 9_ 140 _ _ 000 _, ____ _78 _ Fat Proteins 10 __ 4_ _ _ _000 38 , ___ _21 _ _0_5_ 4 _ 2000 _____ _I Carbohydrates. 2_5 1 g of fat gives _ _ times more ATP than 1 g carbohydrate.. Fat makes a _light _ _ _ _ energy storage. Fat reserves in _adipocytes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of adipose tissue under skin and involving organs. _ _ _ _ but _small / Carbohydrates provide a _quick _ _ _ _ reserve. _% Fat also provides _50 _ of the body energy at rest. Fatty Acid Proteins only used for energy as _last _ _ _ _Resource _________ 3.7 Fat metabolism (occurs mitochondria) ~ Fat: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + _3_ _ _ _ _ _ _acid O glycerol fatty _____ C–O-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C i Glycerol can enter glycolysis __________ to form pyruvate. ⑳ C–O-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C - = M O Fatty acids: Il C–O-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C Breakdown in mitochondria (removes 2 Long carbon chains A_ccetyl cycle for _ _ _ _ _ removal 3 carbons each - - cycle) _ _ _Oxidiation (_Bata __________) _ _ _ _Acid forms Acetyl-CoA that enters _Citric ____cycle __ One 18 carbon fatty acid => 146 ATP - called Beta Oxidation acid process Fatty goes though added to form Acetyl-CoA where COA is (AC- - Acetyl-CoA is then removed to go though 4 to ATP produc  Human Physiology 3. Intermediary metabolism > CH3 – (CH2)14 – CH2 – CH2 – COOH (fatty acid w/ 18 C) ** Y(2ct Beta *? CH3 – (CH2)14 – CH2 – CH2 – CO - CoA - Oxidation (mitochondria FADH2 CH3 – (CH2)14 – COOH + CH3 – CH2 - CoA (fatty acid w/ 16 C) - Acetyl-CoA Y CAC Acetyl-CoA cannot form _ glucose _ _ _ _ _ _ !!! _ _ _ _ _ _Acids Fatty _ _ _ _ _ cannot be converted into glucose!!! Only _glycerol _ _ _ _ _ _ _ can. cytosol) 2 7 ( fa ? 3.8 Fat synthesis fat occurs enced - ↳ towi I + FX Reverse reactions of catabolism, but: Enzymes are in the _cytosol ______. CoA 1- Acety Fatty acids: different Bind _acetyl-CoA _ _ _ _ _ _of_ beta oxidation. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ throughFeverse fatty acid lat - us. off - Form carbon _Chain ____ Croughly opposite - Add 2 _ carbons at a time > In animals Always forms fatty acid with even _ _ _ _ number of carbons. (Triglyceride properties ER occurs Sma Triglyceride: > - Link 3 fatty acids to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (from glycolysis)_ Fora Enzymes are on smooth endoplasmic reticulum. _carbohydrate _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ catabolism is frequently diverted to produce fat. aFatty acids cannot produce _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , however. + glyco XXCurose FA (irreversible reaction) 3 Fatty Acid 5 Fatty Acid Glucos - > + (fa+) A - CoA  Human Physiology 3. Intermediary metabolism 3.9 Protein metabolism First step _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ separate amino acids (_Proteolysis Proteases _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ) by breaking the peptide bonds. Next: Break down of each type of amino acid. But there are 20 _ _ types with different side chains. - (R- group) Many breakdown products. There is no metabolic pathway dedicated to amino acids. They enter various points of _ _ _ _ _ _ _Acid Citric _ _Or _ _ _them _ _ _ _ _bring _ _ _ _Cycle _ _ _ _in _ _ _pyruvate _ _as ___ Pyruvate (3C) = 3 types of AA 22 Amino 3+ 7+5 + 7 = V Acids f types E Acetyl CoA (2C) ↳ ↓ this means ↑ more than 1 type of Oxaloacetate (4C) Citrate (6C) amino acid ↑ Ly n & can enter of types > - various points 2 α-ketoglutarate (5C) the CAC in - (between CO2 oxalpacetate k # ↓- Ketoglutarate) +types 5 H - H H 3.10 Amino acid metabolism N–C–C + H2O + coenzyme i Amino group is removed _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Deamination oxidative ___________ & & Forms amonia and _Keto _ _ _ acid. NH3 + R - C – C + energized coenzyme - Amonia is highly toxiC ______ Blood takes it to the _liver _____ Keto Acid AA Liver converts it into Urea _ _ _ _ (less toxic). of 2 NH3 + CO2 => (NH2)2CO + H2O Nitrogen problematiores => c _ _ _ _ _ _ _through urine Excreted by the _Kidneys is CAC 6 because though therefore not go B -Amoniamoved xid. throughdeamination Human Physiology 3. Intermediary metabolism - ine allows gain no aca Transamination ______________ a This Pass amino group to a keto acid body gives amino group (NH2) specificthat - acid _ _ + _ _Ketoacid _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _A Amino B _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ => _Keto _ _ _ _A _ _ _ _Acid __ + amino acid B (no group) amine We can produce _II_ of the _28 _ amino acids this way. We cannot make the keto acids for the other 9_. They are _essential _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ amino acids and need to be in our diet. 3.11 Protein synthesis _ _ _ Acid Anabolism of an amino acid requires _Keto _ _ _ _ _ + _NHz ___ _ _ _ _ Acid First, Keto _ _ _ _ _ is produced. Next, an _NHc _ _ is added to turn it into an amino acid. The amino group can be transaminated from an existing amino acid. Only _I_ of the 20 can be produced Amino acids are combined with _Peptide _ _ _ _ _ _ bonds into protein. Following the RNA code read in _translation __________. (Studied in BIOL 61) slower nave 3.12 Our fuel management Fats becausenobia * cass Carbohydrates, proteins and fat can be used to produce energy. pro hydrop t is Carbohydrate _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ => small reserve, quickly available, easy recharge. I _Lipids _ _ _ _ _ _ => large reserve, very energetic, slow to mobilize, slow recharge. - - _Protein _ _ _ _ _ _ _ => large reserve, slow to mobilize, slow recharge. All 3 classes can be used to produce some but not all members of the other classes. 3.13 Essential nutrients 50 substances 1) _Critical _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for health. 2) Not synthesized in _sufficient _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ quantity. The absolute required quantity is variable and does not matter: 7  Human Physiology 3. Intermediary metabolism _1500m/ _ _ _ _ _ of water/day. - (52). Img _ _ _ _ of vitamin thiamine/day. Vitamins _14_ essential organic nutrients. Needed in _very _ _ _ _ _ _ amounts. _ _ _small alphabetically/ Initially, their structure was not known so they were named _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. Various chemical structures C D > vitamin A ,B - , , Water soluble Fat soluble not A large intake _does Tex _ _ _ _ _ _ _ enhance their action. - · of vitamins C I * 8