PHIA-SEM-3-CC-6-Democracy.pdf

NZa−¿»l fËL«¢a (Nature of Democracy) p¡d¡lZi¡−h NZa¿» hm−a HL ¢h−no n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡−L −h¡T¡uz l¡øÊ¢h‘¡−e plL¡−ll ¢h¢iæl©f B−m¡Qe¡ fËp−‰C NZa−¿»l Lb¡ hm¡ quz ¢L¿¹¥ "NZa¡¢¿»L n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡' qm NZa−¿»l pwL£ZÑ AbÑz hÉ¡fL A−bÑ NZa¿» n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡l d¡lZ¡l ¢e¢cÑø p£j¡ A¢aœ²j L−l HL jqv Bc−nÑ f¢lZa q−u−Rz haÑj¡eL...

NZa−¿»l fËL«¢a (Nature of Democracy) p¡d¡lZi¡−h NZa¿» hm−a HL ¢h−no n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡−L −h¡T¡uz l¡øÊ¢h‘¡−e plL¡−ll ¢h¢iæl©f B−m¡Qe¡ fËp−‰C NZa−¿»l Lb¡ hm¡ quz ¢L¿¹¥ "NZa¡¢¿»L n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡' qm NZa−¿»l pwL£ZÑ AbÑz hÉ¡fL A−bÑ NZa¿» n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡l d¡lZ¡l ¢e¢cÑø p£j¡ A¢aœ²j L−l HL jqv Bc−nÑ f¢lZa q−u−Rz haÑj¡eL¡−m "NZa¿»' në¢Vl à¡l¡ HL ¢h−no pj¡ShÉhÙÛ¡, l¡øÊhÉhÙÛ¡, n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡, Hje¢L HL ¢h−no AbÑhÉhÙÛ¡−LJ −h¡T¡e quz AdÉ¡fL ¢N¢Xwp HC fËp−‰ h−m−Re, "A Democracy may either be a form of government, a form of state; a form of society or a combination of all the three'z a−h NZa−¿»l AbÑ k¡C−q¡L, p¡jÉ qm Hl j§m ¢i¢šz p¡j¡¢SL −r−œ p¡jÉ, l¡øÊ°e¢aL −r−œ p¡jÉ, AbÑ°e¢aL −r−œ p¡jÉ haÑj¡e b¡L−m kb¡œ²−j p¡j¡¢SL, l¡øÊ°e¢aL J AbÑ°e¢aL NZa−¿»l pª¢ø quz pj¡SS£h−el pLm −r−œ p¡jÉ fË¢a¢ùa q−m NZa¢¿»L pj¡−Sl(Democratic Society) pª¢ø quz AbÑ¡v p¡−jÉl ¢i¢š−a −k pj¡ShÉhÙÛ¡ fË¢a¢ùa a¡−L NZa¢¿»L pj¡S hm¡ quz HC pj¡ShÉhÙÛ¡u pLm hÉ¢š² pjjkÑ¡c¡pÇfæz p¤¤−k¡N-p¤¤¢hd¡ −i¡−Nl hÉ¡f¡−lJ pj¡e A¢dL¡l haÑj¡e b¡−Lz HCl©f pj¡−S −L¡el©f °hojÉj§mL BQlZ−L ü£L¡l Ll¡ qu e¡z SeÈNa J deNa °hojÉ−L HM¡−e j¡eÉa¡ −cJu¡ qu e¡z hmfË−u¡−Nl −L¡e p¤¤−k¡N b¡−L e¡z pj¡SS£h−el p¡j¢NËL Eæue J pjª¢Ü−a pL−ml fË−Qø¡−L pj¡e jkÑ¡c¡ −cJu¡ quz h¡eÑp NZa¿» fËp−‰ h−me, "BcnÑNa ¢hQ¡−l NZa¿» qm Hje HL pj¡ShÉhÙÛ¡ −kM¡−e pLm hÉ¢š² HLC lLj e¡ q−mJ pL−mC pj¡ez AbÑ¡v fË−aÉ−LC pj¡−Sl A¢h−µRcÉ J Af¢lq¡kÑ A‰'z NZa¢¿»L l¡øÊ hm−a Hje HL l¡øÊhÉhÙÛ¡−L −h¡T¡u k¡ p¡jÉe£¢al Jfl fË¢a¢ùaz AbÑ¡v NZa¡¢¿»L l¡−øÊ l¡øÊ°e¢aL p¡jÉ haÑj¡e a¡−Lz S¡¢a-djÑ, Ù»£-f¤l¦o, de£-c¢lâ, ¢n¢ra-A¢n¢ra ¢e¢hÑ−n−o fË−aÉ−L pj¡e l¡øÊ°e¢aL A¢dL¡l J jkÑ¡c¡ −i¡N L−lz Hl g−m NZa¢¿»L l¡−øÊ Sep¡d¡l−Zl q¡−aC Q¨s¡¿¹ l¡S°e¢aL LaÑ«aÆ eÉÙ¹ b¡−Lz SeNZC p¡hÑ−i±j rja¡l Q¨s¡¿¹ A¢dL¡l£ h−m NZÉ quz gl¡p£ c¡nÑ¢eL l¦−n¡ HC p¡hÑ−i±j p¡d¡l−Zl CµR¡l à¡l¡ f¢lQ¡¢ma l¡øÊ−L NZa¿» h−m A¢i¢qa L−l−Rez a¡C hm¡ k¡u NZa¢¿»L l¡−øÊ −no fkÑ¿¹ SeNZC Q¨s¡¿¹ rja¡ J LaÑ«−aÆl phÑju A¢dL¡l£z −pSeÉ H−r−œ SeN−Zl n¡pe (rule of the people) fË¢a¢ùa b¡−Lz SeN−Zl n¡pe fË¢a¢ùa q−mJ L¡l à¡l¡ n¡pe f¢lQ¡¢ma q−h H¢ho−u ¢e¢cÑø −L¡e hÉhÙÛ¡ −eCz AbÑ¡v NZa¢¿»L l¡−øÊ plL¡l h¡ n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡ −k-−L¡e dl−el q−a f¡−lz Bl HC L¡l−Z NZa¢¿»L l¡−øÊ l¡Sa¡¢¿»L J A¢iS¡aa¡¢¿»L n¡p−el på¡eJ f¡Ju¡ k¡uz NZa¢¿»L plL¡l h¡ n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡ (Democratic Government) qm NZa−¿»l pwL£ZÑ AbÑz HC pwL£ZÑ cª¢øi‰£ −b−L f¢ÕQj£ NZa−¿»l fËhš²¡l¡ NZa−¿»l hÉ¡MÉ¡-¢h−nÔoZ L−l−Rez NZa¢¿»L n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡ hm−a −h¡T¡u SeN−Zl à¡l¡ fËaÉri¡−h h¡ ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa fË¢a¢e¢d−cl j¡dÉ−j f−l¡ri¡−h f¢lQ¡¢ma n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡−Lz a−h SeN−Zl à¡l¡ pl¡p¢l h¡ fËaÉri¡−h f¢lQ¡¢ma n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡C qm NZa¢¿»L plL¡−ll fËL«a h¡ B¢cl©fz fË¡Q£eL¡−m NË£p −c−nl r¥â¡L«¢al eNl l¡øÊ…¢m−a H dl−el fËaÉr NZa¢¿»L n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡ haÑj¡e ¢Rmz haÑj¡eL¡−m A¢dL¡wn l¡−øÊl Buae J −m¡LpwMÉ¡ AaÉ¡¢dL hª¢Ü −f−u−Rz a¡C fËaÉr NZa¢¿»L n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡l f¢lh−aÑ fË¢a¢e¢dj§mL f−l¡r NZa¡¢¿»L n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡l pª¢ø q−u−Rz a−h fËaÉr −q¡L h¡ f−l¡r −q¡L, NZa¢¿»L n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡ fË¢aù¡l SeÉ NZa¢¿»L l¡øÊ-hÉhÙÛ¡ Af¢lq¡kÑz NZa¢¿»L l¡øÊ R¡s¡ NZa¢¿»L plL¡l NWe Ll¡ pñh euz ¢L¿¹¥ NZa¢¿»L l¡−øÊ NZa¢¿»L plL¡l fË¢a¢ùa q−hC Hje −L¡e ¢eÕQua¡ −eCz NZa¢¿»L l¡øÊ J NZa¢¿»L plL¡−ll j−dÉ f¡bÑLÉ B−Rz NZa¢¿»L l¡−øÊ phÑju LaÑ«aÆ SeN−Zl q¡−a eÉÙ¹ b¡L−mJ n¡peL¡kÑ f¢lQ¡me¡l c¡¢uaÆ SeN−Zl q¡−a eÉÙ¹ e¡J b¡L−a f¡−lz Ešl¡¢dL¡l p§−œ −L¡e l¡S¡ h¡ SeN−Zl à¡l¡ ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa j¤¢ø−ju fË¢a¢e¢dNZ −c−nl n¡peL¡kÑ f¢lQ¡me¡ Ll−a f¡−lez cªø¡¿¹ ¢qp¡−h Cwm−™l Lb¡ hm¡ −k−a f¡−lz Cwm−™ SeNZC Q¨s¡¿¹ rja¡l A¢dL¡l£z p¤¤al¡w Cwm™ qm HL¢V NZa¢¿»L l¡øÊ; ¢L¿¹¥ n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡ l¡Sa¡¢¿»Lz L¡lZ n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡l n£−oÑ A¢d¢ùa b¡−Le HLSe l¡S¡ h¡ l¡Z£z AbQ NZa¢¿»L n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡u SeN−Zl à¡l¡C n¡peL¡kÑ f¢lQ¡¢ma qJu¡l Lb¡z a−h haÑj¡e hªqc¡uae Hhw Sehým l¡−øÊ SeN−Zl fËaÉr n¡p−el f¢lh−aÑ ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa fË¢a¢e¢d−cl à¡l¡ f−l¡r n¡pe fË¢a¢ùa q−a −cM¡ k¡uz NZa¢¿»L l¡−øÊl ja −Lhm "SeN−Zl n¡pe'(rule of the people) eu, NZa¢¿»L plL¡−ll "SeN−Zl à¡l¡ n¡pe'(rule by the people) fË¢a¢ùa quz p¡ÇfË¢aLL¡−m AbÑ°e¢aL NZa−¿»l Jfl …l¦aÆ B−l¡f Ll¡ q−u b¡−Lz pj¡Sa¿»h¡c£l¡ AbÑ°e¢aL −r−œ NZa¿» fË¢aù¡l Jfl −S¡l −cez pj¡S −b−L k¡ha£u °hojÉ J −n¡o−Zl ¢h−m¡f p¡de L−l AbÑ°e¢aL −r−œ NZa¡¢¿»L Bc−nÑl pÇfËp¡l−Zl j¡dÉ−j AbÑ°e¢aL NZa¿» fË¢aù¡l Lb¡ hm¡ quz NZa¡¢¿»L BcnÑ−L AbÑ°e¢aL hÉhÙÛ¡u h¡ L¡W¡−j¡−a pÇfËp¡l−Zl E−Ÿ−nÉ −k pLm ¢ho−ul Lb¡ hm¡ qu −p…¢m qm Evf¡ce J h¸V−el −r−œ p¡j¡¢SL j¡¢mL¡e¡, phÑp¡d¡l−Zl SeÉ Evf¡ce hÉhÙÛ¡ ¢eu¿»Z, j¤e¡g¡ ASÑ−el f¢lh−aÑ Sep¡d¡l−Zl LmÉ¡Z p¡d−el SeÉ Evf¡ce f¢lQ¡me¡, pLm lLj −n¡o−Zl Ahp¡e, ¢nÒf f¢lQ¡me¡u nË¢jL−cl AwnNËqZ CaÉ¡¢cz AdÉ¡fL mÉ¡¢úl j−a, "AbÑ°e¢aL NZa¿» R¡s¡ l¡S°e¢aL NZa¿» AbÑq£e'z Bd¤¢eL l¡øÊ¢h‘¡e£−cl A−e−Ll L¡−R NZa¿» −Lhmj¡œ HL¢V p¡j¡¢SL hÉhÙÛ¡, AbÑ°e¢aL BcnÑ h¡ l¡S°e¢aL ašÄ eu; H qm HL¢V S£hed¡l¡ h¡ S£he-k¡fe fÜ¢a(way of life)z NZa¡¢¿»L S£hed¡l¡ hm−a NZa¡¢¿»L cª¢øi¢‰, ¢Q¿¹¡-−Qae¡ J BQ¡l-BQlZ−L −h¡T¡uz NZa¡¢¿»L S£he-k¡f−el ¢i¢š ¢qp¡−h NZa¡¢¿»L Bc−nÑl Jfl BÙÛ¡, f¡Øf¢lL ja ¢h¢eju J Bm¡f-B−m¡Qe¡l Jfl ¢eiÑln£ma¡, −k-−L¡e lLj °hojÉ J AeÉ¡−ul fË¢ah¡c, Af−ll fË¢a pÇj¡eSeL BQlZ fËi«¢al Lb¡ hm¡ quz hm¡ qu −k S£he-k¡f−el HC fÜ¢a pL−m Ae¤plZ Ll−m fË−aÉ−Ll ü¡i¡¢hL J phÑ¡‰£Z ¢hL¡n pñh q−hz NZa¡¢¿»L S£hed¡l¡u f¡lØf¢lL pá¡h J pÇfË£¢al Jfl …l¦aÆ B−l¡f Ll¡ qu, hmfË−u¡N−L H−Lh¡−l Aü£L¡l Ll¡ quz  NZa−¿»l fËL¡l−ic (Forms of Democratic Government) NZa−¿» SeN−Zl n¡pe fË¢a¢ùa quz ¢L¿¹¥ SeNZ n¡peL¡−kÑ ¢Li¡−h AwnNËqZ L−l, AbÑ¡v SeNZ pl¡p¢l n¡peL¡kÑ f¢lQme¡ L−l Abh¡ ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa fË¢a¢e¢d−cl j¡dÉ−j n¡peL¡kÑ f¢lQ¡me¡ L−l, a¡l ¢i¢š−a NZa¿» c¤-dl−el qu x L) ¢höÜ h¡ fËaÉr NZa¿» (Pure or Direct Democracy) M) f−l¡r h¡ fË¢a¢e¢dj§mL NZa¿» (Indirect or Representative Democracy)z L) fËaÉr NZa¿» x fËaÉr NZa¿» qm ¢höÜ NZa¿»z HC NZa−¿» SeNZ pl¡p¢l h¡ fËaÉri¡−h −c−nl n¡peL¡kÑ f¢lQ¡me¡ L−lz H lLj n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡u SeNZC plL¡l£ k¡ha£u L¡S ¢e−Sl¡C pÇf¡ce L−lz fË¡Q£eL¡−m NË£p −c−nl eNl l¡øÊ…¢m−a H dl−el n¡pe hÉhÙÛ¡ fËQ¢ma ¢Rmz e¡N¢lLNZ ¢e¢cÑø pju A¿¹l ¢edÑ¡¢la ÙÛ¡−e ¢j¢ma q−u BCe fËeuZ Lla, plL¡l£ LjÑQ¡l£ ¢e−u¡N Lla, l¡Sü J hÉ¡u ¢edÑ¡lZ Lla, fll¡øÊ J AeÉ¡eÉ …l¦aÆf§ZÑ plL¡l£ ¢ho−u ¢pÜ¡¿¹ NËqZ Llaz Hje¢L a¡l¡ ¢hQ¡l¢hi¡N£u L¡kÑ¡¢cJ pÇf¡ce Llaz HCi¡−h e¡N¢lL−cl à¡l¡ fËaÉri¡−h f¢lQ¡¢ma n¡pe- hÉhÙÛ¡C qm fËaÉr NZa¿»z H dl−el n¡pe-hÉhÙÛ¡u −c−nl pLm e¡N¢lL l¡øÊL¡−kÑ fËaÉri¡−h AwnNËqZ L−lz a¡C HC n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡−L AwnNËqZL¡l£ NZa¿»J h−mz e¡N¢lLl¡ BCe fËZue J n¡pe-pwœ²¡¿¹ AeÉ¡eÉ L¡S Ll¡l SeÉ −k S¡uN¡u ¢j¢ma qa H−b−¾p a¡−L hm¡ qa "H−LÓ¢pu¡' (Ecclesia of Athens) −l¡−j S¡uN¡¢V "¢j¢m¢nu¡'(Militia of Rome) f¢l¢Qa ¢Rmz fË¡Q£eL¡−m i¡lah−oÑJ ¢h¢iæ ÙÛ¡−e hý eNl-l¡øÊ ¢Rmz a−h HLb¡ hm¡ k¡u −k, fË¡Q£e NË£p h¡ H−b¾p h¡ i¡lahoÑ −kM¡−eC −q¡L e¡ −Le, HC eNl-l¡øÊ…¢m ¢Rm r¥â¡uae¢h¢nø Hhw AaÉ¿¹ AÒf SepwMÉ¡ ¢h¢nøz a¡C SeN−Zl f−r fËaÉri¡−h n¡peL¡kÑ f¢lQ¡me¡ Ll¡l hÉf¡−l −L¡e pjpÉ¡ ¢Rm e¡z aMeL¡l ¢c−el pjpÉ¡J ¢Rm AaÉ¿¹ Ljz Bh¡l pqS J plm fËL«¢al pjpÉ¡z Bl HC L¡l−Z üÒf pwMÉL SeNZ pq−S HL¢V ¢e¢cÑø S¡uN¡u ¢h−no pj−u ¢j¢ma q−u pjpÉ¡¢cl pj¡d¡e J l¡øÊL¡kÑ f¢lQ¡me¡ Ll−a f¡laz ¢L¿¹¥ haÑj¡−e fË¢a¢V l¡−øÊl Buae ¢hn¡m, Bh¡l SepwMÉ¡J ¢hf¤m f¢lj¡Zz a¡R¡s¡ Bd¤¢eL l¡øÊpj§−ql pjpÉ¡…¢mJ −hn£, Bh¡l S¢Vm fËL«¢alz ¢h‘¡e J fËk¤¢š²l Ai¡he£u ANËN¢a, ¢nÒf¡ue, eNl¡ue, S¢Vm B¿¹ÑS¡¢aL f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a fËi«¢al f¢l−fË¢r−a BC−el pwMÉ¡ −kje hý, Bh¡l BC−el fËL«¢aJ −aj¢e S¢Vmz p¡d¡lZ SeN−Zl f−r −c−nl fË−u¡Se£u BCe fËeZu−e AwnNËqZ Ll¡ HLlLj Apñh hÉ¡f¡lz HMe SeN−Zl à¡l¡ pl¡p¢l n¡peL¡kÑ f¢lQ¡me¡l 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