Introduction to Pharmacology PDF

Introduction to Pharmacology Farzana Alam, PhD Dr. Edward Herschaft What is Pharmacology?  Plan for today Pre-test: Kahoot Pharmacology class regulations/norms Basic terms in Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics Individual variation Drug safety Pharma...

Introduction to Pharmacology Farzana Alam, PhD Dr. Edward Herschaft What is Pharmacology?  Plan for today Pre-test: Kahoot Pharmacology class regulations/norms Basic terms in Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics Individual variation Drug safety Pharmacogenomics  Review of Pharmacology Ø Common Terms medicine has Factors that intensify of drug responses Ø Drug thefeffstic Ø Pharmacology Ø Therapeutics Ø Concepts in Pharmacology Ø Site of action Ø Mechanism of Action Ø Receptor site Ø Agonist/Antagonist Competitive Antagonism binds to same binding w samereceptor as biologicalhormones site w opposi and has similar same effects enzymes effects as Reference: An introduction to Pharmacology EE E'snormon Reference: Lehne’s Pharmacology for nursing care  Pharmacokinetics DrugType Name brand mech of axn Adverse ran contraindEntera  Pharmacokinetic Phases Absorption: Transport mechanisms - Filtration, active transport, and passive transport. Determined by: Lipid solubility. Drug ionization and formulation. Distribution: Excretion: Plasma protein binding. Renal. GI. Blood flow. Respiratory. Blood-brain barrier. Sweat, saliva, and lactation. Metabolism: Drug microsomal metabolizing system. Enzymes within the cells of the liver that function to metabolize foreign substances. © McGraw Hill 7  Drug Form and route of administrations Route Approximate onset of Indications Examples action Oral (PO) 30 to 60 minutes Whenever possible, the safest and most convenient route Most medications-aspirin, sedatives, hypnotics, antibiotics Sublingual Several minutes When rapid effects are needed Nitroglycerin in angina pectoris Buccal Several minutes Convenient dosage form for certain drugs Androgenic drugs Rectal 15 to 30 minutes When patient cannot take oral medications and parenteral is not Analgesics, laxatives indicated, also for local effects Transdermal 30 to 60 minutes Convenient dosage form that provides continuous absorption and Nitroglycerin, estrogen systemic effects over many hours Subcutaneous (SC) Several minutes For drugs that are inactivated by the GI tract Insulin Intramuscular (IM) Several minutes For drugs that have poor oral absorption, when high blood levels are Narcotic analgesics, antibiotics required, and when rapid effects are desired Intravenous (IV) Within 1 minute In emergency situations, where immediate effects are required, also IV fluids (dextrose), nutrient when medications are administered by infusion supplementation, antibiotics Intraarterial Within 1 minute For local effects within an internal organ Cancer drugs Intrathecal Several minutes For local effects within the spinal cord Spinal anesthesia with lidocaine Inhalation Within 1 minute For local effects within the respiratory tract Antiasthmatic medications such as epinephrine Topical Within 1 hour For local effects on the skin. eye. or ear Creams and ointments Vaginal 15 to 30 minutes For local effects Creams, foams, and suppositories © McGraw Hill 8 Reference: An introduction to Pharmacology Qs. Which dosage form is the most patient compliance (generally) 1. Oral 2. IV 3. Subcutaneous injection 80190 of pt don't want to be poked  Clinical Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Response 1 Half-life: Amount of time it takes for the blood concentration to drop by half of its original level. Blood drug levels: Intensity of a drug effect is determined by the concentration of drug in the blood. Bioavailability: Percentage of drug that is absorbed into the bloodstream. © McGraw Hill 10 Example Pharmacodynamics  Drug-receptor interaction Five types of receptors Receptor desentisitization Receptor Classifications Signal transduction SAR Concentration response curve Pharmacodynamic tolerance Theoretical Dose-response curve  Dose Response and Time-Plasma Drug Concentration Curves Typical Time-Plasma drug Concentration Dose response curve. Response of a drug proportional to dose. Dose: Exact amount of a drug administered in order to produce a specific effect. Time-plasma drug concentration curve. Typical Dose-response Curve Shows the relationship between time and plasma drug concentration. © McGraw Hill 14  REFERENCES Pharmacology and therapeutics for Dentistry; 7 ed; F J Dowd et al. Pharmacology; An Introductions; 8ed; Henry Hitner et al.