Questions and Answers
Which dosage form is associated with the most patient compliance?
Match the following drug administration routes with their approximate onset of action:
Oral (PO) = 30 to 60 minutes Intravenous (IV) = Within 1 minute Subcutaneous (SC) = Several minutes
Bioavailability refers to the percentage of a drug absorbed into the bloodstream.
True
What does the dose response curve show?
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The intensity of a drug effect is determined by the concentration of drug in the blood.
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What is the primary function of the drug microsomal metabolizing system?
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What is the site of action of a drug?
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Which route of administration is associated with the most rapid onset of action?
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What is the primary advantage of the transdermal route of administration?
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What is the mechanism of action of a competitive antagonist?
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Which of the following routes of administration is used for local effects within an internal organ?
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What determines the rate of absorption of a drug?
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What is the primary indication for the rectal route of administration?
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Which of the following routes of administration is used for local effects within the spinal cord?
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What is individual variation in pharmacology?
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What is pharmacodynamics?
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What is the primary advantage of the sublingual route of administration?
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Which of the following routes of administration is used for local effects within the respiratory tract?
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What is the primary indication for the intramuscular route of administration?
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What is the main difference between a drug and a medicine?
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Which of the following routes of administration is used for local effects on the skin?
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What is the role of receptors in pharmacology?
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What is the primary factor that determines the intensity of a drug effect?
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What is the purpose of the dose response curve?
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What happens to the blood concentration of a drug after one half-life?
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What is the percentage of drug that is absorbed into the bloodstream?
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What is the relevance of receptor desensitization in pharmacodynamics?
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What is the time-plasma drug concentration curve used to show?
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Why do some patients prefer oral dosage forms?
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What is the relationship between the dose of a drug and its response?
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What is the significance of signal transduction in pharmacodynamics?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pharmacology
- Pharmacology is the study of the properties and effects of drugs.
Basic Terms in Pharmacology
- Medicine: a substance intended to prevent, diagnose, or treat a disease or disorder.
- Drug: a substance that modifies the biological response.
- Pharmacology: the study of the properties and effects of drugs.
- Therapeutics: the study of the treatment of diseases.
Concepts in Pharmacology
- Site of action: the location where a drug produces its effect.
- Mechanism of action: the way in which a drug produces its effect.
- Receptor site: the specific location on a cell where a drug binds to produce its effect.
- Agonist/Antagonist: a drug that binds to a receptor and produces a response (agonist) or blocks a response (antagonist).
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption: the process by which a drug enters the bloodstream.
- Factors that influence absorption: lipid solubility, drug ionization, and formulation.
- Distribution: the process by which a drug is transported throughout the body.
- Factors that influence distribution: plasma protein binding, blood flow, and the blood-brain barrier.
- Metabolism: the process by which a drug is broken down into its metabolites.
- Enzymes involved: drug microsomal metabolizing system.
- Excretion: the process by which a drug is eliminated from the body.
- Routes of excretion: renal, GI, respiratory, sweat, saliva, and lactation.
Drug Form and Route of Administration
- Oral (PO): tablets, capsules, or liquids taken orally; onset of action: 30-60 minutes.
- Sublingual: tablets or liquids placed under the tongue; onset of action: several minutes.
- Buccal: tablets or liquids placed between the cheek and gum; onset of action: several minutes.
- Rectal: suppositories inserted into the rectum; onset of action: 15-30 minutes.
- Transdermal: patches applied to the skin; onset of action: 30-60 minutes.
- Subcutaneous (SC): injections into the fatty tissue just beneath the skin; onset of action: several minutes.
- Intramuscular (IM): injections into the muscle; onset of action: several minutes.
- Intravenous (IV): injections into a vein; onset of action: within 1 minute.
- Intraarterial: injections into an artery; onset of action: within 1 minute.
- Intrathecal: injections into the spinal cord; onset of action: several minutes.
- Inhalation: drugs inhaled into the lungs; onset of action: within 1 minute.
- Topical: creams, ointments, or lotions applied to the skin, eye, or ear; onset of action: within 1 hour.
- Vaginal: creams, foams, or suppositories inserted into the vagina; onset of action: 15-30 minutes.
Clinical Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Response
- Half-life: the time it takes for the blood concentration of a drug to decrease by half.
- Blood drug levels: the concentration of a drug in the blood determines the intensity of its effect.
- Bioavailability: the percentage of a drug that is absorbed into the bloodstream.
Pharmacodynamics
- Drug-receptor interaction: the binding of a drug to its receptor to produce a response.
- Receptor classification: five types of receptors.
- Receptor desensitization: a decrease in response to a drug due to repeated exposure.
- Signal transduction: the process by which a drug signal is transmitted through the cell.
- SAR (Structure-Activity Relationship): the relationship between the structure of a drug and its biological activity.
- Concentration response curve: a graph that shows the relationship between the concentration of a drug and its response.
- Pharmacodynamic tolerance: a decrease in response to a drug due to repeated exposure.
- Dose response curve: a graph that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its response.
- Time-plasma drug concentration curve: a graph that shows the relationship between time and the concentration of a drug in the plasma.
Introduction to Pharmacology
- Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms.
Basic Terms in Pharmacology
- Medicine: a substance used to treat or prevent a disease
- Drug: a chemical substance that affects the body
- Pharmacology: the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms
- Therapeutics: the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of diseases
Concepts in Pharmacology
- Site of action: where the drug interacts with the body
- Mechanism of action: how the drug produces its effects
- Receptor site: a specific location on a cell where the drug binds
- Agonist/Antagonist: a substance that binds to a receptor to produce an effect (agonist) or to block the effect of another substance (antagonist)
- Competitive antagonism: a type of antagonism where two substances bind to the same receptor site
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption: the process of a drug entering the body
- Distribution: the process of a drug spreading throughout the body
- Metabolism: the process of a drug being broken down by the body
- Excretion: the process of a drug being removed from the body
- Transport mechanisms: methods by which drugs are absorbed, including filtration, active transport, and passive transport
Pharmacokinetic Phases
- Absorption: determined by lipid solubility, drug ionization, and formulation
- Distribution: affected by plasma protein binding, blood flow, and the blood-brain barrier
- Metabolism: involves the liver's microsomal metabolizing system
- Excretion: occurs through the kidneys, GI tract, sweat, saliva, and lactation
Drug Form and Route of Administration
- Oral (PO): onset of action in 30-60 minutes, used for most medications
- Sublingual: onset of action in several minutes, used for rapid effects
- Buccal: onset of action in several minutes, used for certain drugs
- Rectal: onset of action in 15-30 minutes, used when oral medications are not possible
- Transdermal: onset of action in 30-60 minutes, used for continuous absorption
- Subcutaneous (SC): onset of action in several minutes, used for drugs inactivated by the GI tract
- Intramuscular (IM): onset of action in several minutes, used for drugs with poor oral absorption
- Intravenous (IV): onset of action within 1 minute, used in emergency situations
- Intraarterial: onset of action within 1 minute, used for local effects within an internal organ
- Intrathecal: onset of action in several minutes, used for local effects within the spinal cord
- Inhalation: onset of action within 1 minute, used for local effects within the respiratory tract
- Topical: onset of action within 1 hour, used for local effects on the skin, eye, or ear
- Vaginal: onset of action in 15-30 minutes, used for local effects
Clinical Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Response
- Half-life: the amount of time it takes for the blood concentration to drop by half of its original level
- Blood drug levels: the concentration of drug in the blood determines the intensity of a drug effect
- Bioavailability: the percentage of drug that is absorbed into the bloodstream
Pharmacodynamics
- Drug-receptor interaction: the binding of a drug to a receptor site
- Receptor classifications: five types of receptors
- Receptor desensitization: a decrease in the response to a drug over time
- Signal transduction: the process by which a drug signal is transmitted through a cell
- SAR: structure-activity relationship, the relationship between a drug's structure and its effects
- Concentration response curve: a graph showing the relationship between the concentration of a drug and its effect
- Pharmacodynamic tolerance: a decrease in the response to a drug over time
Introduction to Pharmacology
- Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms.
Basic Terms in Pharmacology
- Medicine: a substance used to treat or prevent a disease
- Drug: a chemical substance that affects the body
- Pharmacology: the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms
- Therapeutics: the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of diseases
Concepts in Pharmacology
- Site of action: where the drug interacts with the body
- Mechanism of action: how the drug produces its effects
- Receptor site: a specific location on a cell where the drug binds
- Agonist/Antagonist: a substance that binds to a receptor to produce an effect (agonist) or to block the effect of another substance (antagonist)
- Competitive antagonism: a type of antagonism where two substances bind to the same receptor site
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption: the process of a drug entering the body
- Distribution: the process of a drug spreading throughout the body
- Metabolism: the process of a drug being broken down by the body
- Excretion: the process of a drug being removed from the body
- Transport mechanisms: methods by which drugs are absorbed, including filtration, active transport, and passive transport
Pharmacokinetic Phases
- Absorption: determined by lipid solubility, drug ionization, and formulation
- Distribution: affected by plasma protein binding, blood flow, and the blood-brain barrier
- Metabolism: involves the liver's microsomal metabolizing system
- Excretion: occurs through the kidneys, GI tract, sweat, saliva, and lactation
Drug Form and Route of Administration
- Oral (PO): onset of action in 30-60 minutes, used for most medications
- Sublingual: onset of action in several minutes, used for rapid effects
- Buccal: onset of action in several minutes, used for certain drugs
- Rectal: onset of action in 15-30 minutes, used when oral medications are not possible
- Transdermal: onset of action in 30-60 minutes, used for continuous absorption
- Subcutaneous (SC): onset of action in several minutes, used for drugs inactivated by the GI tract
- Intramuscular (IM): onset of action in several minutes, used for drugs with poor oral absorption
- Intravenous (IV): onset of action within 1 minute, used in emergency situations
- Intraarterial: onset of action within 1 minute, used for local effects within an internal organ
- Intrathecal: onset of action in several minutes, used for local effects within the spinal cord
- Inhalation: onset of action within 1 minute, used for local effects within the respiratory tract
- Topical: onset of action within 1 hour, used for local effects on the skin, eye, or ear
- Vaginal: onset of action in 15-30 minutes, used for local effects
Clinical Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Response
- Half-life: the amount of time it takes for the blood concentration to drop by half of its original level
- Blood drug levels: the concentration of drug in the blood determines the intensity of a drug effect
- Bioavailability: the percentage of drug that is absorbed into the bloodstream
Pharmacodynamics
- Drug-receptor interaction: the binding of a drug to a receptor site
- Receptor classifications: five types of receptors
- Receptor desensitization: a decrease in the response to a drug over time
- Signal transduction: the process by which a drug signal is transmitted through a cell
- SAR: structure-activity relationship, the relationship between a drug's structure and its effects
- Concentration response curve: a graph showing the relationship between the concentration of a drug and its effect
- Pharmacodynamic tolerance: a decrease in the response to a drug over time
Introduction to Pharmacology
- Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms.
Basic Terms in Pharmacology
- Medicine: a substance used to treat or prevent a disease
- Drug: a chemical substance that affects the body
- Pharmacology: the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms
- Therapeutics: the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of diseases
Concepts in Pharmacology
- Site of action: where the drug interacts with the body
- Mechanism of action: how the drug produces its effects
- Receptor site: a specific location on a cell where the drug binds
- Agonist/Antagonist: a substance that binds to a receptor to produce an effect (agonist) or to block the effect of another substance (antagonist)
- Competitive antagonism: a type of antagonism where two substances bind to the same receptor site
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption: the process of a drug entering the body
- Distribution: the process of a drug spreading throughout the body
- Metabolism: the process of a drug being broken down by the body
- Excretion: the process of a drug being removed from the body
- Transport mechanisms: methods by which drugs are absorbed, including filtration, active transport, and passive transport
Pharmacokinetic Phases
- Absorption: determined by lipid solubility, drug ionization, and formulation
- Distribution: affected by plasma protein binding, blood flow, and the blood-brain barrier
- Metabolism: involves the liver's microsomal metabolizing system
- Excretion: occurs through the kidneys, GI tract, sweat, saliva, and lactation
Drug Form and Route of Administration
- Oral (PO): onset of action in 30-60 minutes, used for most medications
- Sublingual: onset of action in several minutes, used for rapid effects
- Buccal: onset of action in several minutes, used for certain drugs
- Rectal: onset of action in 15-30 minutes, used when oral medications are not possible
- Transdermal: onset of action in 30-60 minutes, used for continuous absorption
- Subcutaneous (SC): onset of action in several minutes, used for drugs inactivated by the GI tract
- Intramuscular (IM): onset of action in several minutes, used for drugs with poor oral absorption
- Intravenous (IV): onset of action within 1 minute, used in emergency situations
- Intraarterial: onset of action within 1 minute, used for local effects within an internal organ
- Intrathecal: onset of action in several minutes, used for local effects within the spinal cord
- Inhalation: onset of action within 1 minute, used for local effects within the respiratory tract
- Topical: onset of action within 1 hour, used for local effects on the skin, eye, or ear
- Vaginal: onset of action in 15-30 minutes, used for local effects
Clinical Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Response
- Half-life: the amount of time it takes for the blood concentration to drop by half of its original level
- Blood drug levels: the concentration of drug in the blood determines the intensity of a drug effect
- Bioavailability: the percentage of drug that is absorbed into the bloodstream
Pharmacodynamics
- Drug-receptor interaction: the binding of a drug to a receptor site
- Receptor classifications: five types of receptors
- Receptor desensitization: a decrease in the response to a drug over time
- Signal transduction: the process by which a drug signal is transmitted through a cell
- SAR: structure-activity relationship, the relationship between a drug's structure and its effects
- Concentration response curve: a graph showing the relationship between the concentration of a drug and its effect
- Pharmacodynamic tolerance: a decrease in the response to a drug over time
Introduction to Pharmacology
- Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms.
Basic Terms in Pharmacology
- Medicine: a substance used to treat or prevent a disease
- Drug: a chemical substance that affects the body
- Pharmacology: the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms
- Therapeutics: the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of diseases
Concepts in Pharmacology
- Site of action: where the drug interacts with the body
- Mechanism of action: how the drug produces its effects
- Receptor site: a specific location on a cell where the drug binds
- Agonist/Antagonist: a substance that binds to a receptor to produce an effect (agonist) or to block the effect of another substance (antagonist)
- Competitive antagonism: a type of antagonism where two substances bind to the same receptor site
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption: the process of a drug entering the body
- Distribution: the process of a drug spreading throughout the body
- Metabolism: the process of a drug being broken down by the body
- Excretion: the process of a drug being removed from the body
- Transport mechanisms: methods by which drugs are absorbed, including filtration, active transport, and passive transport
Pharmacokinetic Phases
- Absorption: determined by lipid solubility, drug ionization, and formulation
- Distribution: affected by plasma protein binding, blood flow, and the blood-brain barrier
- Metabolism: involves the liver's microsomal metabolizing system
- Excretion: occurs through the kidneys, GI tract, sweat, saliva, and lactation
Drug Form and Route of Administration
- Oral (PO): onset of action in 30-60 minutes, used for most medications
- Sublingual: onset of action in several minutes, used for rapid effects
- Buccal: onset of action in several minutes, used for certain drugs
- Rectal: onset of action in 15-30 minutes, used when oral medications are not possible
- Transdermal: onset of action in 30-60 minutes, used for continuous absorption
- Subcutaneous (SC): onset of action in several minutes, used for drugs inactivated by the GI tract
- Intramuscular (IM): onset of action in several minutes, used for drugs with poor oral absorption
- Intravenous (IV): onset of action within 1 minute, used in emergency situations
- Intraarterial: onset of action within 1 minute, used for local effects within an internal organ
- Intrathecal: onset of action in several minutes, used for local effects within the spinal cord
- Inhalation: onset of action within 1 minute, used for local effects within the respiratory tract
- Topical: onset of action within 1 hour, used for local effects on the skin, eye, or ear
- Vaginal: onset of action in 15-30 minutes, used for local effects
Clinical Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Response
- Half-life: the amount of time it takes for the blood concentration to drop by half of its original level
- Blood drug levels: the concentration of drug in the blood determines the intensity of a drug effect
- Bioavailability: the percentage of drug that is absorbed into the bloodstream
Pharmacodynamics
- Drug-receptor interaction: the binding of a drug to a receptor site
- Receptor classifications: five types of receptors
- Receptor desensitization: a decrease in the response to a drug over time
- Signal transduction: the process by which a drug signal is transmitted through a cell
- SAR: structure-activity relationship, the relationship between a drug's structure and its effects
- Concentration response curve: a graph showing the relationship between the concentration of a drug and its effect
- Pharmacodynamic tolerance: a decrease in the response to a drug over time
Introduction to Pharmacology
- Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms.
- Basic terms in pharmacology include medicine, drug, pharmacology, and therapeutics.
Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacokinetics is the study of the movement of drugs within the body.
- It involves four phases: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
- Absorption: transport mechanisms include filtration, active transport, and passive transport, and is determined by lipid solubility, drug ionization, and formulation.
- Distribution: involves plasma protein binding, blood flow, and the blood-brain barrier.
- Metabolism: involves the drug microsomal metabolizing system, enzymes within the liver that metabolize foreign substances.
- Excretion: involves the kidneys, GI tract, respiratory system, sweat, saliva, and lactation.
Drug Form and Route of Administration
- Route of administration affects the onset of action, indications, and examples of drugs.
- Routes include:
- Oral (PO): 30-60 minutes, safest and most convenient route, examples include aspirin, sedatives, and antibiotics.
- Sublingual: several minutes, rapid effects, example: nitroglycerin in angina pectoris.
- Buccal: several minutes, convenient dosage form, examples: androgenic drugs.
- Rectal: 15-30 minutes, when oral medication is not possible, examples: analgesics, laxatives.
- Transdermal: 30-60 minutes, continuous absorption, examples: nitroglycerin, estrogen.
- Subcutaneous (SC): several minutes, for drugs inactivated by the GI tract, example: insulin.
- Intramuscular (IM): several minutes, for drugs with poor oral absorption, example: narcotic analgesics, antibiotics.
- Intravenous (IV): within 1 minute, for emergency situations, example: IV fluids, nutrient supplementation, antibiotics.
- Intraarterial: within 1 minute, for local effects within an internal organ, example: cancer drugs.
- Intrathecal: several minutes, for local effects within the spinal cord, example: spinal anesthesia with lidocaine.
- Inhalation: within 1 minute, for local effects within the respiratory tract, example: antiasthmatic medications.
- Topical: within 1 hour, for local effects on the skin, eye, or ear, example: creams and ointments.
- Vaginal: 15-30 minutes, for local effects, examples: creams, foams, and suppositories.
Clinical Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Response
- Half-life: the amount of time it takes for the blood concentration to drop by half of its original level.
- Blood drug levels: the intensity of a drug effect is determined by the concentration of drug in the blood.
- Bioavailability: the percentage of drug that is absorbed into the bloodstream.
Pharmacodynamics
- Drug-receptor interaction: involves five types of receptors.
- Receptor desensitization: the process by which receptors become less responsive to a drug.
- Receptor classifications: include signal transduction, SAR, and concentration response curve.
- Pharmacodynamic tolerance: the process by which the body adapts to the presence of a drug.
- Theoretical Dose-response curve: a graph that illustrates the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect.
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