Introduction to Pharm- farzana/herschaft

Introduction to Pharmacology

• Pharmacology is the study of the properties and effects of drugs.

Basic Terms in Pharmacology

• Medicine: a substance intended to prevent, diagnose, or treat a disease or disorder.
• Drug: a substance that modifies the biological response.
• Pharmacology: the study of the properties and effects of drugs.
• Therapeutics: the study of the treatment of diseases.

Concepts in Pharmacology

• Site of action: the location where a drug produces its effect.
• Mechanism of action: the way in which a drug produces its effect.
• Receptor site: the specific location on a cell where a drug binds to produce its effect.
• Agonist/Antagonist: a drug that binds to a receptor and produces a response (agonist) or blocks a response (antagonist).

Pharmacokinetics

• Absorption: the process by which a drug enters the bloodstream.
  • Factors that influence absorption: lipid solubility, drug ionization, and formulation.
• Distribution: the process by which a drug is transported throughout the body.
  • Factors that influence distribution: plasma protein binding, blood flow, and the blood-brain barrier.
• Metabolism: the process by which a drug is broken down into its metabolites.
  • Enzymes involved: drug microsomal metabolizing system.
• Excretion: the process by which a drug is eliminated from the body.
  • Routes of excretion: renal, GI, respiratory, sweat, saliva, and lactation.

Drug Form and Route of Administration

• Oral (PO): tablets, capsules, or liquids taken orally; onset of action: 30-60 minutes.
• Sublingual: tablets or liquids placed under the tongue; onset of action: several minutes.
• Buccal: tablets or liquids placed between the cheek and gum; onset of action: several minutes.
• Rectal: suppositories inserted into the rectum; onset of action: 15-30 minutes.
• Transdermal: patches applied to the skin; onset of action: 30-60 minutes.
• Subcutaneous (SC): injections into the fatty tissue just beneath the skin; onset of action: several minutes.
• Intramuscular (IM): injections into the muscle; onset of action: several minutes.
• Intravenous (IV): injections into a vein; onset of action: within 1 minute.
• Intraarterial: injections into an artery; onset of action: within 1 minute.
• Intrathecal: injections into the spinal cord; onset of action: several minutes.
• Inhalation: drugs inhaled into the lungs; onset of action: within 1 minute.
• Topical: creams, ointments, or lotions applied to the skin, eye, or ear; onset of action: within 1 hour.
• Vaginal: creams, foams, or suppositories inserted into the vagina; onset of action: 15-30 minutes.

Clinical Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Response

• Half-life: the time it takes for the blood concentration of a drug to decrease by half.
• Blood drug levels: the concentration of a drug in the blood determines the intensity of its effect.
• Bioavailability: the percentage of a drug that is absorbed into the bloodstream.

Pharmacodynamics

• Drug-receptor interaction: the binding of a drug to its receptor to produce a response.
• Receptor classification: five types of receptors.
• Receptor desensitization: a decrease in response to a drug due to repeated exposure.
• Signal transduction: the process by which a drug signal is transmitted through the cell.
• SAR (Structure-Activity Relationship): the relationship between the structure of a drug and its biological activity.
• Concentration response curve: a graph that shows the relationship between the concentration of a drug and its response.
• Pharmacodynamic tolerance: a decrease in response to a drug due to repeated exposure.
• Dose response curve: a graph that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its response.
• Time-plasma drug concentration curve: a graph that shows the relationship between time and the concentration of a drug in the plasma.

Introduction to Pharmacology

• Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms.

Basic Terms in Pharmacology

• Medicine: a substance used to treat or prevent a disease
• Drug: a chemical substance that affects the body
• Pharmacology: the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms
• Therapeutics: the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of diseases

Concepts in Pharmacology

• Site of action: where the drug interacts with the body
• Mechanism of action: how the drug produces its effects
• Receptor site: a specific location on a cell where the drug binds
• Agonist/Antagonist: a substance that binds to a receptor to produce an effect (agonist) or to block the effect of another substance (antagonist)
• Competitive antagonism: a type of antagonism where two substances bind to the same receptor site

Pharmacokinetics

• Absorption: the process of a drug entering the body
• Distribution: the process of a drug spreading throughout the body
• Metabolism: the process of a drug being broken down by the body
• Excretion: the process of a drug being removed from the body
• Transport mechanisms: methods by which drugs are absorbed, including filtration, active transport, and passive transport

Pharmacokinetic Phases

• Absorption: determined by lipid solubility, drug ionization, and formulation
• Distribution: affected by plasma protein binding, blood flow, and the blood-brain barrier
• Metabolism: involves the liver's microsomal metabolizing system
• Excretion: occurs through the kidneys, GI tract, sweat, saliva, and lactation

Drug Form and Route of Administration

• Oral (PO): onset of action in 30-60 minutes, used for most medications
• Sublingual: onset of action in several minutes, used for rapid effects
• Buccal: onset of action in several minutes, used for certain drugs
• Rectal: onset of action in 15-30 minutes, used when oral medications are not possible
• Transdermal: onset of action in 30-60 minutes, used for continuous absorption
• Subcutaneous (SC): onset of action in several minutes, used for drugs inactivated by the GI tract
• Intramuscular (IM): onset of action in several minutes, used for drugs with poor oral absorption
• Intravenous (IV): onset of action within 1 minute, used in emergency situations
• Intraarterial: onset of action within 1 minute, used for local effects within an internal organ
• Intrathecal: onset of action in several minutes, used for local effects within the spinal cord
• Inhalation: onset of action within 1 minute, used for local effects within the respiratory tract
• Topical: onset of action within 1 hour, used for local effects on the skin, eye, or ear
• Vaginal: onset of action in 15-30 minutes, used for local effects

Clinical Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Response

• Half-life: the amount of time it takes for the blood concentration to drop by half of its original level
• Blood drug levels: the concentration of drug in the blood determines the intensity of a drug effect
• Bioavailability: the percentage of drug that is absorbed into the bloodstream

Pharmacodynamics

• Drug-receptor interaction: the binding of a drug to a receptor site
• Receptor classifications: five types of receptors
• Receptor desensitization: a decrease in the response to a drug over time
• Signal transduction: the process by which a drug signal is transmitted through a cell
• SAR: structure-activity relationship, the relationship between a drug's structure and its effects
• Concentration response curve: a graph showing the relationship between the concentration of a drug and its effect
• Pharmacodynamic tolerance: a decrease in the response to a drug over time

Introduction to Pharmacology

• Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms.

Basic Terms in Pharmacology

• Medicine: a substance used to treat or prevent a disease
• Drug: a chemical substance that affects the body
• Pharmacology: the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms
• Therapeutics: the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of diseases

Concepts in Pharmacology

• Site of action: where the drug interacts with the body
• Mechanism of action: how the drug produces its effects
• Receptor site: a specific location on a cell where the drug binds
• Agonist/Antagonist: a substance that binds to a receptor to produce an effect (agonist) or to block the effect of another substance (antagonist)
• Competitive antagonism: a type of antagonism where two substances bind to the same receptor site

Pharmacokinetics

• Absorption: the process of a drug entering the body
• Distribution: the process of a drug spreading throughout the body
• Metabolism: the process of a drug being broken down by the body
• Excretion: the process of a drug being removed from the body
• Transport mechanisms: methods by which drugs are absorbed, including filtration, active transport, and passive transport

Pharmacokinetic Phases

• Absorption: determined by lipid solubility, drug ionization, and formulation
• Distribution: affected by plasma protein binding, blood flow, and the blood-brain barrier
• Metabolism: involves the liver's microsomal metabolizing system
• Excretion: occurs through the kidneys, GI tract, sweat, saliva, and lactation

Drug Form and Route of Administration

• Oral (PO): onset of action in 30-60 minutes, used for most medications
• Sublingual: onset of action in several minutes, used for rapid effects
• Buccal: onset of action in several minutes, used for certain drugs
• Rectal: onset of action in 15-30 minutes, used when oral medications are not possible
• Transdermal: onset of action in 30-60 minutes, used for continuous absorption
• Subcutaneous (SC): onset of action in several minutes, used for drugs inactivated by the GI tract
• Intramuscular (IM): onset of action in several minutes, used for drugs with poor oral absorption
• Intravenous (IV): onset of action within 1 minute, used in emergency situations
• Intraarterial: onset of action within 1 minute, used for local effects within an internal organ
• Intrathecal: onset of action in several minutes, used for local effects within the spinal cord
• Inhalation: onset of action within 1 minute, used for local effects within the respiratory tract
• Topical: onset of action within 1 hour, used for local effects on the skin, eye, or ear
• Vaginal: onset of action in 15-30 minutes, used for local effects

Clinical Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Response

• Half-life: the amount of time it takes for the blood concentration to drop by half of its original level
• Blood drug levels: the concentration of drug in the blood determines the intensity of a drug effect
• Bioavailability: the percentage of drug that is absorbed into the bloodstream

Pharmacodynamics

• Drug-receptor interaction: the binding of a drug to a receptor site
• Receptor classifications: five types of receptors
• Receptor desensitization: a decrease in the response to a drug over time
• Signal transduction: the process by which a drug signal is transmitted through a cell
• SAR: structure-activity relationship, the relationship between a drug's structure and its effects
• Concentration response curve: a graph showing the relationship between the concentration of a drug and its effect
• Pharmacodynamic tolerance: a decrease in the response to a drug over time

Introduction to Pharmacology

• Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms.

Basic Terms in Pharmacology

• Medicine: a substance used to treat or prevent a disease
• Drug: a chemical substance that affects the body
• Pharmacology: the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms
• Therapeutics: the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of diseases

Concepts in Pharmacology

• Site of action: where the drug interacts with the body
• Mechanism of action: how the drug produces its effects
• Receptor site: a specific location on a cell where the drug binds
• Agonist/Antagonist: a substance that binds to a receptor to produce an effect (agonist) or to block the effect of another substance (antagonist)
• Competitive antagonism: a type of antagonism where two substances bind to the same receptor site

Pharmacokinetics

• Absorption: the process of a drug entering the body
• Distribution: the process of a drug spreading throughout the body
• Metabolism: the process of a drug being broken down by the body
• Excretion: the process of a drug being removed from the body
• Transport mechanisms: methods by which drugs are absorbed, including filtration, active transport, and passive transport

Pharmacokinetic Phases

• Absorption: determined by lipid solubility, drug ionization, and formulation
• Distribution: affected by plasma protein binding, blood flow, and the blood-brain barrier
• Metabolism: involves the liver's microsomal metabolizing system
• Excretion: occurs through the kidneys, GI tract, sweat, saliva, and lactation

Drug Form and Route of Administration

• Oral (PO): onset of action in 30-60 minutes, used for most medications
• Sublingual: onset of action in several minutes, used for rapid effects
• Buccal: onset of action in several minutes, used for certain drugs
• Rectal: onset of action in 15-30 minutes, used when oral medications are not possible
• Transdermal: onset of action in 30-60 minutes, used for continuous absorption
• Subcutaneous (SC): onset of action in several minutes, used for drugs inactivated by the GI tract
• Intramuscular (IM): onset of action in several minutes, used for drugs with poor oral absorption
• Intravenous (IV): onset of action within 1 minute, used in emergency situations
• Intraarterial: onset of action within 1 minute, used for local effects within an internal organ
• Intrathecal: onset of action in several minutes, used for local effects within the spinal cord
• Inhalation: onset of action within 1 minute, used for local effects within the respiratory tract
• Topical: onset of action within 1 hour, used for local effects on the skin, eye, or ear
• Vaginal: onset of action in 15-30 minutes, used for local effects

Clinical Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Response

• Half-life: the amount of time it takes for the blood concentration to drop by half of its original level
• Blood drug levels: the concentration of drug in the blood determines the intensity of a drug effect
• Bioavailability: the percentage of drug that is absorbed into the bloodstream

Pharmacodynamics

• Drug-receptor interaction: the binding of a drug to a receptor site
• Receptor classifications: five types of receptors
• Receptor desensitization: a decrease in the response to a drug over time
• Signal transduction: the process by which a drug signal is transmitted through a cell
• SAR: structure-activity relationship, the relationship between a drug's structure and its effects
• Concentration response curve: a graph showing the relationship between the concentration of a drug and its effect
• Pharmacodynamic tolerance: a decrease in the response to a drug over time

Introduction to Pharmacology

• Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms.

Basic Terms in Pharmacology

• Medicine: a substance used to treat or prevent a disease
• Drug: a chemical substance that affects the body
• Pharmacology: the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms
• Therapeutics: the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of diseases

Concepts in Pharmacology

• Site of action: where the drug interacts with the body
• Mechanism of action: how the drug produces its effects
• Receptor site: a specific location on a cell where the drug binds
• Agonist/Antagonist: a substance that binds to a receptor to produce an effect (agonist) or to block the effect of another substance (antagonist)
• Competitive antagonism: a type of antagonism where two substances bind to the same receptor site

Pharmacokinetics

• Absorption: the process of a drug entering the body
• Distribution: the process of a drug spreading throughout the body
• Metabolism: the process of a drug being broken down by the body
• Excretion: the process of a drug being removed from the body
• Transport mechanisms: methods by which drugs are absorbed, including filtration, active transport, and passive transport

Pharmacokinetic Phases

• Absorption: determined by lipid solubility, drug ionization, and formulation
• Distribution: affected by plasma protein binding, blood flow, and the blood-brain barrier
• Metabolism: involves the liver's microsomal metabolizing system
• Excretion: occurs through the kidneys, GI tract, sweat, saliva, and lactation

Drug Form and Route of Administration

• Oral (PO): onset of action in 30-60 minutes, used for most medications
• Sublingual: onset of action in several minutes, used for rapid effects
• Buccal: onset of action in several minutes, used for certain drugs
• Rectal: onset of action in 15-30 minutes, used when oral medications are not possible
• Transdermal: onset of action in 30-60 minutes, used for continuous absorption
• Subcutaneous (SC): onset of action in several minutes, used for drugs inactivated by the GI tract
• Intramuscular (IM): onset of action in several minutes, used for drugs with poor oral absorption
• Intravenous (IV): onset of action within 1 minute, used in emergency situations
• Intraarterial: onset of action within 1 minute, used for local effects within an internal organ
• Intrathecal: onset of action in several minutes, used for local effects within the spinal cord
• Inhalation: onset of action within 1 minute, used for local effects within the respiratory tract
• Topical: onset of action within 1 hour, used for local effects on the skin, eye, or ear
• Vaginal: onset of action in 15-30 minutes, used for local effects

Clinical Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Response

• Half-life: the amount of time it takes for the blood concentration to drop by half of its original level
• Blood drug levels: the concentration of drug in the blood determines the intensity of a drug effect
• Bioavailability: the percentage of drug that is absorbed into the bloodstream

Pharmacodynamics

• Drug-receptor interaction: the binding of a drug to a receptor site
• Receptor classifications: five types of receptors
• Receptor desensitization: a decrease in the response to a drug over time
• Signal transduction: the process by which a drug signal is transmitted through a cell
• SAR: structure-activity relationship, the relationship between a drug's structure and its effects
• Concentration response curve: a graph showing the relationship between the concentration of a drug and its effect
• Pharmacodynamic tolerance: a decrease in the response to a drug over time

Introduction to Pharmacology

• Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms.
• Basic terms in pharmacology include medicine, drug, pharmacology, and therapeutics.

Pharmacokinetics

• Pharmacokinetics is the study of the movement of drugs within the body.
• It involves four phases: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
• Absorption: transport mechanisms include filtration, active transport, and passive transport, and is determined by lipid solubility, drug ionization, and formulation.
• Distribution: involves plasma protein binding, blood flow, and the blood-brain barrier.
• Metabolism: involves the drug microsomal metabolizing system, enzymes within the liver that metabolize foreign substances.
• Excretion: involves the kidneys, GI tract, respiratory system, sweat, saliva, and lactation.

Drug Form and Route of Administration

• Route of administration affects the onset of action, indications, and examples of drugs.
• Routes include:
  • Oral (PO): 30-60 minutes, safest and most convenient route, examples include aspirin, sedatives, and antibiotics.
  • Sublingual: several minutes, rapid effects, example: nitroglycerin in angina pectoris.
  • Buccal: several minutes, convenient dosage form, examples: androgenic drugs.
  • Rectal: 15-30 minutes, when oral medication is not possible, examples: analgesics, laxatives.
  • Transdermal: 30-60 minutes, continuous absorption, examples: nitroglycerin, estrogen.
  • Subcutaneous (SC): several minutes, for drugs inactivated by the GI tract, example: insulin.
  • Intramuscular (IM): several minutes, for drugs with poor oral absorption, example: narcotic analgesics, antibiotics.
  • Intravenous (IV): within 1 minute, for emergency situations, example: IV fluids, nutrient supplementation, antibiotics.
  • Intraarterial: within 1 minute, for local effects within an internal organ, example: cancer drugs.
  • Intrathecal: several minutes, for local effects within the spinal cord, example: spinal anesthesia with lidocaine.
  • Inhalation: within 1 minute, for local effects within the respiratory tract, example: antiasthmatic medications.
  • Topical: within 1 hour, for local effects on the skin, eye, or ear, example: creams and ointments.
  • Vaginal: 15-30 minutes, for local effects, examples: creams, foams, and suppositories.

Clinical Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Response

• Half-life: the amount of time it takes for the blood concentration to drop by half of its original level.
• Blood drug levels: the intensity of a drug effect is determined by the concentration of drug in the blood.
• Bioavailability: the percentage of drug that is absorbed into the bloodstream.

Pharmacodynamics

• Drug-receptor interaction: involves five types of receptors.
• Receptor desensitization: the process by which receptors become less responsive to a drug.
• Receptor classifications: include signal transduction, SAR, and concentration response curve.
• Pharmacodynamic tolerance: the process by which the body adapts to the presence of a drug.
• Theoretical Dose-response curve: a graph that illustrates the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect.

fall d1