OSH Introduction PDF

TOPIC I: Introduction to OSH 1 CONTENT 1.1. Historical perspective 1.2. Basic OSH Definition and Terminologies 1.3. Origin and Source of OSH Laws 1.4. OSH Regulators, Organisations & Service Providers  LEARNING OUTCOMES  To describe the historical development of O...

TOPIC I: Introduction to OSH 1 CONTENT 1.1. Historical perspective 1.2. Basic OSH Definition and Terminologies 1.3. Origin and Source of OSH Laws 1.4. OSH Regulators, Organisations & Service Providers  LEARNING OUTCOMES  To describe the historical development of OSH management over the centuries  To describe the discipline and scope of Occupational Safety and Health  To recall the background to the development of OSHA 1994 and its underlying philosophy  To define the basic common terms and concepts in Occupational Safety and Health.  To state the functions and roles of DOSH and NIOSH 3 1.1 Code of Hammurabi 229 If a builder builds a house for someone, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built falls in and kills its owner, then that builder shall be put to death. The Hammurabi Codex (a code of law) was carved on a black stone monument 8 feet high on public display in ancient Babylon in Mesopotamia. 5 Early Recognition of Occupational Diseases  In 1473 a German physician, Ellenborg, published the first known pamphlets on occupational disease from gold miners  In 1556 the German scholar, Agricola, described the diseases of miners  Early Recognition of Occupational Diseases In 1713 Ramazzini, who is regarded as the father of occupational medicine, believed that there was a very close connection between the occupation and illness of an employee and suggested that in diagnosis doctors should ask patients about their occupations.  Emergence of Industrial Accident  Industrial accidents arose out of the Factory System during the Industrial Revolution in Britain in 18th Century (1700s)  Industrial revolution has led to the creation of various types of machinery and exposure to substances that indirectly create more risk of accidents and diseases  Women and children worked as heavy labourers under unsafe and unhealthy workplaces  Emergence of Industrial OSH Legislation  In 1833 English Factory Act was the first effective industrial safety law  It provide compensation for accidents rather than to control their causes  Insurance companies inspected work places and suggested prevention methods  Problem: Safety became injury and insurance oriented  Emergence of Industrial OSH Legislation  The Committee on Health and Safety at Work was appointed in May 1970 for Employment and Productivity.  It was required to review and make recommendations in relation to the safety and health of persons at work and that of the public in connection with work activities.  The committee was chaired by Lord Alfred Robens, Chairman of the National Coal Board and comprised six other members.  Emergence of Industrial OSH Legislation  Lord Robens, Chairman of a Royal Safety Commission Report in 1972 noted that: i. there was too many OSH legislation, ii. was fragmented, iii. limited in coverage (specific hazards & workplace), iv. out of date and difficult to update, v. Inflexible (prescriptive), vi. People thought that safety was what government inspectors enforced  Emergence of Industrial OSH Legislation  Current development of Occupational Safety And Health management system was driven by two parallel forces: A. Self-regulatory legislation in the United Kingdom (1974), B. Quality management movement  Emergence of Industrial OSH Legislation A Self-Regulation Legislation  Lord Robens recommended Self regulation  The philosophy; the responsibility to ensure safety and health lies with; 1. Those who created the risk and; 2. Those who work with the risk.  Emergence of Industrial OSH Legislation A Self-Regulation Legislation Features of “Robens style” legislation:  General duties of care by: Employer, employee, self-employed person, manufacturer, designer, supplier Duty of employer to make the workplace safe  Consultation with employees through Safety Committees  Safety Officer as advisor and coordinator  Improvement and prohibition notices  Emergence of Industrial OSH Legislation 2 years after a report concerning Occupational Safety and Health by Committee on Safety and Health at Work (Robens Committee) was presented to the United Kingdom Parliament, Health and Safety at Work Act (HASAWA) 1974 was enacted in UK.  Emergence of Industrial OSH Legislation A Self-Regulation Legislation Similar legislation was enacted in Australia in 1984 Enacted in Malaysia in 1994 after the 1992 Bright Sparkler accident in Sungai Buloh  Emergence of Industrial OSH Legislation A Self-Regulation Legislation Legislation follow major accidents and reinforce need for management system: Flixborough (1974 CIMAH regulations 1996 Bhopal (1984) “Responsible Care” / Process safety Piper Alpha (1988) Risk Assessment / Management system  Emergence of Industrial OSH Legislation  OSH legislation in Malaysia Steam Boiler Safety Era - before 1914 - Selangor Boiler Enactment 1892. Machinery Safety Era - 1914 till 1952 Machinery Enactment 1913 and Machinery Enactment 1932 Industrial Safety Era - 1953 till 1967 - Machinery Ordinance 1953. Industrial Safety and Hygiene – 1970 till 1994 - Factory and Machinery Act 1967 Occupational Safety and Health Era – after 1994 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514)  Emergence of Industrial OSH Legislation Quality Management Approach to Occupational Safety and Health Management There are similar issues in safety management as in quality management Example: – Productivity – Worker involvement – Proactive approach – Scientific approach – Customer and human rights  Emergence of Industrial OSH Legislation Quality Management Approach to Occupational Safety and Health Management Management system standards: – ISO 9000 QMS was proven successful and ISO 14000 EMS was introduced in 1996 – UK published BS 8800 and Australia AS8401 OSH management systems in 1996 – International and auditable OHSAS 18001 OSH Management System published in 1999 – ILO approved an OSH management system for governments to adopt during 2000 – ISO 45001:2018 Occupational Health & Safety Management Systems  2023 21  TOPIC I: Introduction to OSH 1 1.2 Basic OSH Definition and Terminologies THE VICIOUS CIRCLE (KITARAN KEJAM!) UNSAFE ACCIDENT WORKPLACE GET DOCTOR WELL What can be done to reduce or eliminate this problem ? 1. Describe the meaning of OSH? 2. How do you define OSH? 3. What is OSH? Occupational safety and health (OSH);  is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment.  encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of workers, that is the “whole person”.  Why does OSH is a cross-disciplinary area? Occupational safety and health may involve interaction among many cognate disciplines, including; ▪ occupational medicine, ▪ toxicology, ▪ occupational (or industrial) ▪ epidemiology, hygiene, ▪ industrial relations, ▪ public health, safety engineering, ▪ public policy, ▪ health physics, ▪ sociology, and ▪ ergonomics, psychology. What are the aims of OSH? i. promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; ii. prevention among workers of adverse effects on health caused by their working conditions; iii. protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; iv. placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment adapted to physical and mental needs; v. the adaptation of work to humans.  How do you define Safety ?  is the state of being "safe" (from French sauf) and the condition of ,  being protected against:  physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or  other types or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or  any other event which could be considered non-desirable.  being protected from :  the event or from exposure to something that causes health or economical losses.  How do you define Health?  is a state;  of complete physical, mental and social well- being  the absence of disease or infirmity (physical weakness, ailment, lack of strength) What is Welfare?  It is the quality of life is the degree of well-being felt by an individual or group of people.  It consists of two components:  physical  The physical aspect includes such things as health, diet, and protection against pain and disease.  psychological  The psychological aspect includes stress, worry, pleasure and other positive or negative emotional states.  What is Occupational Hygiene ?  is the discipline of ;  anticipating,  recognising,  evaluating and  controlling health hazards in the working environment  with the objective of;  protecting worker health and well-being and  safeguarding the community at large. What is Ergonomics?  is the scientific discipline concerned with  designing according to the human needs, and  applies theory, principles, data and methods to design to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.  is study of human capabilities in relationship to their work demands.  BASIC TERMS & CONCEPTS 12  Osh golden words! HAZARD: Anything that can cause harm (e.g. chemicals, electricity, working from a ladder. etc).  CATEGORY OF HAZARD TYPE HAZARD Safety slipping/tripping hazards, inappropriate machine guarding, equipment malfunctions or breakdowns. Biological bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals, and humans, etc., Chemical depends on the physical, chemical and toxic properties of the chemical, Ergonomic repetitive movements, improper set up of workstation, etc., Physical radiation, magnetic fields, pressure extremes (high pressure or vacuum), noise, etc., 14  Osh golden words! RISK: Is the chance, likelihood or probability of harm actually being done.  IDENTIFY THE RISK TYPE HAZARD LIST THE APPROPRIATE RISK? Safety slipping/tripping hazards, inappropriate machine guarding, equipment malfunctions or breakdowns. Biological bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals, and humans, etc., Chemical depends on the physical, chemical and toxic properties of the chemical, Ergonomic repetitive movements, improper set up of workstation, etc., Physical radiation, magnetic fields, pressure extremes (high pressure 16 or vacuum), noise, etc.,  Osh golden words! DANGER: Is the relative exposure to hazard. It may show the magnitude of the risk or hazard.  Osh golden words! ACCIDENT: An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events, that occurs through a combination of causes which result in: a. physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an individual, b. damage to property, c. a near-miss, a loss, d. any combination of these effects. 18  Osh golden words! NEAR MISS: An event which did not result in injury or damage to property but had the potential to do so ✓ shares the same root causes as an accident. ✓ It is only because of chance that no harm or damage occurred, ✓ needs similar attention as an accident. 19  TYPE OF MACHINERY HAZARDS  Cutting(Memotong ) Friction and Abrasion  Shearing(Mericih) (Mengeser dan melelas )  Stabbing and Puncturing Crushing (Meremuk ) (Menusuk dan Menembus ) Drawing In (Menarik ke  Impact (Hentaman) dalam )  Entanglement (Membelit ) Ejection (Lentingan) Release of Potential Energy (Membebaskan tenaga berpotensi ) TEST QUESTIONS Define and provide and example for each; a. Hazard: b. Risk: c. Danger: Based on the example of a glass bottle of concentrated acid placed at a corner of laboratory bench, identify the hazard, risk and danger associated with this situation. Define and provide an example for each in the case of a construction worker crossing a wooden plank while working on a bridge maintenance project. Define the terms below and identify appropriately each type of hazard, risk and danger for the scenario of a glass bottle of concentrated sulphuric acid placed at a corner of a student’s desk TOPIC I: Introduction to OSH 1.3 Origin and Source of OSH Laws What are the four basic components or types of Law?  Act – Akta (Undang-undang tubuh):  pass by the Parliment  Regulations –Peraturan:  Pass by the Parliament  Order – Arahan:  Issued by the Minister  Guidelines – Panduan:  Issed by Director General (Ketua Pengarah) COMPARISON FMA 1967 VS OSHA 1994 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 1994 (OSHA) Is a mixture of two main types/source of laws: 1. Statutory Law (Undang-undang Berkanun) 2. Common Law STATUTORY LAW a. Consist of Acts and Regulations (Parliament) b. Formulated by the government (Gov. Dept.) c. Breaching the law is a criminal offence d. Penalty: Monetary and/or prison sentence e. Prosecution is only by Government Servants (e.g. District Attorney/Pendakwaraya) in Criminal Court (Mahkamah Jenayah) COMMON LAW a. Resulted from the decisions of court and judges in a civil court (Mahkahmah Sivil) b. Injured worker/party allow the to sue the party that is responsible causing the harm c. Injured worker/party could request a lawyer (peguam) for law suit proceedings d. If plaintiff (yang mendakwa) wins, the settlement is through monetary fines. LAW OF TORT  An action that is wrong but can be dealt with in a civil court rather than a criminal court  The legal effect of a wrongful act of one party causing harm to the person, property, reputation or economic interest of another.  Tort are civil offences.  Classification of Tort;  Nuisance (Gangguan)  Negligence (Kecuaian) – Tort of Negligence  Defamation (Fitnah)  Trespassing (Pencerobohan) VICARIOUS LIABILITY Tort of Negligence: – The duty owned by an employer to his employees is that he must take such care as is reasonable for the safety of his employees. Vicarious Liability: – Arises where an employee or an agent of the employer has acted negligently and caused injury to another employee. TOPIC I: Introduction to OSH 1 1.4. OSH Regulators, Organisations & Service Providers CATEGORIES OF THE LAW at present: FIRST CATEGORY To control industrial activity or specific chemical substances: ❖ Mineral Enactment ❖ Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 ❖ Pesticides Act 1974 ❖ Petroleum Act (Safety Procedures) 1984 ❖ Electricity Supply Act 1990 CATEGORIES OF THE LAW at present: SECOND CATEGORY Basic and General Laws: ❖Factories and Machinery Act 1967 ❖Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 COMPETENCIES AND SERVICES  LIST OF COMPETENT PERSON  LIST OF COMPETENT FIRM  LIST OF COMPETENT TRAINING CENTERS  19 ON LINE SERVICES; ◦ http://mykkp.dosh.gov.my PERIODICLE THEME IN SAFETY ENFORCEMENT DEPARTMENT FUNCTIONS OF DOSH  To study and review the policies and legislations of OSH  To enforce the following legislations : a) Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and its regulations. b) Factories and Machinery Act 1967 and its regulations. c) Part of Petroleum Act 1984 (Safety Measures) and its regulations.  To conduct research and technical analysis on issues related to OSH at the workplace.  To carry out promotional and publicity programs to employers, workers and the general public to foster and increase the awareness of OSH.  To become a secretariat for the National Council of OSH SERVICE PROVIDER NIOSH BACKGROUND a. Established in 1992 to enhance OSH in Malaysia under Human Resource Ministry. b. Established as a Company Limited by Guarantee under the Malaysian Companies Act 1965. c. mainly through: i. Training and curriculum development in OSH. Examination for Competency Certificate ii. Consultation in OSH; iii. Research and Development; and iv. Information dissemination in OSH. NIOSH CORE FUNCTIONS Training in OSH OSH Consultation Research & Development in OSH Information Dissemination in OSH Examination for Competency Certificate EXAMPLE OF OSH PRACTIONERS COMPETENCY CERTIFICATE TRAINER’S PROGRAMME SAFETY PASSPORT SOCSO (PERKERSO)  Functions of SOCSO  Registration of employers and employees  Collection of contribution from employers and employees  Payment of benefits to workers and/or their dependents when tragedy strikes  Provision of physical and vocational rehabilitation benefits  Promotion of awareness of occupational safety and health  OSH ACTIVITY IN MALAYSIA MoHR, Setting of OSH Policy NCOSH Standard Setting Regulations DOSH DOSH Enforcement Training Consultation NIOSH DOSH, NIOSH, CIDB Certification Information Dissemination & Services, OSH Awareness Promotion DOSH, NIOSH, PERKESO NIOSH, Private & Public Research & Development Universities Compensation PERKESO, Welfare Department SUMMARY The industrial revolution cause of industrial accidents. Laws were enacted to compensate and protect workers in 1833. Lord-Robens in 1972 recommended self- regulatory legislation. Adopted by Malaysia in 1994. Outcome of accidents in the 1970s and 1980s resulted in OSH management system today. DOSH, NIOSH and SOCSO is an enforcement department and service provider o provide a safe and health work environment in the workplace. REFERENCES  Bahari, Ismail (2002). Pengaturan Sendiri Di Dalam Pengurusan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan. Kuala Lumpur. McGraw Hill.  Hassan, Kamal Halili (2001). Undang-undang Keselamatan Industri di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.  James, Phil (1992). “Reforming British Health and Safety Law: A Framework for Discussion”. The Industrial Law Journal. Vol. 21. p 83-105.  Malaysia. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 Malaysia.  Social Security Organisation Annual Reports 1998-2005.  http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id= 958&Itemid=1225&lang=en  TEST QUESTIONS  What are the differences between the role of National Institute of Occupation Safety (NIOSH) in Bangi and the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) in Putra Jaya.  What are the differences between the role of National Institute of Occupation Safety (NIOSH) in Bangi and the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) in Putra Jaya. 2.0 Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 2.1. Categories and Types of Hazards 2.2. Get Analysis and Job Safety Analysis/HIRARC 2.3. Other Common Types of Risk Assessment  To define the hazard, risk and danger  To explain the risk assessment process  To describe the method of identifying hazard  Understand the importance of Job Safety Analysis (JSA)  To use the risk assessment matrix  To explain the hierarchy of control  Hazards is anything that has Hazard is originated potential to cause HARM or from Arabic -AZZAHR, DANGER to people/human’s means chance, luck. health and safety, asset/property, environment and reputation. Two groups of Hazard: HAZARDS can be a. Safety Hazard and a. Continuous (inherited in the system) or b. Health Hazard b. Non-Continuous (due to system failure). is anything that has the potential to cause HARM to people, asset, environment and reputation.  1. Obvious Hazards: which is apparent to the senses 2. Concealed Hazards: which is not-apparent to the senses 3. Developing Hazards: which cannot be recognised immediately but will develop over time 4. Transient Hazards: which is intermittent or temporary hazards RISK: Is the chance or probability of harm actually being done = Hazard x Exposure = Consequences x Probability DANGER: Is the relative exposure to hazard It shows the magnitude (size) of the hazard and the risk  Biological Hazards  Physical Hazards  Ergonomics Hazards  Chemical Hazards  Psycho-Social Hazards Copyright@ NIOSH 2003  Biological Hazards Blood or other body fluids Fungi Bacteria and Viruses Plants Insect bites Animal and bird droppings  Physical Hazards - Mechanical Cutting - Memotong Shearing - Mericih Stabbing and Puncturing - Menusuk dan Menembus Impact - Hentaman Entanglement - Membelit Friction and Abrasion - Mengeser dan Melelas Crushing - Meremuk Drawing In - Menarik ke dalam Ejection - Lentingan  Physical Hazards – Electrical Exposed electrical parts Wires with bad insulation Inadequate ungrounded electrical systems and tools Overloaded circuits Damaged power tools and equipment Using the wrong PPE and Tools Low overhead power lines Go to fullsize image  Physical Hazards Noise Slippery floor Vent Uneven surfaces Machines Holes Vibration Tools Fire Extreme temperatures  Ergonomic Hazards Poor lighting Improperly adjusted workstations and chairs Frequent lifting Poor posture Awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive Repeating the same movements over and over Too much force, especially if you have to do it frequently  Chemical Hazards Liquids like cleaning products, paints, acids, solvents especially chemicals in an unlabelled container (warning sign!) Vapours and fumes, for instance those that come from welding or exposure to solvents Gases like acetylene, propane, carbon monoxide and helium Flammable materials like gasoline, solvents and explosive chemicals  Psychosocial Hazards Workplace bullying Mental stress Job content - Repetitive work, task complexity, dangerous work Work overload or under-load Work schedule – shift work, inflexible work schedules  Health Hazards Radioactive Radiation ( x-gamma, alpha, beta) Microwave, infrared, radar, vibration Copyright@ NIOSH 2003 2.0 Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Classes of Hazards Get Analysis Job Safety Analysis Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control Hierarchy of Control  THE 6-STEP RISK THE PROCESS OF RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS MANAGEMENT Start Classify Activities 1. Identify (Work, Product, Services, Activities) 6. Supervise the and Review Hazards Identify Hazards 2. Assess 5. Risk Control the Risks Determine Risk*/Impact Implementation Decide if Risk is Tolerable 4. Make 3. Analyze Decide if Impact is Significant Control Risk Control Decisions Measures Prepare Risk Control Action Plan Review Adequacy of Action Plan THE PROCESS OF RISK THE 6-STEP RISK MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT PROCESS Start Classify Activities 1. Identify (Work, Product, Services, Activities) 6. Supervise the and Review Hazards Identify Hazards 2. Assess 5. Risk Control the Risks Determine Risk*/Impact Implementation Decide if Risk is Tolerable 3. Analyze Decide if Impact is Significant 4. Make Risk Control Control Measures Decisions Prepare Risk Control Action Plan Review Adequacy of Action Plan *Risk = Harm X Likelihood  Involves recognising things which may cause injury or harm Hazard identification is the first to the health of a person. E.g step in the risk management flammable materials, unguarded process. machines, chemicals, working at height, working from ladders etc. Only people with a thorough Complete understanding of the knowledge of the area, process working situation. or machine should carry out a hazard identification. 1. Workplace Inspections 2. Discussions & Interview 3. Accident Statistics/Report 4. Internal/External Audits Workplace Inspections Types of inspections: statutory inspection, periodic inspection, formal and informal inspection Documentation - Checklist and inspection worksheet (standard approach and record) Activities - to involve managers, supervisors and employees Inspection outcome - to include actions and timeframes Ensure follow up on action - to ensure effectiveness Copyright@ NIOSH 2003  Discussions & Interview Formal discussions take place during meetings of the safety and health committee. Informal discussions take place during conversations/feedback/interview between supervisor and worker at work (e.g. tool box talk, briefing). Copyright@ NIOSH 2003  Internal/External Audits Internal Audits - Inter department External Audits - DOSH, Consultant, etc Copyright@ NIOSH 2003  Accident Statistics/Report Accidents statistics/report will be useful in identifying uncontrolled hazard as they will present - Factor Contribute to accident : Unsafe act and unsafe condition that’s lead to the accidents - Accident Root Cause - Accident Corrective action to prevent recurrence Copyright@ NIOSH 2003 A process used to evaluate the level of risk (low or high etc) for specific identified hazard. Two similar hazard in a work process may have different level of risk. Example; 2 workers working at height at different level (height) are facing the same hazard but at different level of risk Process of evaluating the risk(s) arising from a hazard(s), taking into account the adequacy of any existing controls, and deciding whether or not the risk(s) is acceptable – ISO 45001:2018  Risk: A combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event with specified period or in specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the health of people, property, environment or any combination of these caused by the event. DOSH Guidelines for Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) – 2008  HAZARD Probability Severity (Likelihood) Risk Rating  HAZARD Factors to be considered in assessing the risk level (rating) Duration Frequency 1.Number of Record of of of Consequence workers exposed occurrence 2.Hazard degree exposure exposure Probability Existing Control Severity (Likelihood) Measures Risk Rating Qualitative Risk Assessment Qualitative risk assessment is based on personal judgment backed by generalized data on risk. Example: Chemical Risk assessment done by observing the way workers performing their task. Based on the assessor observation and his experience, the assessor will determine the level of likelihood of exposure and level of severity of the effect if the exposure occurred. Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment Using matrix to evaluate Risk Rating Example; Risk Matrix Table Quantitative Risk Assessment Where the hazards presented by the undertaking are numerous and complex, and may involve novel processes A special quantitative tools and techniques and carried out by qualified and experience Ex. Risk of Noise Hazard - More than 95dB – High risk, 85dB ~ 95dB – Medium Risk, Less than 85 dB – Low risk 3. Semi (Qualitative / Quantitative) Risk Assessment Using matrix to evaluate Risk Rating 3. Semi (Qualitative / Quantitative) Risk Assessment Using matrix to evaluate Risk Rating 3. Semi (Qualitative / Quantitative) Risk Assessment Using matrix to evaluate Risk Rating  Probability/likelihood Severity/Consequences Highly Very Less Likely Unlikely likely likely Likely Value 5 4 3 2 1 Fatal 25 20 15 10 5 5 Major 20 16 12 8 4 4 Minor 15 12 9 6 3 3 Near Miss 10 8 6 4 2 2 25 20 15 10 5 20 16 12 8 4 15 12 9 6 3 10 8 6 4 2 4 Risk Level: 1. Extremely High = 20 to 25 2. High Risk = 12 to 16 3. Medium Risk = 8 to 10 4 Low Risk = 2 to 6  Multi Entry Risk Assessment Form (MERA Form) Activities/ Current Action & process/ Legal Hazard Effect Risk Risk Recommend facilities/ Reqmnt Control ation equipments Risk Sev Prob Rating AS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE (ALARP) PRINCIPLE Risk cannot be justified Intolerable (e.g. H,H or >10) on any grounds LEVEL A OF TOLERABLE IF: Risk is undertaken if a Reduction L benefit is desired RISK Impractical A  or R Reduce risk Cost / gain grossly P Disproportionate No need for detailed action Trivial  1. Elimination Eliminate the source of hazard without making any changes on the work process. Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool, process, machine or substance is perhaps the best way of protecting workers. For example, a salvage firm might decide to stop buying and cutting up scrapped bulk fuel tanks due to explosion hazards. 2. Substitution Sometimes doing the same work in a less hazardous way is possible. For example, a hazardous chemical can be replaced with a less hazardous one. Controls must protect workers from any new hazards that are created. Or change material / machine. 3. Engineering Control a. Redesign - Jobs and processes can be reworked to make them safer. For example, containers can be made easier to hold and lift. b. Isolation - If a hazard cannot be eliminated or replaced, it can some times be isolated, contained or otherwise kept away from workers. For example, an insulated and air-conditioned control room can protect operators from a toxic chemical. c. Automation - Dangerous processes can be automated or mechanized. For example, computer-controlled robots can handle spot welding operations. 3. Engineering Control d. Barriers - A hazard can be blocked before it reaches workers. For example, special curtains can prevent eye injuries from welding arc radiation. Proper equipment guarding will protect workers from con tacting moving parts. e. Absorption - Baffles can block or absorb noise. Lockout systems can isolate energy sources during repair and maintenance. Usually, the further a control keeps a hazard away from workers, the more effective it is. f. Dilution - Some hazards can be diluted or dissipated. For example, ventilation systems can dilute toxic gasses before they reach operators. 4. Administrative Control a. Safe work procedures - Workers can be required to use standardized safety practices. The employer is expected to ensure that workers follow these practices. Work procedures must be periodically reviewed with workers and updated. b. Supervision and training – Initial training on safe work procedures and refresher training should be offered. Appropriate supervision to assist workers in identifying possible hazards and evaluating work procedures. c. Job rotations and other procedures can reduce the time that workers are exposed to a hazard. For example, workers can be rotated through jobs requiring repetitive tendon and muscle movements to prevent cumulative trauma injuries. Noisy processes can be scheduled when no one is in the workplace. 4. Administrative Control d. Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs - Housekeeping includes cleaning, waste disposal and spill cleanup. Tools, equipment and machinery are less likely to cause injury if they are kept clean and well maintained. e. Hygiene - Hygiene practices can reduce the risk of toxic materials being absorbed by workers or carried home to their families. Street clothing should be kept in separate lockers to avoid being contaminated by work clothing. Eating areas must be segregated from toxic hazards. Eating should be forbidden in toxic work areas. Where applicable, workers should be required to shower and change clothes at the end of the shift. 5. Personal Protective Equipment PPE refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection: head, eyes, ears, fingers, foot, limb, body The hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter.  Review measures regularly; modify if necessary  Comply with national laws and regulations  Reflect good management practice; and  Get Analysis (GA) BASIC HAZARD ANALYSIS Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Job Safety Analysis (JSA) Risk Control (HIRARC) Physical inspection Accident Reports Audit Report Document reviews Law review Exposure Monitoring Reports OSH Publications Biological / Medical Surveillance Report Inspection worksheet Workers knowledge & experiences Contact/ Industry/ Association Brain Storming Ask “5 W” A physical examination of the workplace requires; an inquiring mind, lateral thinking, and the ability to be and remain open minded.  Reports of accidents, accident investigation and audits Information from publications – Regulations and Codes of Practice – Statistics – Handbooks, etc. – CSDS (MSDS). – Excessive noise – Excessive heat – Inadequate ventilation – Radiation exposure – Excessive air contaminants – Ergonomic hazards – Substance is used in workplace – Substance is hazardous – Evidence or reason to suspect injury – Atmospheric monitoring insufficient – Techniques available – Will benefit those at risk  Employees Requiring Health Surveillance and are exposed to hazard for which there is: ▪ (i) identifiable health effect/disease ▪ (ii) likelihood that it could occur ▪ (iii) valid techniques for detecting effect ▪ (iv) valid biological monitoring method and reason to believe values might be exceeded.  This is a process of conducting group meetings with people who are familiar with the operation of the area under review, recording all ideas and thoughts relating to possible hazards and then sorting the results into some sort of priority order.  Employees should be encouraged to report any hazards they are aware of.  Location Machine Person Age of Person Time of Day Day of Week Part of Body Severity of Injury Occupation These publications can be of particular benefit as they concentrate on reporting issues relating to safety and health A counter-part in another subsidiary of the company or even a contact in a competitive company could be a good source of information as they probably share similar safety problems. Safety and health is often brought up at industry association meetings or during informal discussions before or after meetings. Its important to try to anticipate how human behaviour, equipment, and system failures could combine to create a hazardous situation. Constantly ask yourself "What if?...."  Checklist and inspection worksheet (standard approach and record). Safety Audit Worksheet. (Involve supervisors, managers and employees)  It is used to help operate a safe system of work and formulate safe work procedures.  Factors to be considered when assigning priority of JSA include: ▪ Accident frequency and severity ▪ Newly established or infrequently performed jobs A briefing guide Teaching aid for As standard for for infrequent initial job training safety inspections jobs To assist in Formulation of a completing safe work accident procedure investigation 1. Select the type / scope of the job. 2. Break each main action or steps from the start / beginning till the completion of the job. 3. Use action ‘verb’ used to in each step to describe the job. 4. Normally the job is described in less than 10 steps. 5. List all the possibility of things that can go wrong or causing harm or injuries.  Sequence of Potential Accidents or Preventive Measures Steps Hazards 1. Park vehicle 1a. Vehicle too close to 1a. Drive to area well clear of passing traffic traffic. Turn on hazard warning lights. 1b. Vehicle on uneven, soft 1b. Choose a firm, level area. ground 1c. Vehicle may roll 1c. Apply the parking brake; leave transmission in gear or in park 2. Remove 2a. Strain from lifting spare 2a. Turn spare into upright spare and tool position in well. Using your kit legs and standing as close as possible. 2.0 Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment  Preliminary Hazards Analysis (PHA)  Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)  Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP)  Event Tree Analysis (ETA)  Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)  Failure Modes and Effects Criticality Analysis (FMECA)  Energy Trace and Barrier Analysis  Operating and Support Hazard Analysis  System/subsystem Hazard Analysis  Hazard Evaluation  Human Reliability Analysis (HRA).  An analysis of the general hazard groups existing in a particular system.  It includes evaluating and recommending control measures.  It is usually the first attempt at identifying and categorizing potential hazards associated with the operation.  Approach for identifying all possible failures in a design, a manufacturing or assembly process or a product or service.  “Failure modes” - the ways or modes in which something might fail.  “Effect analysis” - to studying the consequences of those failures.  Example:  Qualitative risk assessment technique.  Applied in pharmaceutical, industrial and environmental health and safety.  Can be used to identify operability problems.  Systematic approach to investigating each element of a process, to identify all the ways in which parameters can deviate from the intended design conditions and create hazards or operability problems.  An analysis technique for identifying and evaluating the sequence of events in a potential accident scenario following the occurrence of an initiating event.  ETA utilizes a visual logic tree structure known as an event tree.  The analysis starts with the top event (the undesired event) which should be carefully defined and then it proceeds backwards.  The top event is linked to preceding events and conditions (such as technical factors, human actions) by two logic gates (the AND and OR gate).  Top-down analysis. ❖ The basis of OSH management is the identification of hazard, risk assessment and control. ❖ Ways of identifying hazards varies from inspection of the workplace to reviewing legislation. ❖ Risk assessment allows an organization to build a sound basis for managing hazard. ❖ Hierarchy of hazard control starts by elimination; use PPE as protection is the last resort.  Huges, P., & Ferret, E. (2010). Risk Assessment. Introduction to Health and Safety at Work (4th ed., pp. 83-93). Oxford, UK: ELSEVIER.  Goest,D.L. (2019). Occupational Health and Safety For Technologist, Engineers, and Managers, 7th ed. Upper Saddle Rover. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.  National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (2008). Practical Guide to OSH Risk Management.  Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH). (2008). Guidelines For Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) (1st ed.). Retrieved from http://www.dosh.gov.my.  TOPIC 3: INCIDENT PREVENTION 3.1. Basic causes of accidents 3.2. Principles and approach of loss prevention 3.3. Theories of Accident: - Domino Theory - Loss Control Theory - Human Factor Theory - Behavioral Based Safety Theory 3.4. Accidents and productivity  To define what is accident & near miss To describe the causes of accidents & role of management control To explain 3 theory on accident causation To relate the cost involved in an accident  Incident Accident Near Miss Injury Property Damage Copyright@ NIOSH 2003  How do you distinguish the differences between both terms  An incident is: ◦ An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events ◦ That occurs through a combination of causes ◦ Which result in:  Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an individual,  Damage to property,  A near-miss,  Any combination of these effects.  an unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events, An accident that occurs through a combination of causes is: which result in: physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an individual, damage to property, a near-miss, a loss any combination of these effects. have outcomes from the accident ACCIDENTS HAVE TWO THINGS IN COMMON: have contributory factors that cause the accident  A “Near miss” is: ◦ An event which did not result in injury or damage to property but had the potential to do so. ◦ Shares the same root causes as an accident. It is only because of chance that no harm or damage occurred ◦ Needs similar attention as an accident Minor accidents: paper cuts finger, box of materials dropped Major/Serious accidents (cause injury or damage to equipment or property): falling off a ladder, chemical spill, Long Term hearing loss, an illness resulting from exposure to chemicals Near-misses An accident is the result of a sequent of: an immediate / direct/ indirect causes an basic / underlying / root causes. Results of the accident - harm or damage Incident – the accident/the event Immediate causes – symptoms of lack of control Basic (underlying) / root causes – the real problems 1. Contributing/Basic/ 2. Direct/Immediate/(Indirect)/ Underlying/Root Causes Surface Causes Main Distinctions 4. The Results of 3. The Incident; The Accident; Accident/ Death, injuries, loss of properties the event  Strains Direct Cause of Burns Injury Cuts Surface Causes Fails to enforce Lack of time To much work Lack of vision No mission statement Inadequate training No discipline procedures Inadequate labeling No orientation process Outdated hazcom program Inadequate training plan No accountability policy No inspection policy Root Causes 16  The cause of injury describes the harmful transfer of energy. May take the form of: ✓ Acoustic - excessive noise and vibration ✓ Chemical - corrosive, toxic, flammable, reactive ✓ Electrical - low/high voltage, current ✓ Kinetic - energy transferred from impact ✓ Mechanical - components that move ✓ Potential - "stored energy" in objects ✓ Radiant - ionizing and non-ionizing radiation ✓ Thermal - excessive heat, extreme cold.  Specific/unique hazardous conditions and/or unsafe actions Directly produce or contribute to the accident They may exist/occur at any time and anywhere and involve anyone. They may or may not be controllable by management If you're pointing at person or thing, it's probably a surface cause.  Poor Management Safety Policy & Decisions Personal Factors 1.Basic Causes/ Environmental Factors Root Causes Unsafe Act 3. Indirect Causes Unsafe Condition eg. unplanned release of energy ACCIDENT and/or Personal Injury hazardous material Property Damage  Personal Factors Management ROOT Policy & Decisions CAUSES OF Job Factors ACCIDENTS Supervisory Performance  Lack of safety awareness  Lack of coordination  Improper attitude  Slow mental reaction  Inattention  Lack of emotional stability  Nervous  Temperamental  Extreme fatigue  Deaf  Poor eyesight  Physically unsuitable for the job  Heart condition  Physically unqualified for the job  Safety instruction inadequate  Safety rules not enforced  Safety not planned as part of the job  Infrequent employee safety contacts  Hazards not corrected  Safety devices not provided Management responsible for: ◦ Selection of workers ◦ Machinery and equipment ◦ System of work ◦ Information and training ◦ Supervision, etc The accident prone worker is a false approach. It is like blaming the victim instead of the perpetrator.  1. Human Behaviour The unsafe acts 2. Design of Equipment and and unsafe Plant conditions can 3. Systems & Procedures be categorised (Including Use of Materials) as follows: 4. Environmental Work Surroundings ◦ Common to all accidents ◦ Not limited to the person involved in the accident  Protective equipment or guard provided but not used  Hazardous method of handling (failure to allow for sharp or slippery objects and pinch points, wrong lifting, loose grip, etc.)  Improper tools or equipment used although correct tools available  Hazardous movement (running, jumping, stepping on or climbing over, throwing, etc.)  horseplay  Ineffective safety device  No safety device although one is needed  Hazardous housekeeping (material on floor, poor piling, congested aisles)  Equipment, tools or machines defective  Improper dress or apparel for the job  Improper illumination or ventilation ◦ Workplace layout ◦ Design of tools & equipment ◦ Lack of systems & procedures ◦ Inappropriate systems & procedures  Noise  Vapors, fumes, dust  Light  Heat  Critters  Operating without authority  Use of unserviceable equipment  Not using equipment properly  Not using PPE where required  Incorrect lifting  Drinking (alcohol) or taking drugs  Horseplay  No warning  No effective guards or safety devices  Unserviceable tools and equipment  Inadequate warning systems  High noise level  Polluted environment  Exposure to hazardous substances  TOPIC 3: INCIDENT PREVENTION 3.2. Principles and Approach of Loss Prevention Principles of Incident Prevention 1. Accident prevention is good management. 2. Management and workers must fully cooperate 3. Top management must lead. 4. There must be an OSH policy 5. Must have organisation and resources to implement policy 6. Best available information (and technology) must be applied Why Prevent Accident?  Legal  Economic & Business  Humanitarian LEGAL An employee should not have to risk injury at work, nor should others associated with the work environment. ECONOMIC & BUSINESS Occupational safety and health requirements may be reinforced in civil civil law law and/or criminal law; it is accepted civil law criminal law that without the extra "encouragement" of potential regulatory action or litigation, many organisations would not act upon their implied moral obligations HUMANITARIAN Many governments realize that poor occupational governments safety and health performance results in cost to the State (e.g. through social security payments to social security the incapacitated, costs for medical treatment, and the loss of the "employability" of the worker). employability Employing organizations also sustain costs in the event of an incident at work (such as legal fees, fines, compensatory damages, investigation time, lost production, lost goodwill from the workforce, from customers and from the wider community).  TOPIC 3: INCIDENT PREVENTION 3.3. Theories of Accident  Domino Theory Human Behavioral Factors THEORIES OF ACCIDENT Accident/ Combination CAUSATION Incident Systems Epidemiology DOMINO THEORY DOMINO THEORY Background: The Domino Safety Theory Developed by pioneer industrial safety experts Herbert W. Heinrich and Alfred Lateiner. Developed Domino Theory and promoted control of workers behaviour. Herbert W. Heinrich Domino Theory:  BACKGROUND: THE DOMINO SAFETY THEORY Provide a graphic sense of how industrial injuries can occur and be avoided. 88% Caused by Unsafe Acts 10% Caused by Unsafe Conditions 02% Are Unavoidable A. HEINRICH DOMINO THEORY 1. Negative trait or factor is present in a person as a result of (inherited) ancestry / (acquired) as a result of the social environment 2. Negative trait or factor acquired/inherited may lead to unsafe practice or condition: Fault of a person. 3. Unsafe act results/create unsafe condition 4. Accident resulted from above are typical of fall or impact with the moving object 5. Injures from above usually in the form of laceration or fractures  EARLY THEORY OF ACCIDENTS: 1. DOMINO THEORY BY W. HEINRICH (1930'S) Ancestry/social Ancestry/social environment environment Fault of a Fault of a person person Unsafe Unsafe act/condition act/condition Accident Accident Injury Injury DOMINO THEORY BY W. HEINRICH  Axioms (Saying/proverb) of Industrial Safety Herbert W. Heinrich 1. Injuries result from a completed series of factors, one of which is the accident itself. 2. An accident can occur only as the result of an unsafe act by a person and/or a physical or mechanical hazard. 3. Most accidents are the result of unsafe behavior of people. 4. An unsafe act by a person or an unsafe condition does not always immediately result in an accident/injury. 5. The reasons why people commit unsafe acts can serve as helpful guides in selecting corrective actions. 6. The severity of an accident is largely fortuitous (by chance) and the accident that caused it is largely preventable. 7. The best accident prevention techniques are analogous with the best quality and productivity techniques. 8. Management should assume responsibility for safety since it is the best position to get results. 9. The supervisor is the key person in the prevention of industrial accidents. 10. In addition to the direct cost of an accident (i.e., compensation, liability claims, medical costs, and hospital expenses), there are also hidden or indirect cost. HUMAN FACTORS HUMAN FACTOR THEORY  Attributes accidents to a chain of events ultimately caused by human error.  Consist of three main human error factors:  HUMAN FACTOR THEORY Overload: Inappropriate - Environmental factors: eg. noise, Inappropriate Activities: distraction’ Response: - Internal factors: eg. personal - Detecting a hazard but not - Performing tasks without the problems. stress correcting it requisite training - Situational factors: eg. level of - Removing safeguards from - Misjudging the degree of risk risk, machines and equipments involved with a given task - Unclear instruction - Ignoring safety warnings ACCIDENT/INCIDENT ACCIDENT/INCIDENT THEORY  There are three different domino theories of accident causation: A. Heinrich’s, B. Bird and Loftus’, and C. Marcum’s Domino Theories.  Each domino theory presents a different explanation for the cause of accidents, however, each theory is predicated on the fact that there are three phases to any accident.  The three phases are the pre-contact phase, the contact phase and the post contact phase. THREE PHASES TO AN ACCIDENT The pre-contact The contact The post- phase: phase: contact phase: are the events or is the phase when refers to the conditions that lead the accident results of the up to the accident. actually occurs. accident. LOSS CONTROL THEORY  Frank Bird (1970) developed Loss Control Theory.  Suggested that underlying cause of accidents are lack of management controls and poor management decisions.  Problem: ◦ Not so popular: blames management (responsibility and control). The Accident Pyramid 1 Fatal / Serious injury 3 Lost days 50 First aid 80 Property 400 Near misses TYE/PEARSON/BIRD 1969-1975 BIRD AND LOFTUS’ DOMINO THEORY  This theory states that there are five series factors that could influence an accident.  However, this theory states that the ultimate responsibility for the welfare of the employees lie with the management of an organization.  It is the manager of the organization who can instill the controls necessary to prevent the initiation of the domino effect. BIRD AND LOFTUS’ DOMINO THEORY 1. Lack of Control – Management  Control in this instance refers to the four functions of a manager: planning, organizing, leading and controlling.  Examples of this domino are purchasing substandard equipment or tools, not providing adequate training, or failing to install adequate engineering controls. 2. Basic Cause(s) - Origin(s) The basic causes are frequently classified into a personal factors group and a job factors group. ◦ Personal factors may be lack of knowledge or skill, improper motivation, and physical or mental problems; etc. ◦ Job factors include inadequate work standards, inadequate design or maintenance, normal tool or equipment wear and tear, and abnormal tool usage. 3. Immediate Cause(s) - Symptoms.  The primary symptoms of all incidents are unsafe acts and unsafe conditions. 4. Incident – Contact  An undesired event occurs.  The accidents are often represented by the eleven accident types: ◦ stuck-by - caught-in ◦ fall-to-below - struck-against ◦ caught-on - Overexertion ◦ contact-by - caught-between ◦ exposure - contact-with ◦ foot-level- fall 5. People – Property – Loss  Result of the accident. The effects are property or environment damage or injury to personnel.  MARCUM’S DOMINO THEORY  According to C. E. Marcum’s 1978, Seven Domino Sequence of Misactsidents  A misactsident is an identifiable sequence of misacts associated with inadequate task preparation which could lead to substandard performance and miscompensated risks.  Marcum also includes the cost aspect of a loss.  Like the previous theory, Marcum states that management is ultimately responsible to ensure that the workplace is designed with adequate controls to protect employee.  Through this domino theory, Marcum shows that accidents can be prevented by the management by properly training the employees as well as designing adequate controls into the work process. EPIDEMIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY THEORY SYSTEMS  SYSTEMS THEORY  The systems model is a model developed by R. J. Firenzie.  A system is a group of regularly interacting and interrelated components that together form a unified whole.  The primary components of the system model:  Firenzie recommended five factors be considered before  beginning the process of collecting information, weighing risks and making a decision: (a) Job requirements (b) The workers’ abilities and limitations (c) The gain if the task is successfully accomplished (d) The loss if the task is attempted but fails (e) The loss if the task is not attempted COMBINATION COMBINATION THEORY – MULTIPLE FACTORS THEORY Cause A (Poor lighting) Cause B Accident (Trip) (Not look where going) Cause C (Wood in walkway) Compatible with loss causation theory  The multiple factors theories use four M factors to represent causes of accidents. MAN MACHINE MEDIA MANAGEMENT  Multiple factors theories attempt to identify the hazardous condition (pre-contact) that exist in an operation by revealing the causes that will lead to an accident.  Factor Description Characteristics tools, equipment, or vehicles that may design, shape, size, specific type of energy Machine contribute to an accident used to operate equipment environmental conditions surrounding an gender, age, height, weight, condition, Media accident: weather, walking surface memory, recall, knowledge level snow or water on a roadway, people and human factors that could Man temperature of a building, outdoor contribute to an accident temperature method used to select equipment, train safety rules, organization structure, Management personnel, or ensure a relatively policy and procedures hazard free environment BEHAVIORAL BEHAVIOURAL THEORY BEHAVIOURAL BASED SAFETY (BBS) THEORY  In 80’s Behavioural Based Safety (BBS) was introduced;  Based on Heinrich’s findings.  Work by recognizing safe work habits and offering rewards and punishment.  Problem: ◦ focuses on workers and not on hazard or management. ◦ Reward and punishment system have flaws  BEHAVIOR BASED SAFETY:WHAT IT IS NOT! Only about observation and feedback Concerned only about the behaviors of line employees A substitution for traditional risk management techniques About cheating & manipulating people & aversive control A focus on incident rates without a focus on behavior A process that does not need employee involvement ABC MODEL Antecedents (trigger behavior) Behavior (human performance) Consequences (either reinforce or punish behavior)  ONLY 4 TYPES OF CONSEQUENCES: Positive Reinforcement (R+) ("Do this & you'll be rewarded") Negative Reinforcement (R-) ("Do this or else you'll be penalized") Behavior Punishment (P) ("If you do this, you'll be penalized") Extinction (E) ("Ignore it and it'll go away") CONSEQUENCES INFLUENCE BEHAVIORS BASED UPON INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTIONS OF: { Magnitude -  Significance - large or small positive or negative Impact - personal or other  Timing - immediate or future  Consistency - certain or uncertain BOTH POSITIVE (R+) & NEGATIVE (R-) REINFORCEMENT CAN INCREASE BEHAVIOR R+ : any consequence that follows a Good safety suggestion Joe! Keep behavior and increases the probability bringing ‘em up! that the behavior will occur more often in the future - You get something you want R+ One more report like this and you’re outa here!! R- R- : a consequence that strengthens any behavior that reduces or terminates the consequence - You escape or avoid something you don’t want P e r P f The effects of o punishment r m a n c e Time P e r f E o r The effects of extinction m a n c e Time  If you see this type of performance P curve, you can bet management by e negative reinforcement is the r predominant management style f o r m a n c e Time  TOPIC 3: INCIDENT PREVENTION 3.4. Accidents and Productivity DIRECT VS. INDIRECT ACCIDENT COST ICEBERG It is estimated that for Direct Costs every $1 in direct accident costs, there are anywhere from $4 to $11 in indirect or “hidden” costs. Indirect Costs 4  THE HIDDEN COSTS Insured Costs -- covering injury, ill health, damage. Hidden Uninsured – 8-36 times as much as insured costs 1. Product and material 7. Investigation time damage 8. Supervisors time diverted 2. Plant and building damage 9. Clerical effort 3. Tool and equipment 10. Overtime working damage 11. Temporary labour 4. Expenditure on 12. Loss of expertise / experience emergency supplies 5. Fines 13. Clearing site 6. Legal costs 14. Production delays  DESIGN COSTS (eg to install machine guards). ACCIDENT PREVENTION COSTS SAFE GUARDING THE OPERATIONAL COSTS FUTURE COSTS (health surveillance, audits etc) (training costs, PPE, etc.) COST- BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF CONTROL MEASURES  Compare specific accident costs with cost of specific improvement being suggested. QUALITY MANAGEMENT THE NEW APPROACH TO OSH Principles of Incident Prevention (’50s) is still true but must add following details: Must have organisation and resources to implement policy  proactive (upstream control and planning)  Continual improvements  Management system approach Best available information (and technology) must be applied  Risk-based OSH management system DU PONT 10 PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT ◦ All injuries and occupational illnesses are preventable. ◦ Management is directly responsible for doing this. ◦ Safety is a condition of employment. ◦ Training is required. ◦ Safety audits and inspections must be carried out. ◦ Deficiencies must be corrected promptly. ◦ All unsafe practices, incidents and injury accidents will be investigated. ◦ Safety away from work is as important as safety at work. ◦ Incident prevention is cost-effective; the highest cost is human suffering. ◦ Employees must be actively involved.  SUMMARY  Incident in the workplace is largely caused by lack of management control  “If you think safety is expensive, try accidents”  Implement an appropriate company policy  Control OSH risk  Put a management system in place  Promote Occupational Safety and Health  REFERENCES 1. Goetsh, D. L. (2019). Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers (9th ed), Upper Saddle Rover, NJ, Prentice Hall. 2. Ismail Bahari,Ph.D.(2002).Pengaturan sendiri di dalam Pengurusan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan.Kuala Lumpur,McGraw-Hill Education. 3. O’Donnell, P. & M.P.H. (2001). Health Promotion in the Workplace (3rd ed), New York, Delmar Learning. 4. Reese, C.D. (2003). Occupational Health and Safety Management: A Practical Approach, New York, Lewis. OSH INCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND CORRECTIVE ACTION “THOSE THAT DO NOT LEARN FROM THEIR MISTAKES, ARE BOUND TO REPEAT THEM” 4.2. INVESTIGATION PROVISION IN OSH ACT 1994  PROVISION IN OSHA 1994 PART XI - ENFORCEMENT AND INVESTIGATION 12 SECTIONS : 39 – 48 (10 SET OF POWERS): SECTION 39 – 42: POWER OF ENTRY TO A PREMISE / A SITE / LOCATION SECTION 45 – 45: POWER TO INVESTIGATE AND ASK WITNESS SECTIOIN 47: COMMON OFFENCES DURING INVESTIGATION SECTION 48: ISSUANCE OF NOTICES IMPROVEMENT NOTICE PROHIBITION NOTICE  PART XI - ENFORCEMENT AND INVESTIGATION OSHA 1994 1. Section 39. Powers of entry, inspection, examination, seizure, etc. 2. Section 40. Entry into premises with search warrant and power of seizure. 3. Section 41. Entry into premises without search warrant and power of seizure. 4. Section 42. Power of forceful entry and service on occupier of signed copy of list of things seized from premises. 5. Section 43. Further provisions in relation to inspection. 6. Section 44. Power of investigation. 7. Section 45. Power to examine witnesses. 8. Section 46. Employer, etc., to assist officer. 9. Section 47. Offences in relation to inspection. 10. Section 48. Improvement notice and prohibition notice.  10 POWERS OF DOSH OFFICER 1. Powers of entry, inspection, examination, seizure, etc. 2. To enter premises with search warrant and power of seizure. 3. To enter premises without search warrant and power of seizure. 4. Forceful entry 5. Taking samples. 6. Power to investigate. 7. Power to examine witnesses. 8. Employer or employee to assist officer. 9. Offences in relation to inspection. 10. To issue Improvement notice and prohibition notice.  Section 39. Powers of entry, inspection, examination, seizure, etc. (1) The "officer", means the DOSH officer a) To produce his certificate of authorisation i. enter, ii. inspect and iii. examine any place of work b) But not a place used solely for residential purposes. However, he may enter the residential place only with the consent of the owner!  Section 39. Powers during entry (2). Exercise the power to: a) make examination and investigation of any plant, substance, article or other things b) direct that the place of work or any part be left undisturbed, for the purpose of any examination or investigation c) take such measurements and photographs and recordings for the purpose of examination or investigation d) take samples, articles or substance found in the place and the atmosphere of the place of work e) require any person employed in which the diseases FMA1967 which has occurred to be examined by a medical officer or a registered medical practitioner  Section 39. Powers during entry (3) Where a plant or substance is likely to cause a danger to safety and health, he may – (a) dismantled or test (b) take possession and detain it for following purposes: (i) to examine (ii) to ensure it is not tampered (iii) to ensure it is available as evidence (4) Where an officer is a medical officer he may- (a) carry out such medical examination (b) exercise other powers (5) seek assistance of the police if reasonable cause to apprehend any obstruction in the execution of his duty. (6) an officer may bring with him- (a) any other authorized person (b) any equipment Section 40. Entry into premises with search warrant and power of seizure a) A Magistrate shall issue a warrant to an officer named or referred b) to enter the place of work or residential place c) when there is a case with information and is reasonable for suspecting an offence commit is committed d) at any reasonable time by day or night Section 41. Entry into premises without search warrant and power of seizure a) Where an officer is satisfied upon information received and b) has reasonable grounds for believing that c) by reason of delay in obtaining a search warrant and evidence are likely to be removed or destroyed d) he may enter the place of work or residential place without a warrant and seize or seal the evidence Section 42. Power of forceful entry and service on occupier of signed copy of list of things seized from premises (1) An officer may if it is necessary; a) break open any outer or inner door of a place of work or residential place and enter b) forcibly enter the place and every part c) remove by force any obstruction to entry, search, seizure and removal d) detain every person found in the place until the place has been searched (2) The officer seizing any articles, things, books, documents, plants, substances, installation shall: a) prepare a list of the things seized b) deliver a copy of the list signed by him to the occupier c) post a list of the things seized on the premises  Section 43. Further provisions in relation to inspection (1) Upon entering an officer shall notify the employer and the SHCo of the entry. (2) Upon concluding an inspection, an officer shall give to the employer and the SHCo information with respect to his observations and any action proposes. (3) When samples taken or remove from a place of work for the purposes of analysis, he notifies the employer and the SHCo and where possible- a) divide the sample taken into as many parts as are necessary and marked, sealed or and fastened b) deliver one part each to the employer or the SHCo if required c) retain one part for future comparison and d) if an analysis of the sample is to be made, submit another part to an analyst for analysis  Section 45. Power to examine witnesses (1) May examine orally any person with the facts and circumstances of the case. (2) The person is legally bound to answer all questions only if a) the officer fails or refuses on demand to produce to him the certificate of authorization b) there is a tendency to expose him to a criminal charge or penalty (3) A person making a statement is legally bound to state the truth (4) An officer must inform the person of the subsections (2) and (3) above (5) A statement made is reduced into writing and signed by him or affixed with his thumb print, given an opportunity to make any correction he may wish (6) An officer may use the assistance of an interpreter  Section 46. Employer, etc., to assist officer. Assistance to the officer is by; a) The owner or occupier b) The employer at, any place of work c) The agent or d) Employee of the owner  Section 47. Offences in relation to inspection A person who – a) refuses access or to assist b) obstructs, induces or attempts to induce the officer c) fails to produce any document required d) conceals the location or person or any plant or substance from the officer e) prevents or attempts other person from assisting the officer f) (hinders, impedes or opposes the officer  Section 48. Improvement notice and prohibition notice If an officer is of the opinion that a place of work, plant, substance or process is ; a) likely to be a danger, or b) likely to cause bodily injury c) a serious risk to the health of any person d) likely to cause damage to any property The officer shall serve an improvement notice requiring the person to a) take measures to remove the danger b) rectify any defect c) within such period after which it is not be used or operated when the period expires.  Section 48. Improvement notice and prohibition notice. If an officer is of the opinion that the defect in subsection (1) is; a) likely to cause immediate danger to life or property The officer shall serve a prohibition notice prohibiting a) of the use or operation of the place of work, plant, substance or process until danger posed is removed b) the defect made good and satisfy the officer. OSH INCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND CORRECTIVE ACTION “THOSE THAT DO NOT LEARN FROM THEIR MISTAKES, ARE BOUND TO REPEAT THEM” CONTENT 4.1. Overview of an incident / accident investigation 4.2. Investigation Provision in OSH Act 1994 4.3. Principles of accident investigation LEARNING OUTCOMES To describe the importance of incident investigation To describe the Sections provision in OSHA 1994 To explain the principles of investigation To identify the steps in incident investigation 4.1. OVERVIEW OF AN INCIDENT / ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WHAT IS AN INCIDENT INVESTIGATION A management tool by which: Work-related injuries, ill health, diseases and incidents are systematically studied so that their root causes and contributing factors can be identified The organisation’s Occupational Safety And Health management system can be continually improved WHY INVESTIGATE AN INCIDENT? Prevent future incidents To identify and correct/eliminate unsafe conditions, acts or procedures Accurate record (for insurance, legal prosecution, public enquiries) Organisation’s own policy and business reasons Reduce costs and down time Regulatory requirements Process Workers' Compensation Board (WCB) claims FOUR MAIN AIMS OF AN INVESTIGATION An incident investigation shall, as far as possible, 1. determine the cause or causes of the incident 2. identify any unsafe conditions, unsafe acts or procedures which contributed in any manner to the incident and 3. recommend corrective action to prevent similar incidents 4. to prevent a recurrence of the same accident THE AIM IS NOT TO: Exonerate (to declare free from being blame) individuals or management Satisfy insurance requirements Defend a position for legal argument Or, to assign blame WHO SHOULD INVESTIGATE? Depends on severity of the incident Internal Investigation team Individuals involved Supervisor, Safety officer Upper management Outside consultants Members of the safety and health committee External agency involvement DOSH and / or DOE, Police, etc. WHO SHOULD DO THE INVESTIGATION? Expert in accident causation: Investigations shall be carried out by persons knowledgeable about the type of work involved Experienced in investigative techniques and full knowledgeable of work processes procedures persons and industrial relations environment Unbiased/impartial Safety Committee member or other investigating bodies WHOSE ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES? Management / Managers Safety Director / Executive Safety and Health Committee Supervisors Task Force INFORMING DOSH OFFICE (NADOOPOD 2004) Every employer shall inform DOSH Office immediately of the occurrence of any accident which: resulted in serious injury to or the death of a worker, or involved a major structural failure or collapse of a building, bridge, tower, crane, hoist, temporary construction support system, or excavation, or involved the major release of a hazardous substance, or was an incident required by regulation to be reported. WHAT TO INVESTIGATE? All serious, near miss and major accidents usually investigated automatically. Minor and Near-Miss indicators that point to a condition or practice that, if allowed to continue, could cause injury or equipment damage. Investigations of serious accidents often reveal earlier incidents of a similar nature that have been dismissed as insignificant. WHAT TO DETERMINING DURING ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION? Who - was involved/injured? Witnesses Where- did accident happen? exactly When - did accident occur? Time, date, activities, What - were immediate & basic causes Why - was unsafe act/condition permitted How - can similar accidents be prevented FOUR BASIC TYPES OF INCIDENTS Minor accidents: Paper cuts finger, box of materials dropped Serious accidents (cause injury or damage to equipment or property): Falling off a ladder, hazardous chemical Spill, forklift dropping a load Long Term Hearing loss, an illness resulting from exposure to chemicals Near misses WHEN TO INVESTIGATE? As soon as possible to prevent: Scene interference Deterioration of evidence Losing people’s recollection of the incidence SAFETY AND HEALTH INCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND CORRECTIVE ACTION “THOSE THAT DO NOT LEARN FROM THEIR MISTAKES, ARE BOUND TO REPEAT THEM” 4.3. PRINCIPLES OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION FIVE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION Accidents are generally rooted in management system flaws or failures All accidents (or at least their outcomes) are preventable Investigations must be aimed at identifying root causes Proper investigative techniques & tools Proper investigative training ACCIDENT TIME PHASES Look at accident in three time phases. Events leading up to accident. The accident. Immediately afterwards.  INVESTIGATION PLANNING & STRATEGY : SIX STEPS STEP 1: Collect Information: Search and gather for establish facts: On-Site and Off-Site STEP 2: Analyze/Determine All Causes: Immediate and root causes STEP 3: Assess Future Accident Potential STEP 4: Develop Corrective Action STEP 5: Report Data, Review Findings and Make Recommendations STEP 6: Implement/Take Corrective Actions and Monitor INVESTIGATION STEPS STEP 1 STEP 1: Collect Information: On-Site and Off-Site On-site: ❑ Securing the scene ❑ Investigating at the scene ❑ Recording key information ❑ Equipment is needed... Off-site: ❑ Interview key people ❑ Assess past accident history ❑ Review pertinent records SECURING THE SCENE Identify of the individual/person who is in charge and assigns STEP 1 responsibilities Determine the authority to conduct investigation; Securing the accident site for the duration of the investigation, after rescue and damage control are complete Gather photographic support or capability Follow procedures to ensure observation and recording of fragile, perishable or transient evidence (instrument readings, control panel settings, weather & other environmental conditions, chemical spills, stains, skid marks) MAKING SCENE OBSERVATION STEP 1 Visit all accident scenes/locations Take/collect samples Visual records: for evidence proving Preserve accident items: labelled / barricade Identify people involved: worker /supervisor /manager / visitors/vendors Interview witnesses: within /outside the scene Review information: counter check between observations /locations RECORDING KEY INFORMATION STEP 1 What was the exact/nature of injury or damage? What was the damaging source of energy? What event before and immediately preceded the damaging event? What happened in between? What else was going on at the time of the accident? Was anyone else involved? Interview witnesses EQUIPMENTS camera, film, flash & INVESTIGATION KITS STEP 1 tape measure specimen containers clipboard, pad of paper magnifying glass pens, pencils compass A.I. forms danger tags Checklist yellow crayon cassette recorder & spare tapes orange fluoro spray paint Highly visible barrier tape for scene Torch/flash light with batteries preservation Highly visible orange vest first aid kit hearing & eye protection identification tags for parts plastic containers for samples gloves (industrial & medical) roll of paper toweling safety helmet INTERVIEWING KEY PEOPLE / WITNESS STEP 1 Availability of witnesses: The employer must: make every reasonable effort to have available for interview by the person conducting the investigation, or by an officer of the SHCo: all witnesses to the incident and any other persons whose presence might be required for a proper investigation of the incident Record the names, addresses and telephone numbers of witnesses and other persons with information WHO TO INTERVIEW? STEP 1 Injured worker supervisor eye witnesses workers on another shift new or transferred workers to area anyone with information! MANNER OF CONDUCTING INTERVIEWS STEP 1 Put the person a ease they may not see the bigger picture and feel personally responsible Reassure each person of the investigation’s main purpose. Ask person/witness to relate their account of the accident (in their own words) Listen but do not interrupt Do not take notes? Do not use a tape recorder? MANNER OF CONDUCTING INTERVIEWS STEP 1 (CONTINUED) Have person relate account again. Take notes Ask questions Go over notes with person to ensure accuracy Ask for suggestions to prevent recurrence Thank person for their help  STEP 2: DETERMINING CAUSES; STEP 2 The root cause is the most fundamental and direct cause of an accident or incident There may be one or more contributory causes, in addition to the root cause Accident Investigation is ineffective unless all causes are determined and corrected ACCIDENT CAUSATION: STEP 2 MUST REMEMBER 3 BASIC FACTS: Accidents are caused. Unsafe Acts or Unsafe Conditions? Most accidents have at four or five root causes or factors that contribute. Often there are more. Your task is to identify as many as possible Accidents can be prevented by eliminating the causes Unless the causes are eliminated, the same accidents will happen again ACCIDENT CAUSATION STEP 2 3 questions to ask, when considering the contributing factors of an accident. What can management do to prevent the incident from recurring? What can the supervisor do to prevent recurrence? What can the worker do? A. ACCIDENT CAUSES – STEP 2 IMMEDIATE CAUSE ANALYSIS 1. Human behaviour 2. Design of equipment and plant 3. Systems & procedures including use of materials 4. Environmental Surroundings B. ACCIDENT CAUSES – STEP 2 ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS 1. Task 2. Material/Equipment 3. Environment 4. Human Factors 5. Management (cultural factors) 1. TASK STEP 2 Was a safe work procedure used? Had conditions changed to make the normal procedure unsafe? Were the appropriate tools and materials available and used? Were safety devices working properly? 2. MATERIALS / EQUIPMENT STEP 2 Was there an equipment failure? What caused it to fail? Poor design? …. Poor Maintenance? Were hazardous materials involved? Were they clearly identified? Was a less hazardous material possible/available? Should PPE has been used? 3. ENVIRONMENT STEP 2 Weather conditions? Housekeeping? Temperature? Lighting? Noise? Air contaminants? 4. HUMAN FACTORS STEP 2 Age Experience Attitude Physical condition Health status Emotional status C. ACCIDENT CAUSES - MANAGEMENT / ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS STEP 2 Had hazards been previously identified? Were hazards eliminated or adequately controlled? Had procedures been developed to address them? Were work procedures available/followed? ANALSYSE THE CORE MANAGEMENT STEP 2 RESPONSIBILITIES: Task Structure Work organization Workplace design/layout Equipment availability Policies/procedures Training program-new & transferred Supervision New employee screening program Management’s example WHY INSPECTION FAIL? Inspection was done by incompetent person Inspection did not identify the hazard which could lead to the accident Inspection must have done using outdated checklist The result of the inspection was not communicated to the management Lack of management commitment to take necessary action to implement the control measures identified in the inspection Poor employees health and safety culture toward identified control measures The control measures recommended are not enough to eliminate the hazard Poor health and safety culture within the organization STEP 3: ASSESS FUTURE POTENTIAL STEP 3 Assess Severity: Class A Hazard (Major): A condition or practice likely to cause permanent disability, loss of life, body part and/or extensive property loss or damage Class B Hazard (Serious): A condition or practice likely to cause serious injury or illness (resulting in temporary disability) or property damage that is disruptive, but less severe than Class A Class C Hazard (Minor): A condition or practice likely to cause minor (non-disabling) injury or illness or non-disruptive property damage ANALYZE FOR REMEDIES STEP 3 Identify factors which if modified would eliminate the unsafe behavior Example - in this instance it may be discovered that: worker had not been trained in lockout procedures, unsafe behavior not corrected in past as supervisors not adequately trained to correct workload means that if lockout device is not readily available, then it will not be used ANALYSE IMPACT AND EFFECT OF ACCIDENTS 1. On the Victim STEP 3 Death Pain & suffering Permanent disability Effects on family & dependents Loss of earnings Extra expenditure Inability to resume occupation Psychological effects Feeling of uselessness Fear of further injury Social effects Loss of sports or hobby ANALYSISE IMPACT AND EFFECT OF ACCIDENTS STEP 3 1. On the Victim 2. On the Supervisor loss of trained worker loss of production extra work investigations & reports training new employee loss of prestige by: management other workers effects on promotion worry (could I have prevented it ?) Stress ANALYSE IMPACT AND EFFECT OF ACCIDENTS 1. On the Victim STEP 3 2. On the Supervisor 3. On the Company loss of trained worker loss of production damage to machinery damage to equipment wasted materials increased insurance premiums prosecutions fines civil actions legal costs loss of prestige - customers ANALYSE IMPACT AND EFFECT OF ACCIDENTS STEP 3 1. On the Victim 2. On the Supervisor 3. On the Company 4. On the Nation loss of section of workforce loss of production increased cost of production effects on imports effects on exports effects on balance of trade the community pays! EVALUATING / ANALYZING INFORMATION STEP 3 Be objective - don’t start with a fixed opinion Consider all contributing factors Consider what information is direct, circumstantial or hearsay Do not draw conclusion on the first basic cause found Key questions: Why did unsafe behavior occur? Why did unsafe condition exist? STEP 4: CORRECTING THE CAUSES STEP 4 Control(s) must directly address each cause identified Consider short term controls if permanent controls are not readily available More than one control may be needed Use the “Control Hit List” to make sure that the “best” control has been found THE CONTROL HIT LIST