PAPER 1 FOR 2021 - DLK.pdf

IMSS- INDIAN MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy (IMSS) divided into:- Strategy for Deterrence. Strategy for Conflict Strategy for Shaping a Favourable and Positive Maritime Environment. This Strategy for Coastal and Offshore Security Strategy for Maritime Force and Capability Development. India’s Maritime Security (IMSS) - Aim and Objectives To deter conflict and coercion against India. To conduct maritime military operations in a manner that enables early termination of conflict on terms favourable to India. To shape a favourable and positive maritime environment, for enhancing net security in India’s areas of maritime interest. To protect Indian coastal and offshore assets against attacks and threats emanating from or at sea. To develop requisite maritime force levels and maintain the capability for meeting India’s maritime security requirements. Maritime security STRATEGY IN PERSPECTIVE (a) Revised Maritime Security and Strategic Perspective Ensure secure seas in two key aspects (i) The rise in source, types & intensity of threats. (ii) Freedom to use the seas. Based on principles & concepts of National Security & Maritime power. (b) Key Determinants for Shaping the Maritime Security Strategy The safety and security of seaborne trade and energy routes, especially in the IOR, considering their effect on global economies and India’s national interests. The importance of maintaining freedom of navigation and strengthening the international legal regime at sea, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), for all-round benefit. The considerable scope and value in undertaking cooperation and coordination between various navies, to counter common threats at sea. Dedicated focus on Combating the persisting nature of threats emanating at and from the sea. Strengthening mechanisms for interagency coordination and cooperation. Developing a seamless, cohesive maritime security framework. (c) National Maritime Interests India’s maritime interests that are addressed are as follows:- Protect India’s sovereignty and territorial integrity against threats in the maritime environment. Promote safety and security of Indian citizens, shipping, fishing, trade, energy supply, assets and resources in the maritime domain. Pursue peace, stability and security in India’s maritime zones, maritime neighbourhood and other areas of maritime interest. Preserve and project other national interests in the maritime dimension. Maritime security IMPERATIVES AND INFLUENCES (a) India’s Maritime Outlook The maritime outlook of a nation is shaped by the growth of population, industry, infrastructure and politico-economic power along the coast, and the ensuing dependence on the seas for national growth and prosperity. It is a central determinant of a nation’s maritime interests and strategy. key drivers of India’s maritime outlook its unique and advantageous geography the need for sustained economic growth a dynamic geo-strategic environment the need to ensure safety and security of its SLOCs the security of Indian investments other interests overseas, including Indian diaspora. (b) Maritime Geography India has a vast coastline extending to more than 7,500 km, with more than 1,200 islands, and a large Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of about two million sq. km The Indian Ocean maritime access to the region possible only through certain ‘choke points’ leading to and from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, and from the southern Indian Ocean. (c) Choke Points of IOR Cape of Good Hope Mozambique channel Bab-el-Mandeh Suez Canal Strait of Hormuz Malaccas & Sinagpore Straits Sunda Straits Lombok Strait Ombai & Wetar Straits (d) Maritime Neighbours India shares maritime boundaries with seven countries (Indonesia, Thailand, Srilanka, Maldives, Myanamar, Thailand & Bangladesh) and has settled the boundaries with all, except Pakistan, in accordance with international laws and norms. Strengthening relations with maritime neighbours requires mutual respect for the common principles of international law and the tenets of Panchsheel. These principles and tenets have been consistently supported by India, including in the maritime domain. (e) Maritime Relations Look East Policy, Now Act East Policy Project Mausam in 2014 SAGAR – Security And Growth for All in the Region (f) Maritime Economy Maritime economy covers the range of economic activities related to the maritime domain, including for ports, coastal infrastructure, shipping, fishing, seaborne trade, offshore energy assets, undersea pipelines and cables, and seabed resources (g) Sea Lines of Communication (h) Overseas Maritime Investments (j) Overseas Indians (k) AREAS OF MARITIME INTEREST (i) Primary Areas India’s primary areas of maritime interest include the following:- India’s coastal areas and maritime zones, including coastline, islands, internal sea waters, territorial waters, contiguous zone, EEZ and continental shelf. The Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea, and their littoral regions. The Persian Gulf and its littoral, which is the source of majority of our oil supplies and gas imports, and is home to more than seven million expatriate Indians. The Gulf of Oman, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea, and their littoral regions. South-West Indian Ocean, including IOR island nations therein and East Coast of Africa littoral regions. The choke points leading to, from and across the Indian Ocean, including the Six- degree Channel; Eight/ Nine-degree Channels; Straits of Hormuz, Bab-el-Mandeb, Malacca, Singapore, Sunda and Lombok; the Mozambique Channel, and Cape of Good Hope and their littoral regions. Other areas encompassing our SLOCs, and vital energy and resource interests. (ii) Secondary Areas India’s secondary areas of maritime interest include the following:- South-East Indian Ocean, including sea routes to the Pacific Ocean and littoral regions in vicinity. South and East China Seas, Western Pacific Ocean, and their littoral regions. Southern Indian Ocean Region, including Antarctica. Mediterranean Sea, West Coast of Africa, and their littoral regions. Other areas of national interest based on considerations of Indian diaspora, overseas investments and political relations. (l) MARITIME THREATS Traditional Threats and Sources The traditional sources refer to states with organised military capability and resources, which harbour adversarial posture and inimical intent towards India. Hostile actions would potentially be of a higher order. Traditional sources pose a higher level of threat to India’s national security interests. sources of traditional threat would be from states with a history of aggression against India, and those with continuing disputes or maintaining adversarial postures to India’s national interests Non-Traditional Threats and Sources o Maritime Terrorism - At Sea & from the Sea. o Piracy and Armed Robbery at sea o Unregulated Activities at Sea Trafficking/ Smuggling llegal, unreported and unregulated Fishing (Iuu). Proliferation of Private Armed Security. (m) Concerns Regarding DEPLOYMENT OF ARMED SECURITY GUARDS ON MERCHANT SHIPS Possible infiltration of non-state actors Possibility of escalation of violence at sea Liabilities for injuries/ deaths of innocent fishermen and seafarers Issue of right of innocent passage (as per UNCLOS) by merchant ships with armed security personnel embarked Facilitation by Coastal States for embarking/ disembarking foreign security guards from hitherto unarmed merchant ships Infringement of over-riding authority of the Master, mandated under International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) (n) Climate Change and Natural Disasters (p) Critical Common Requirements for Maritime Security Maritime Domain Awareness. Force Structures and Capabilities. Preparedness and Presence. Networked Operations. Jointness and Coordination. Strategic Communication. STRATEGY FOR DETERRENCE (a) India’s Deterrence Strategy The strategy for deterrence will form part of the overall national deterrence strategy, towards a composite effort that would synergise all elements of national power (political, diplomatic, informational, military and economic), and be appropriately conveyed through strategic communication The Indian Navy will contribute to national deterrence strategy by its capability, posture and actions under its overall maritime security strategy. (b) Nuclear Deterrence Nuclear deterrence merits consideration as a separate level of deterrence, due to the nature of the weapon and its potential for mass destruction. the fundamental purpose of India’s nuclear weapons is to deter the use and threat of use of nuclear weapons against India. its nuclear weapons will only be used in retaliation against a nuclear attack. India is committed to both, a No First Use (NFU) policy for nuclear weapons, and to their non- use against non-nuclear weapon states. The three principles central to India’s nuclear deterrence, viz. credibility, effectiveness and survivability, are imbibed in the sea-based segment of the nuclear triad, primarily the nuclear powered submarine carrying ballistic missiles (SSBN). (c) Conventional Deterrence Conventional deterrence requires the maintenance of suitable combat power for exercising both methods of deterrence, viz. by denial and by punishment. It will be necessary to maintain highly effective conventional military capabilities for achieving conventional deterrence Also for raising the nuclear threshold in support of the nuclear doctrine. Strategy for Deterrence – Employed, Supporting and Supported Roles, Objectives, Missions and Tasks ROLE MILITARY DIPLOMATIC CONSTABULARY Deterrence against Strengthen Political Relations Coastal and Offshore OBJECTIVES Conflict and Coercion and Goodwill Security Defence of India’s Strengthen Defence Relations Security of EEZ Territorial Integrity, with Friendly States Citizens and Offshore Good Order at Sea Assets from Portray Credible Defence Seaborne Threats Posture and Capability Influence Affairs on Strengthen Maritime Security Land in IOR Safeguard India’s Promote Regional and Global National Interests and Security Maritime Security ROLE MILITARY DIPLOMATIC CONSTABULARY Nuclear Second Strike Constructive Maritime Counter Terrorism MISSIONS MDA Engagement Sea Control Counter Armed Sea Denial Maritime Assistance and Threats from Non- State Power Projection Support Presence Actors Expeditionary Ops SLOC Protection Special Forces Ops Seaward Defence Coastal and Offshore Defence Surveillance Patrol Overseas Deployment Counter Infiltration TASK Anti-Submarine Ops Flag Showing/ Port Visits Patrol Anti-Surface Ops Hosting Foreign Warships’ Anti-Trafficking Anti-Air Ops Visits Technical and Logistics Information Ops Support Foreign Training Electronic Warfare Bilateral/ Multilateral Exercises Protection of Offshore Coordinated Patrol Assets Activities under the IONS Mine Warfare Programme Harbour Defence MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE MARITIME STRATEGY FOR DETERRENCE , include:- Force Structure and Capabilities. Threat Assessment and Contingency Planning. Strategic Situational Awareness and Maritime Domain Awareness. Preparedness and Presence. Strategic Communication. Force structure and capabilities Must cater to the full range of threats posed by potential adversaries, based on their history, capabilities and posture, including sources of support. Force development plans must account for the fact that new threats may emerge faster than the new capabilities being developed. An iterative and broader capability-driven approach, which also incorporates likely current and future threats, will be maintained to enhance deterrence and safeguard India’s maritime interests. Indian Navy’s Maritime Capability Perspective Plan (MCPP) will continue to be refined, as per emergent threats and challenges. Capability gaps will be addressed by developing a timely, efficient and effective process, in coordination with other agencies. Especially for the lower intensity, non- traditional threats, so as to ensure optimisation of resources and maximisation of operational capabilities. Threat Assessment and Contingency Planning The Indian Navy will continue to monitor the maritime and threat environment, in coordination with other agencies. Contingency plans for changes in the strategic situation, including stages and pace of change, from stable deterrence to unstable deterrence and proxy/ covert conflict to open conflict by the adversary, will be kept updated. This mechanism would enhance the deterrence value of our strategy, as also the response capability. convey to the adversary the likely failure of his plans, with assurance of high costs, so as to strengthen deterrence Strategic Situational Awareness and Maritime Domain Awareness Strategic situational awareness will require gathering and correlation of information obtained at all levels, and its analysis, to develop the strategic picture. This will require sustained investment in human resources, including analysts, language specialists, area/ country specialists; development of technical means, including for gathering of data across all dimensions – air, surface, underwater, space and cyber. The term Maritime Domain Awareness qualifies a traditional maritime need for situational awareness at sea, and is used in the modern sense as an all-encompassing concept. It involves being cognisant of the position and intentions of all actors, whether own, hostile or neutral, and in all dimensions - on, over and under the seas. MDA in the areas of maritime interest will be developed by the Indian Navy based on both, integral efforts and inputs from other agencies Preparedness and Presence Preparedness for undertaking the range of missions and tasks will be enhanced through the combination of force capabilities, materiel readiness, training, leadership, MDA, jointness, networking and logistics Presence will be exercised by the forward deployment of naval forces with requisite capabilities, reach and sustenance through various methods. These include surveillance and patrol missions, maritime exercises and operations, port visits, and interactions with friendly maritime forces. Strategic Communication Indian Navy will pursue strategic communication through the systematic projection of activities, in a linked, coherent and mutually supportive manner, to inform, engage and shape the perceptions of various stakeholders and audiences, for strategic purpose. This will aim to enhance understanding, focus efforts and improve coordination amongst our forces and agencies, whilst providing reassurance in the public domain. It will also endeavour to undermine the confidence of potential adversaries in pursuing aggressive posture against India and, thereby, strengthen deterrence. Done by a combination of ‘words’ and ‘actions’. ‘Words’ will include relevant statements of policy, practices and posture, while ‘actions’ will be conveyed through presence, demonstration of force capability, deployment patterns, force development and training STRATEGY FOR CONFLICT Strategy for Conflict – Employed, Supporting and Supported Roles, Objectives, Missions and Tasks ROLE MILITARY DIPLOMATIC CONSTABULAR Y Decisive Military Victory in Case of War Strengthen Political Coastal and Relations and Goodwill Offshore Security Defence of India’s Territorial Integrity, Citizens and Offshore Assets from Seaborne Strengthen Defence OBJECTIVES Threats Relations with Friendly States Influence Affairs on Land Portray Credible Defence Safeguard India’s Mercantile Marine and Posture and Capability Maritime Trade Safeguard India’s National Interests and Maritime Security Nuclear Second Strike Constructive Maritime Counter Terrorism MDA Engagement Sea Control Counter Armed Sea Denial Presence Threats from Non- Blockade State Actors MISSIONS Power Projection Force Protection Expeditionary Ops Compellance Destruction SLOC Interdiction SLOC Protection Special Forces Ops Seaward Defence Coastal and Offshore Defence Surveillance Technical and Logistics Counter Infiltration Patrol Support Maritime Strike Patrol Anti-Submarine Ops Foreign Training Anti-Surface Ops Anti-Trafficking Anti-Air Ops Coordinated Patrol TASKS Amphibious Ops Information Ops Electronic Warfare Protection of Offshore Assets NCAGS & NCS Ops Mine Warfare VBSS Harbour Defence (a) OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLES (i) Application of Force The maritime strategy for conflict envisages the application of adequate armed force, in an effective and efficient manner against the adversary, so as to optimally attain the military and political objectives. The application of maritime force shall be in accordance with the prescribed Rules of Engagement (RoE) and the Laws of Armed Conflict, particularly the principles of necessity, proportionality and distinction. These would duly consider the distinct legal regime related to maritime warfare, and the prevailing circumstances and conditions. (ii) Strategic Effect The strategic effects would include the following:- Repulsion of aggression. Management of escalation. Degradation of the threats emanating from conflict. Imposition of punitive costs. Psychological dominance. Creation of military conditions for an early and favourable conclusion of conflict. Protection of national maritime interests. (b) OPERATIONAL ENABLERS (i) Maritime Domain Awareness for Conflict MDA will be developed using all sources, including aircraft, both manned and unmanned, ships, submarines, Special Forces (SF), ground and space-based assets, information and cyber systems. MDA will shape and support our actions during conflict, enable disruption of the adversary’s Information- Decision-Action (IDA) cycle, and contribute to generation of battle-space dominance During conflict, MDA will also need to be maintained on the presence or absence of neutrals. This is a unique requirement for maritime warfare, governed by international law, since a maritime conflict zone is neither static nor limited by geographical constraints, except the territorial waters of a neutral nation. (ii) Networked Operations Networking is an essential requirement for effective MDA, and for attaining synergy in operations. The wide range of operational activities, spread across all dimensions and vast areas, will be controlled and coordinated through secure and efficient networking of our maritime forces. The means of communication and exchange of operational information would be extended across the Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, and also Army and other agencies as relevant to the operations These provide connectivity across the maritime theatre and strengthen the IDA cycle with rapid, real-time/ near real-time, information correlation and dissemination (iii) Preparedness for Conflict The following would be amongst the measures undertaken:- Contingency planning, catering for possible eventualities. Human resource development, including adequate and realistic training, for the full spectrum of maritime operations. Higher operational availability and readiness of combat forces. Suitable weapons and arming policies. Sufficient stock of munitions and combat spares for sustaining the envisaged tempo, scale, intensity and duration of conflict. Quick and dispersed Operational Turn Round (OTR) capability. Improved operational logistics and replenishment capability at sea. Maintain presence in areas of interest, to develop MDA, obtain familiarity with the operational environment, and enable quick response to any crisis. Augment means and improve preparedness through the strategy for force and capability development. (iv) Jointness and Coordination These will cater to the multiple dimensions of maritime operations, with a variety of platforms operating on sea, air and land, across dispersed areas, and the involvement of numerous agencies The Indian Army, Navy and Air Force will jointly determine the operational plans for defending the nation and prosecuting the conflict The Indian Coast Guard, which will function under operational control of the Indian Navy during conflict The high degree of jointness and coordination required during conflict will be enabled by appropriate networking, joint operational planning, joint training and exercises, and common Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) (v) Operational Tempo Conduct of rapid, synergised operations, with high operational tempo is an important feature of warfighting. A high tempo of operations will increase the speed of the IDA cycle, even as it would aid in challenging and disrupting the adversary’s IDA cycle, so as to generate a favourable asymmetry. will facilitate control over the conflict in time, space or scale, and enable management of escalation on our terms, as required for attaining the desired objectives. In order to maintain and sustain a high operational tempo, the corresponding requirements will be accorded priority and thrust. (d) OPERATIONAL ACTIONS Characterise the way in which the Indian Navy will prosecute conflict. These will be aimed at maintaining, enhancing and exploiting freedom of action, to attain the desired objectives. Operational actions constitute the main component of the strategy for conflict and will include projection of force, coastal defence, sea control, sea denial, SLOC protection, information warfare, and escalation management. The various operational actions are interlinked in many ways, and would mutually support and reinforce each other (e) FORCE PROJECTION (i) Maritime Manoeuvre (ii) Maritime Strike (iii) Amphibious Operations (iv) SLOC INTERDICTION The Indian Navy’s SLOC interdiction plans will take into account the following factors:- Maritime geography and dependence of an adversary on specific sea routes for his conduct of maritime operations and trade. Extent of dependence of the adversary on seaborne trade and strategic commodities imported by sea. The adversary’s vulnerabilities in case of denial of strategic commodities. This aspect would also consider the existing stocks and availability of strategic reserves. Probable duration of conflict. Our capabilities for interdicting the adversary’s SLOCs, in relation to his SLOC protection capabilities. (f) COASTAL AND OFFSHORE DEFENCE will be carried out by the Indian Navy in synergy with the Indian Army, Air Force, Coast Guard and security agencies. Air defence of India’s coastal and offshore assets would be provided by the Indian Air Force. Various tasks that will be undertaken for coastal and offshore defence include maintenance of MDA, coastal and offshore surveillance and patrol, monitoring, control and coordination of shipping and vessel movement in the maritime zones. conduct of Visit, Board, Search and Seizure (VBSS) operations and Examination Services, and Local Naval Defence (LND), including harbour defence, conduct of mine clearance and maintenance of mine-swept channels into harbours. Conduct of coastal and offshore defence will be supported by maritime strike, as required. (g) SEA CONTROL The following factors will be taken into account while planning for sea control:- The main purpose and requirements of the maritime operation, which qualify the extent of sea control and freedom of action required. Our ability to deploy the appropriate type and numbers of forces, to generate the requisite freedom of action. The ability of the adversary to oppose our attaining and exploiting freedom of action. Our ability to maintain and exploit our freedom of action, including by countering the adversary’s actions. (h) SEA DENIAL. In the exercise of sea denial, the following aspects will also be considered:- The importance of a maritime area to the adversary, in pursuing his strategy. Adversary’s capability to exercise sea control in that area. The vulnerability of the adversary in that area to sea denial by our forces. Future requirements of the maritime area for our use. (j) SLOC PROTECTION five broad ways. First, the determination of any changes required to the sea routes themselves, in relation to their location, routeing points, traffic and timing, as per the nature, areas and type of threats envisaged. Second, will be the promulgation of selected sea routes for use by Indian and foreign shipping, operating to/ from Indian harbours. Done by means of Naval Cooperation and Guidance to Shipping (NCAGS) Third, are the measures for Naval Control of Shipping (NCS) for Indian merchant ships, which include control over their movements and routes followed, as per prevalent threat and availability of suitable escort/ protection. Fourth, are the measures to ensure safety and security of shipping in our SLOCs, including physical protection, provision of escort and attaining sea control in key areas. fifth, will be the measures to seek and neutralise the sources of threat to our shipping and SLOCs, as necessary for our operations (k) INFORMATION WARFARE to develop information advantage over the adversary. will address the information chain in relevant domains, including cyber, optical, radar, radio, sonar, visual and voice, and cognitive processes at various stages, across strategic, operational and tactical levels. Information protection will be accorded critical importance, and will be ensured through an array of information security measures. This will include both technical and procedural measures. At the operational and tactical levels, the Indian Navy will progress IW as an integral part of maritime operations. At the strategic level, the Indian Navy will contribute to joint and national efforts by undertaking related actions in the maritime domain. (l) ESCALATION MANAGEMENT our forces maintain the means and strengthen the methodology for ensuring management of escalation. This will provide the ability to control escalation, in a joint manner and in the maritime domain, so as to shape the course of conflict. It will, further, pose deterrence to the adversary against escalating the conflict. Escalation control will be obtained by countering actions of the adversary at all levels of warfare and, more importantly, by gaining the initiative, which would, thereafter be retained and exploited Escalation control in the maritime domain will be coordinated with the overall defence and national effort. STRATEGY FOR SHAPING A FAVOURABLE AND POSITIVE MARITIME ENVIRONMENT Strategy for Shaping a Favourable and Positive Maritime Environment – Employed, Supporting and Supported Roles, Objectives, Missions and Tasks ROL MILITARY DIPLOMATIC CONSTABULAR BENIGN E Y Deterrence against Conflict Strengthen Political Coastal and Promote Civil and Coercion Relations and Goodwill Offshore Security Safety and Security Security of India’s Territorial Strengthen Defence Security of EEZ Integrity, Citizens and Relations with Friendly Project National Offshore Assets from States Good Order at Sea Soft Power OBJECTIVES Seaborne Threats Portray Credible Defence Influence Affairs on Land Posture and Capability Safeguard India’s Mercantile Strengthen Maritime Marine and Maritime Trade Security in IOR Safeguard India’s National Promote Regional and Interests and Maritime Global Security Security MDA Constructive Maritime Counter Terrorism HADR Engagement Force Protection Counter Armed Aid to Civil MISSIONS Maritime Assistance and Threats from Non- Authorities SLOC Protection Support State Actors Seaward Defence Hydrography Presence Coastal and Offshore SAR Defence Peace Support Ops ROL MILITARY DIPLOMATIC CONSTABULAR BENIGN E Y Surveillance Overseas Deployment Counter Infiltration Provision of Relief Patrol Flag Showing/ Port Patrol Material and Visits Supplies Information Exchange Anti-Piracy Hosting Foreign Warships’ Medical Protection of Offshore Visits Anti-Poaching Assistance Assets Technical and Logistics Anti-Trafficking Diving VBSS Support Assistance TASKS Harbour Defence Foreign Training Hydrographic Assistance Coordinated Patrol Bilateral/ Multilateral Exercises NEO Peace Enforcement, Peace Making, Peace Keeping and Peace Building Activities under the IONS Programme (a) PRINCIPLES OF NET MARITIME SECURITY (i) Preservation of Peace Maintaining and promoting conditions of peace in the maritime environment would enable keeping of traditional threats and challenges at minimal levels, which will also facilitate economic growth and national development. This would need adherence to international law and norms by maritime nations. Enhancing mutual understanding through maritime engagements between maritime forces, and the exercise of strategic communication, would assist this element. (ii) Promotion of Stability Regular monitoring of the maritime situation, promotion of good order at sea, and measures to prevent and check the rise of threats from traditional and non-traditional sources, would strengthen stability of the maritime environment. Maintenance of presence by our own and friendly maritime forces, both independently and under cooperative mechanisms, would help promote maritime stability. (iii) Maintenance of Security The maintenance of security in a maritime environment, with many Indian and international stakeholders, requires a comprehensive and coordinated approach to contain challenges, counter threats and manage changes. The measures would include maintenance of presence, pursuit of maritime engagements, capacity building and capability enhancement, and conduct of maritime security operations. (b) ACTIONS FOR NET MARITIME SECURITY The key actions for net maritime security, under this strategy , are as follows Presence and Rapid Response. Maritime Engagement. Capacity Building and Capability Enhancement. Develop Regional MDA. Maritime Security Operations. Strategic Communication for Net Maritime Security (c) PRESENCE AND RAPID RESPONSE Presence and Surveillance Mission (PSM). Patrol. Overseas Deployment (OSD). (d) MARITIME ENGAGEMENT The Indian Navy will pursue maritime engagements in multiple ways:- Port Visits. Personnel Exchanges. Staff Talks and Interactions. Exercises with Foreign Navies. Passage Exercises. Occasional Exercises Institutionalised Exercises Maritime Assistance. Operational Interactions. MILAN. IMBL Meetings Anti-Piracy Cooperative Mechanisms. High-Level Maritime Strategic Interactions Maritime Security Focus in IORA. Indian Ocean Naval Symposium Maritime Security Multilateral Cooperation (e) CAPACITY BUILDING AND CAPABILITY ENHANCEMENT (i) Training Cooperation (ii) Technical Cooperation (iii) Hydrographic Cooperation (f) DEVELOPING REGIONAL MDA This will include efforts for development of Coastal Surveillance Radar System (CSRS) Chains in the region, especially the IOR island states. This would enhance the surveillance coverage of these states, whilst facilitating development of a broader regional MDA network. Indian Navy is, accordingly, pursuing arrangements for sharing of white shipping and air traffic information between friendly nations in the region. This will be supported by the creation of networked systems that link and compare all information received, including data from commercial sources. (g) MARITIME SECURITY OPERATIONS The maritime security operations under this strategy include the following:- EEZ Surveillance and Patrols. Coordinated Patrols (CORPAT). Anti-Piracy Operations. Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief Operations. Non-combatant Evacuation Operations. Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIO). Peace Support Operations (PSO). Maritime Search and Rescue (M-SAR). (h) STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION FOR NET MARITIME SECURITY Navy to enhance net security in our areas of maritime interest will remain important and be accorded due focus to ensure positive effect of activities conducted, relevant tools of communication will be utilised to project the appropriate image, in a timely and accurate manner, taking into consideration both planned events and sudden developments towards the larger purpose of promoting a favourable and positive maritime environment. Strategy For COASTAL AND OFFSHORE SECURITY Strategy for Coastal and Offshore Security – Employed, Supporting, and Supported Roles, Objectives, Missions and Tasks ROLE MILITARY DIPLOMATIC CONSTABULARY BENIGN Deterrence against Conflict Strengthen Defence Coastal and Offshore Promote Civil and Coercion Relations with Friendly Security Safety and States Security Defence of India’s Territorial OBJECTIVES Good Order at Sea Integrity, Citizens and Portray Credible Defence Offshore Assets from Posture and Capability Seaborne Threats Strengthen Maritime Safeguard India’s National Security in IOR Interests and Maritime Security Promote Regional and Global Security MDA Constructive Maritime Counter Terrorism Aid to Civil Sea Control Force Engagement Authorities Protection Counter Armed MISSIONS Maritime Assistance and Threats from Non- Support State Actors Special Forces Ops Presence Seaward Defence Coastal and Offshore Defence Surveillance Technical and Logistics Counter Infiltration Medical Assistance Support Patrol Patrol Maritime Strike Coordinated Patrol Anti-Piracy Diving Assistance TASKS Information Ops Anti-Trafficking Electronic Warfare Anti-Poaching Protection of Offshore Assets VBSS Harbour Defence (a) DEVELOPING COASTAL AND OFFSHORE SECURITY MECHANISM Focus Areas coastal and off shore security Frame work Coastal and Offshore Maritime Domain Awareness Coastal Community Participation Coordinated Presence and Patrol Coordinated Operational Response Cooperative Capability Development Maritime Governance (b) COASTAL AND OFF SHORE SECURITY FRAME WORK Coastal Security Mandates the Indian Navy was entrusted with the responsibility for overall maritime security, including coastal security and offshore security. The Indian Coast Guard is responsible for ensuring security of the maritime zones of India, and protection of maritime and other national interests therein. It has been additionally designated as the authority responsible for coastal security in territorial waters, including waters to be patrolled by the State Marine Police Coastal Waters threats can move swiftly across open waters from the high seas into India’s maritime zones and coastal waters. This necessitates monitoring of sea areas extending beyond the coastal waters in order to secure this zone and ensure timely detection and response to emergent threats. Coastal Security focused on the coastal waters ensured through coordinated efforts amongst multiple stakeholders at the Centre and States towards provision of comprehensive security against traditional and non-traditional threats. has a wide connotation encompassing maritime border management, island security, maintenance of peace, stability and good order in coastal areas and enforcement of laws security of ports, coastal installations and other structures, including Vital Areas and Vital Points (VAs/ VPs), vessels and personnel operating in coastal areas. Offshore Security relates to the safety and protection of offshore assets, including artificial islands, offshore terminals, installations and other structures and devices in the EEZ. responsibility of the Indian Coast Guard & supported by the Indian Navy as required towards overall maritime security. Immediate Support Vessels (ISVs), conduct regular offshore defence patrols in the Offshore Development Areas (ODA) in support of offshore security. Coastal and Offshore Defence (c) COASTAL AND OFFSHORE MARITIME DOMAIN AWARENESS (i) Position Reporting Systems These systems and processes also assist the maritime agencies in maintaining MDA for coastal and offshore security, by suitable sharing, linking and correlation of information:- Indian Ship Position and Information Reporting System (INSPIRES). Indian Maritime Search and Rescue (INDSAR). Island Reporting (ISLEREP). Pre-Arrival Notification of Security (PANS). Long Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT). Automatic Identification System (AIS). Space-Based Automatic Identification System (AIS-SB). Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B). White Shipping Information. Air Traffic Information. (ii) New Position Reporting Systems Fishing Vessels and License Information Management Biometric Identity Cards Port Vessel Information Management Static Surveillance Dynamic Surveillance Intelligence (d) INFORMATION NETWORKING AND MANAGEMENT This requires information networking and management in several, simultaneous layers, which is being done through dedicated systems:- Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS) and Vessel and Air Traffic Management System (VATMS). National AIS (NAIS) Network. Merchant Shipping Information System (MSIS). Coastal Surveillance Network (CSN). National Command Control Communication and Intelligence Network (NC3IN). National MDA (NMDA). (d) COASTAL COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION coastal community to serve as the ‘eyes and ears’ of security agencies. Community Interaction Programmes (CIP) are being conducted by the Indian Coast Guard at all fishing hamlets, to enhance awareness of the coastal populace and fishermen in particular. Initiatives such as the Sagar Rakshak Dal and Village Vigilance Committees, assist the security agencies in surveillance, intelligence and patrolling, and have contributed to enhancing coastal security in several states (e) COORDINATED PRESENCE AND PATROL State Marine Police Indian Coast Guard Indian Navy (f) COORDINATED OPERATIONAL RESPONSE Coastal security involves multiple stakeholders with both, independent and shared responsibilities. Coordination amongst these agencies will be maintained through a cooperative approach that will focus on the key aspects to any limitations and constraints of partner agencies. takes into consideration the specific needs of changing threat levels, including conditions wherein a coastal security operation may need to translate rapidly into a coastal defence operation, with joint deployment of forces from multiple maritime agencies Operational Control and Coordination Control and coordination of joint operations will be exercised through the Joint Operations Centres (JOCs), which have been suitably equipped for the purpose, utilising the NC 3IN. four JOCs have been set up at Mumbai, Kochi, Visakhapatnam and Port Blair. All stakeholders operate in a ‘hub-and-spoke’ model Interoperability, Flexibility and Response SOPs for ensuring interoperability and synergy in coastal security operations have been established between the various agencies, taking into consideration respective capabilities, characteristics and operating conditions flexibility in catering to rapid changes that may occur during the conduct of operations. These include transition of control from first responder to lead agency, from single-agency to multi-agency operations, and from security to defence operation Appropriate RoE will govern the use of force, in relation to the threat perceptions and prevailing circumstances Visit, Board, Search and Seizure Coordinated Security Measures (g) COOPERATIVE CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT Training and Technical Assistance Exercises Operational Infrastructure Joint Preparedness (h) MARITIME GOVERNANCE relates to the structured and coordinated actions to govern the maritime domain under India’s jurisdiction, with multiple agencies and functions involved include aspects of apex-level policy and review, interagency monitoring and coordination, and legislative and regulatory framework contributes to, maritime security, including both coastal and offshore security Policy and Review Single Agency, Multiple Functions Each agency has its own structure, with policy and review functions handled at respective apex levels, with appropriate representation from other agencies. Regular reviews are carried out by each agency, with necessary interactions and information to the other agencies concerned Single Function, Multiple Agencies Specific functions that affect multiple agencies are addressed by dedicated multi-agency mechanisms, such as National Shipping Board (NSB) for shipping issues, Maritime States Development Council (MSDC) for coastal states issues, and OSCC for offshore security issues Multiple Agencies and Functions This has representatives from all the ministries, departments, and organisations concerned in the Government of India, as well as the Chief Secretaries/ Administrators and senior police officials of the coastal states and UTs Apex Monitoring and Coordination Functions The monitoring and coordination tasks are carried out by each agency, for their respective domains. However, multi- disciplinary issues also require substantial interagency coordination. Given the diversity of issues, a central body for guiding activities, monitoring implementation of policy decisions, and facilitating interagency coordination would be desirable Legislative and Regulatory Framework The legislative and regulatory framework for the maritime domain requires regular review and revision, to identify and address any limitations. These would also strengthen the legal empowerment of various agencies for maritime security. Strategy For MARITIME FORCE AND CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT (a) CONCEPTUAL CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT the Indian Navy’s conceptual element was provided through its ‘Plan Papers’, which gave the overarching direction for envisaged force levels, capabilities and capacities. conceptual element was progressively strengthened over the years, and led to the enunciation of the first Maritime Military Strategy in 1988 The institutionalisation of the conceptual element has provided stronger intellectual underpinnings to the development and employment of maritime capability well founded on comprehensive study of the various factors affecting India’s maritime environment, along with development and examination of several options for the way ahead will support the development of capabilities and capacities, and employment of India’s maritime forces for ensuring maritime security (b) HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT The concept of People, Assets and Combat Efficiency (PACE) will remain central to human resource development formulated its Human Capital Strategy (in 2013), along with its Training Doctrine (in 2014), to guide the way ahead The human resource development efforts will cater for the sharp increase in the Navy’s manpower strength and technical skills, which are required for meeting India’s growing maritime security requirements, and will also support similar needs of the Indian Coast Guard and other maritime security agencies (c) FORCE LEVELS AND CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT The major thrust areas under this strategy are as follows:- Indigenisation for Self-Reliance and Self-Sufficiency. Standardisation and Modularity. Maritime Domain Awareness. Network Centric Operations. Enhanced Reach and Sustainability. Power Projection and Sea Control. Force Protection. Joint Operations. Special Forces Operations. Force Maintenance. Infrastructure and Logistics. New and Evolving Technologies (d) INDIGENISATION FOR SELF-RELIANCE AND SELF-SUFFICIENCY Indigenisation of advanced naval weapon systems, missiles and ammunition will be given focus. Naval efforts will also be directed towards striving for self-sufficiency in the coming years, so as to enhance strategic autonomy. The Indian Navy’s partnership with the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) will be further strengthened, in continuation of sustained joint achievements over the past several decades to support indigenous defence industry, as part of the ‘Make in India’ national strategy, for meeting naval requirements by designing and producing state-of-the-art platforms, equipment and systems, within globally competitive timelines and costs (e) STANDARDISATION AND MODULARITY The aim is to standardise equipment, weapons and sensors, to progressively reduce inventory variations to optimum levels. This will ease requirements of maintenance, repair, training, stock and spares, and logistics management, while improving interoperability. Efforts towards modularity will also be pursued, with encouragement to Indian shipyards to develop and expand their capacities for modular construction and repairs. These will cater for upgrades, address technological obsolescence issues, and reduce replacement time, towards operational and financial benefits. The efforts for standardisation and modularity will also endeavour to enhance interoperability with the other armed forces, Coast Guard and various maritime agencies (f) MARITIME DOMAIN AWARENESS Surface and Aerospace Surveillance. include satellite- based surveillance, aircraft, UAVs, and ship-borne and shore-based surveillance systems. Advances in electronic and optronic technologies will be harnessed with these systems, to improve situational awareness and resolve identification challenges at sea. Sub-surface Surveillance. The increased presence of submarines in India’s areas of interest, with weapons capable of striking military and strategic targets at stand- off ranges, necessitates development of our sub-surface surveillance systems. These include both mobile and static systems, for use onboard ships, submarines, aircraft, and in vantage positions at sea. Identification. Joint and single service identification systems, with an ability to discern between friend, foe and neutral, will be pursued in conjunction with the surveillance effort. Information and Communication Technology. National advancements in information and communication technology will be harnessed, for maintaining secure, reliable and rapid information exchange. These will also aid development of networked operations, and provide greater efficiency and effectiveness. Cyber Space. Capability for safeguarding, and also obtaining, information in cyber space is critical, and will be continuously developed (g) NETWORK CENTRIC OPERATIONS Satellite Capabilities. The launch and operationalisation of India’s GSAT-7 satellite has provided a pivotal boost to our maritime Command, Control, Communications (C 3) and NCO capabilities across the IOR. to cater to the needs of NCO, offset vulnerabilities and increase redundancy. Communications. Secure and reliable communication, connecting all hierarchies of the operational organisation, using high bandwidth networks over multiple media with layered redundancy, will be accorded continued investment with exploitation of advancing technologyCooperative Engagement Capability Cooperative Engagement Capability. Integration of various information systems will be essential for developing Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC). This will cover sensors, weapons and communication equipment, across the Navy and also with the other armed forces and the Coast Guard. Technologies for Multi- Platform, Multi-Sensor Data Fusion (MPMSDF) will be pursued. Network Integrity. Exchange of operational data and information for targeting and cooperative engagement will require establishment of secure and high Quality of Service (QoS) networks, with assured integrity and adequate bandwidth for a high tempo of operations. The networks will be developed over multiple media, and upgraded periodically to meet contemporary operational requirements. Development of robust, multi-layered security systems will be accorded focused attention. Data Analysis. Data analysis capabilities will play a critical role in networked operations and MDA. The establishment of IMAC has been a major step in this regard. This will be progressed and further developed in terms of technology, with linking of systems for sharing of data, and computer-automated correlation, filtering, selection and dissemination of relevant information. Geographical Information and Position Fixing Systems. The use of common data across different units requires a common, geographical information system, with adjustments for inherent errors across dispersed spaces and dimensions. This will be pursued along with indigenous satellite-based position fixing system, to provide requisite accuracy to enable precision weapons engagement, for maritime and joint operation (h) ENHANCED REACH AND SUSTAINABILITY Longer ‘Sea Legs’. Design and induction of ships with improved reach and sustainability, in terms of type of propulsion, fuel economy and capacity, continuous- operation periods of equipment with high performance and reliability, reduced maintenance needs, inbuilt redundancies, and enhanced onboard repair/ replacement capacity. Longer Operational Cycles. Measures to support increased intervals between maintenance and docking cycles, to enable longer deployment patterns for ships, submarines and aircraft. Force Mix Ratio. Preponderance of ships with longer sea legs in the overall force structure, with improved ratio between capital ships and minor war vessels. Logistics Support. Induction of tankers and afloat support ships with enhanced capacity to replenish fuel, ammunition and provisions at sea, and provide onsite maintenance and medical support in distant areas for ships and submarines. Extended Air Reach. Induction of aircraft with longer endurance and extension of aerial reach by facilities for in-flight and ‘hot’ refuelling, including induction of suitable Flight Refuelling Aircraft (FRA) Operational Turn Round Facilities. Improved OTR facilities for the range of naval forces and inventory, at all naval harbours and select ports in India, with focus on the island groups Cooperative Logistics. Logistic support arrangements for OTR and Underway Replenishment (UNREP), in the farther reaches of our areas of interest, in cooperation with friendly maritime forces operating therein. Through Life Support. Provision of Through Life Support (TLS) for all new equipment and systems, catering to the faster obsolescence and shorter supportability of modern technologies against requirement for their utilisation over longer time frames (j) POWER PROJECTION AND SEA CONTROL Carrier Battle Groups. Development of three CBGs, each centered on an aircraft carrier with multi-mission escort and support ships, with integral anti-air, anti- surface and anti- submarine warfare capabilities. Carrier Task Force. Develop an operational capability of two CTFs, each comprising one or more CBGs and other specialist forces, to meet the growing requirements of protecting India’s maritime interests. Surface Action Groups. Induction of requisite multi-mission ships, which can function with the CBG for its protection or be detached as SAGs from the CTF, for maritime strike operations. Anti-Submarine Warfare. Stronger ASW capability in both, coastal and oceanic waters by all-round development of capabilities. This would include shore-based ASW aircraft and helicopters, ASW ships with integral ASW helicopters, submarines, and advanced sub- surface surveillance systems Naval Air Power. Enhancing and progressively indigenising naval aviation capability, covering integral and shore-based aviation assets, including UAVs, for surveillance and strike missions in all dimensions. Submarine Capability. A mixed force of conventional and nuclear powered submarines, for operations in both near and far areas, with thrust on developing indigenous capability. Sea Lift and Amphibious Capability. Enhancing sealift capability, which would be essential for Amphibious Operations, HADR and NEO. The induction of Landing Platform Docks (LPDs), with associated combat and support forces, and development of a Marine force will be progressed in coordination with the Indian Army and Air Force. Long Range and Precision Strike Weapons. Longer range and precision strike weapons, for use by surface, air and underwater platforms for conduct of maritime strikes into and from the seas, so as to effectively engage targets at sea and on land (k) FORCE PROTECTION Mine Counter Measures. Robust Mine Counter Measures (MCM) capability is an essential requirement for a maritime country like India. The Indian Navy is focused on modernising its mine hunting and clearance capability, including Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) for this specialised operation Asymmetric Threats. The Indian Navy will strengthen its defence against asymmetric threats, especially in restricted spaces such as harbours and airfields. This will include harbour defence systems, air defence framework (in conjunction with the Army and Air Force), expansion of the SPB, Marine Commandos (MARCOs) and Quick-Reaction Teams (QRTs), supported by helicopters and fast craft, including ISVs and Fast Interceptor Craft (FIC) (l) JOINT OPERATIONS The centrality of jointness in military operations is well established and accepted. The Indian Navy will remain committed to achieving synergy in operations by pursuing further measures for developing joint capabilities, interoperability, infrastructure, training and organisation. Development of common doctrines, coordination of strategies, joint planning and perspectives, commonality of equipment and common standard operating procedures are essential, and will continue to be focus areas. (m) SPECIAL FORCES OPERATIONS The Indian Navy is cognisant of the strategic and operational potential of SF operations. The Indian Navy’s MARCOs have significant capabilities for undertaking SF operations in the maritime domain, as well as on land and by air. They can operate independently and in conjunction with Army and Air Force SF, including against non-state actors. Development of MARCO capabilities will remain a thrust area for the Navy (n) FORCE MAINTENANCE The Indian Navy possesses mature and robust force maintenance structures to undertake effective materiel management and technical maintenance of operational platforms. The strategic approach to force maintenance will take into account modern trends in design, production, logistics and refitting of naval platforms, in order to optimise operational cycles, enhance self-reliance and minimise cost and time overruns. Focus will be accorded to modernisation of dockyards and upgradation of facilities therein, to meet the growing requirements of force maintenance (p) INFRASTRUCTURE AND LOGISTICS The ability to develop, maintain, sustain, train and operate force levels is dependent on the incumbent support infrastructure This covers the span of maintenance, logistics, medical, administrative, personnel and family support. To cater for increasing numbers, diversity of operating assets, and areas of operation, the Indian Navy has formulated its Maritime Infrastructure Perspective Plan, in tandem with the Maritime Capability Perspective Plan. The logistics supply chain will be strengthened commensurate with the growing force levels, related increase in inventory and support infrastructure, envisaged higher tempo of operations, and simultaneous support to maritime forces operating in dispersed areas (q) NEW AND EVOLVING TECHNOLOGIES Future Satellites. Satellites are a force multiplier and are central to communications, MDA and NCO. The Indian Navy has been at the forefront of seeking development of indigenous satellites for uses in the maritime domain. It shall continue to give thrust to this vital element, in accordance with its Space Vision 2014-2027. Precision Weapon Technologies. In view of our dense maritime and air environment, accurate and precise weapons and systems will be essential. Induction of suitable technologies to aid precision attack will be a thrust area, especially acoustic, laser and signal processing. Focus will be given to development of inertial navigation systems, fibre-optic gyros, micro- miniature electronic modules, digital cartography and homing technologies Electromagnetic and Laser Technologies. Electromagnetic technologies for aircraft and projectile launch, and directed energy systems using solid-state/ fibre-optic lasers, are being developed by the leading navies in the world. Induction of these technologies for our next generation naval systems will be a focus area. Propulsion and Power Technology. The emphasis will be to provide assets with increased reach and sustenance, longer operational periods, and reduced maintenance. Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) for submarines, and nuclear propulsion for both submarines and ships, constitute the next evolutionary step. The option of electrical propulsion will also be examined, for reduction of noise levels and provision of power for next generation weapons and systems. Unmanned Marine Systems. The applications of unmanned marine systems (UMS) in warfare have been steadily growing in recent years. Investments in UMS (air, surface and underwater) technology and military application systems will, accordingly, be pursued towards uses for maritime security. Computation and Automation Technologies. Exponential growth in computing capabilities has aided improvements in performance of processor-based sensors, reducing the sensor-to- shooter cycle. To further augment naval systems, niche technologies in system architecture, artificial intelligence, computing (molecular, quantum and cloud) and 3D printing, will be explored. Cyber Security Technologies. The increasing role of cyber space and technologies in our security architecture makes cyber security of critical importance. The development of cyber security technologies and systems will be a priority area for the Indian Navy. Green Technologies. In line with the growing global and national requirement to balance environmental and security concerns, the Indian Navy will progress incorporation of sustainable green technologies, towards achieving a zero carbon footprint. In this regard, the Indian Navy has already implemented an ‘Environment Conservation Roadmap’ for its bases, which seeks to achieve charted ‘green initiatives’. These include Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), and Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) norms. Also, technologies adaptive to climate change will be amalgamated into suitable designs and systems Nano-Technology. Nano-technology will have significant implications for military forces, particularly in the fields of information exchange, sensors and mechanical systems. The technology would serve to increase capability and enhance capacity, by reducing size, weight and signature, with increased tensile strengths using new materials. The Indian Navy will encourage research and development in nano- technology, in recognition of its strategic effect, and in consideration of the time and resources required to be invested MARITIME TERMS 1. AMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS. Amphibious operations are joint military operations wherein land forces are projected ashore from the sea. Inherently complex, and requiring the highest degree of jointness and coordination amongst the three armed forces, these operations require specialised capabilities in all dimensions to be synchronised and seamless. The operation would require sea control, which includes Favourable Air Situation (FAS), in the maritime spaces during the transit phase and on arrival in the Amphibious Objective Area (AOA), including maritime approaches, beach-head and landward area of operations. This will ensure safe and rapid movement of the landing force from ship to shore, amphibious build-up ashore, and maintenance of the landing force from the sea. 2. ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE (ASW) CAPABILITY. The submarine, with its stealth features and array of weapons and sensors, projects a potent threat. It is the primary instrument for exercising sea denial against SLOCs and naval operations. Therefore, development of strong ASW capability is essential to counter adversary submarine forces. This includes integral ASW capability within the naval fleet for its protection, and for deployment of dedicated forces in coastal waters and for open ocean ASW. The ASW capability comprises both ships and aircraft, including shore-based and integral. 3. CARRIER BATTLE GROUP (CBG). Aircraft carriers are central to fleet operations and the concept of sea control, as they offer flexibility and versatility of a very high order. These mobile airfields combine substantial integral air power with mobility, to provide ubiquitous and enhanced combat power across vast maritime spaces, and the advantage of rapid redeployment. The aircraft carrier operates in a composite CBG with multi-mission ships as escorts against multi-dimensional threats, and with logistics ships for extending their reach and sustenance. 4. CARRIER TASK FORCE (CTF). The CTF is a self-supporting force capable of undertaking the full range of operational tasks in all dimensions. These include Anti-Air Warfare (AAW), Anti-Surface Warfare (ASuW), ASW, Maritime Strike, Electronic Warfare (EW), and Presence and Surveillance Missions (PSMs). The CTF comprises one or more CBGs, with additional Surface Action Groups (SAGs), AAW, ASuW and ASW forces, and integral logistics ships. Dedicated forces may be attached to the CTF as per mission requirements, such as for conduct of Expeditionary, Out-of-Area, or Amphibious Operations. 5. COASTAL DEFENCE. Coastal defence is primarily a military function of defending the nation and citizens against seaborne threat of conventional and sub-conventional armed attacks in coastal areas. It encompasses measures to prevent, counter and neutralise such attacks, both in the coastal areas and further seawards, before the threat can be brought to bear on the coast. Seaborne attacks against our coast, and offshore assets, could include use of missiles, mines, guns and explosives, by ships, submarines, aircraft and marine/ Special Forces, and even by collision or scuttling of vessels. Coastal defence entails protection from such seaborne attacks against the coast and coastal assets, including populace, ports, harbours, infrastructure, Vital Areas and Vital Points (VAs/ VPs). 6. COASTAL SECURITY. Coastal security is a subset of maritime security, focused on the coastal waters. It entails the protection, preservation and promotion of peace, stability and security in coastal waters, against various threats. This would enable the pursuit of legitimate activities in the coastal waters and also adjacent coastal land. The ensuring of coastal security would encompass the maintenance of law and order, measures to monitor and regulate activities with a bearing on security, and aspects related to defence in case of armed threat or attack in coastal waters. In view of the range of activities, directly and indirectly affecting India’s coastal security, there are a large number of agencies that are involved in the coastal security framework. 7. COASTAL SURVEILLANCE NETWORK (CSN). The Indian Coast Guard has established a CSN, to integrate the surveillance information obtained from the static surveillance chain. The CSN would be further augmented and expanded to cover additional radar sites and sources of information. 8. COASTAL WATERS. The term ‘coast’ implies the land next to the sea, demarcated by the low-water line, while the word ‘coastal’ means along or near the coast. A coastal area may, thus, cover both, a certain water area seawards of the coastline and also a land area at or along the coastline. The coastal zone would, hence, comprise a ‘coastal waters zone’ and a ‘coastal land zone’. The coastal waters zone is considered, in the context of coastal security, as the water area that is seawards of the Indian coast (low-water line), upto the limits of India’s contiguous zone or the IMBL, in case the latter is nearer. The concept of coastal waters extends upto the contiguous zone so as to provide the necessary space and focus on timely detection and response, considering the short time it may take for threats to traverse this distance to the coast. The coastal waters would, thus, comprise any internal waters between India’s coast and straight baselines, its territorial waters, and upto the contiguous zone/ IMBL. In some areas, such as in India’s island groups and gulfs, the coastal waters may extend to more than 24 nm from the nearest Indian coast, due to larger swathe of internal waters, as per India’s straight baselines. 9. DEFENCE. Defence is defined as protection against attack. The right to self-defence is enshrined in national and international law, and covers both individual and collective self- defence against armed attack. It applies to situations where an armed attack has taken place, and also situations where armed attack is imminent. The concept of defence is the basis for the right to use force, governed by the rules of engagement and the various laws of armed conflict. The concepts of security and defence are interrelated and mutually supportive. While security has a broader connotation, wherein force may or may not be required, in the case of defence there is an intrinsic role and likely requirement for the use of force to counter the armed threat as per the prevalent circumstances and conditions. 10. DETERRENCE. Deterrence is the prevention of conflict and coercion, by convincing a potential adversary that the cost of such aggression would be higher than the gains accrued, and hence it would serve his interests better to refrain or resile from aggressive plans and actions. In this, the understanding and interpretation by the potential adversary, of one’s capability, resolve and preparedness in relation to his, would remain pivotal. It is essential that such capability and commitment are not only present, but are also convincingly seen as being present, through appropriate communication of one’s posture and intent. Strategic communication will, thus, play a key role in deterrence. Deterrence can be achieved in two principal ways – by denying the gains or by raising the costs for the adversary. The former is known as ‘deterrence by denial’, while the latter is termed as ‘deterrence by punishment’. 11. DETERRENCE BY DENIAL. Deterrence by denial is based on assurance of being able to prevent the aggressor from accruing the desired gains, regardless of the costs and effort invested by either side. It requires maintenance of requisite capability and portrayal of appropriate posture. This should assure effective defence against any aggression, sustained for the duration, scale and intensity of conflict, while simultaneously applying suitable leverages upon the aggressor. These would include direct and indirect pressures, aimed at rendering the aggressor’s actions ineffective by preventing accomplishment of his goals. 12. DETERRENCE BY PUNISHMENT. Deterrence by punishment is based on assurance of imposing high costs and punishment on the aggressor, such as to outweigh any gains that he may accrue. This requires maintenance of a robust and resilient military capability, which can provide assured retaliation. It should be able to absorb and contain the initial aggression, and to take such punitive retaliation that would outweigh the aggressor’s envisaged gains. The capability and intent to impose such punishment, in response to aggression, will also need to be adequately portrayed to the potential adversary for deterrence to be effective. 13. DOCTRINE. Doctrine is a body of thought on a subject describing established beliefs and principles, which enable wider understanding of the issue, thereby guiding further activities related to that subject. It may include a framework of concepts and considerations, and also practices and procedures, which have been derived and developed over a period of time, based on cumulative study and accumulated experience. For military forces, doctrines exist at the strategic, operational and tactical levels. At the strategic level, doctrine is based on thoughts, beliefs and principles; at the operational level, it is centered on principles and concepts; and at the tactical level, it mainly comprises practices and also the framework for procedures. Tactical level doctrines would, thus, include what are often called Fighting/ Manoeuvering/ Tactical Instructions. While tactical doctrines are generally prescriptive, flexibility and initiative continue to be necessary and important. Doctrines at the strategic and operational levels, however, are mostly descriptive and are to be seen as a set of guiding principles rather than being prescriptive. Whilst such doctrine is authoritative in nature, and provides a common approach to understanding and approaching the subject, it neither prescribes a specific manner of dealing with the subject, nor should it be seen as dogma. Strategic doctrine, thus, guides policy and supports strategy, but does not dictate these. 14. INDIAN MARITIME DOCTRINE. The Indian Maritime Doctrine describes the foundational concepts, considerations, characteristics and principles related to the understanding and application of maritime power. The maritime doctrine, accordingly, provides the conceptual framework related to the development of maritime power and for the employment of maritime forces, particularly the Indian Navy. It describes the range of activities of the Indian Navy in both peace and conflict across the spectrum of operations, including the broad roles of the Indian Navy, viz. military, diplomatic, constabulary and benign, with their associated objectives, missions and operational tasks. The maritime doctrine therefore ‘guides’ the ways in which the Indian Navy would be developed, organised, equipped, trained and employed. However, it does not prescribe or describe specific ways, which is to be done by the corresponding strategies and related plans. 15. INDIAN OCEAN NAVAL SYMPOSIUM (IONS). The IONS, conceptualised and activated by the Indian Navy in 2008, is a regional forum of navies, which aims to attain mutually beneficial maritime security outcomes in the Indian Ocean. It is an open, inclusive, consultative and cooperative forum, which functions on consensual basis. It provides a platform to promote shared understanding of maritime issues, formulation of common strategies and cooperative measures, and strengthen capability and interoperability amongst regional navies, to address various maritime security challenges. IONS is a forum wherein the Chiefs of Navy of all littoral states of the Indian Ocean can regularly meet (the term also extends to heads of designated principal agencies responsible for maritime security, in states where there is no formally constituted ‘navy’), to share maritime strategic perspectives and promote mechanisms for constructive engagement, to enhance maritime security. The majority of Indian Ocean littoral nations are represented at IONS, with 22 navies as members and four as observers. IONS has gained momentum since its inception, with a steady growth in activities including biennial Conclave of Chiefs, endorsement of its Charter of Business, conduct of seminars, workshops and essay competitions, and formation of IONS Working Groups (IWGs), to harness areas of expertise and develop common approaches, cooperative solutions and standard operating procedures, so as to address the range of maritime security challenges. The IONS facilitates development of relations and wide consultations between all maritime forces operating in the region. It provides a strong mechanism for developing a favourable and positive maritime environment. The Indian Navy plays a leading role in IONS. 16. INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCIATION (IORA). The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) was formed in 1997, with India as a founding member. Founded as the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), the name was changed to Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) in 2013. It has 20 member states, six dialogue partners, and two observers, which are expected to increase in the years ahead. All 20 members of IORA also have their respective navies as members of IONS. IORA is primarily an inter- governmental movement, steered by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), with participation from business sectors and academia. It is considered the lead body for enhancing regional cooperation amongst nations on the Indian Ocean Rim, towards economic growth and development. Since the 2011 meeting in Bengaluru, IORA has highlighted the key linkage of maritime security with regional economic growth and development. It has also endorsed the role of IONS, and called for IORA’s work on maritime security to align with and complement IONS initiatives. 17. MARITIME DOMAIN AWARENESS (MDA). MDA is an all-encompassing term that involves being cognisant of the position and intentions of all actors, whether own, hostile or neutral, in all dimensions of a dynamic maritime environment, across the areas of interest. MDA is central to the Information- Decision-Action (IDA) cycle in the maritime environment. It is a key enabler for maritime security and lies at the core of all constituent strategies for maritime security, as it governs awareness of what and who is operating in the maritime domain relevant to our security – on, over and under the seas. MDA is never complete or absolute, and requires a constant, continuing effort to maintain and develop. The knowledge is sought to be made up through Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance (ISR) and sharing of information. It enables early identification of potential threats, timely planning of responses, more informed decision-making with suitable prioritisation of missions and allocation of resources. MDA is essential for effective actions at all levels of maritime operations – strategic, operational and tactical. The development of MDA relies upon various sources of information, including space, air, surface, underwater, cyber, human, and their correlation and constant assessment. Advances in technology of platforms, sensors and weapons, increased density in the maritime environment, changes in the trade flow patterns and interactions between nations and regions, all impact the scope of awareness required, and also corresponding efforts for degrading the adversary’s MDA. 18. MARITIME MANOEUVRE. Maritime manoeuvre describes the ability of naval forces to employ movement to incapacitate the enemy’s resistance and decision-making cycle, through shock and disruption. Maritime forces have inherent attributes of access, mobility, reach, sustenance, flexibility and versatility. These enable their quick deployment and redeployment, to apply combat power across vast maritime spaces, for a range of missions. The utilisation of manoeuvre enables concentration of force at the required place and time, which is essential for countering surprise, gaining the initiative, and obtaining decisive results. 19. MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY. The maritime security strategy operates within the broader national security concepts and framework, to protect, preserve and promote national maritime interests, against prevailing and assessed threats and challenges, taking into consideration the risks, vulnerabilities and opportunities. The central theme is to provide requisite freedom to use the seas for the pursuit of maritime activities, in support of national development and prosperity, and promote legitimate use of the maritime global commons. The maritime security strategy provides a set of plans (ways) for provision of maritime security (ends), by employment and development of suitable elements of national maritime power, especially naval power, including coordinated and cooperative efforts with other maritime forces and agencies (means). While it denotes a singular, overarching strategy in effect, it comprises several constituent strategies that overlap in some segments and are distinct in others, but are all interlinked and mutually complementary. 20. MARITIME STRIKE. Maritime strike is the projection of accurate combat force onto a maritime or strategic target, at sea or ashore, with the purpose of destroying or damaging it. Maritime strike is the primary method by which combat power is exercised at and from the sea. It exemplifies the role of force in the maritime domain, especially reach, mobility and precision. It is qualified by the ability to distinguish and attack the chosen target in the maritime domain with accuracy, usually from longer, beyond visual ranges, which also entails some form of guidance and control logic for initiating arming/ explosion. Maritime strike covers the range of combat strikes at sea, viz. anti-surface, anti-submarine and anti- air, with weapons launched from aerial, seaborne, underwater and shore platforms. The weapons used include missiles (anti-surface, anti-air and land attack), torpedoes, smart bombs, and guns. It is dependent upon MDA and accurate targeting information, provided by either integral sensors or in a cooperative engagement with a consort platform. 21. MERCHANT SHIPPING INFORMATION SYSTEM (MSIS). The data obtained from the National Automatic Identification System (NAIS) network and other sources of AIS-based information, including open source ‘white shipping’ information, is correlated, fused and disseminated on a dedicated MSIS, developed by the Indian Navy. 22. MILAN. The word MILAN means ‘unification’, or ‘a meeting’, or ‘a gathering of people’, in Hindi. It is the name given to the operational interaction held at Port Blair (Andaman & Nicobar Islands), between regional navies. It is an initiative of the Indian Navy to bring together navies of the region at a common operational forum, where they can interact professionally, socially and culturally. This aims to develop mutual understanding and respect, share operational experiences and promote cooperation, towards strengthening common maritime security. It is a biennial event, held over five days, with participating navies sending their ships, aircraft and delegates. The first MILAN was held in 1995 with participation of five navies, which has steadily increased over the years to 17 navies participating in the 9th MILAN in 2014, from South-East Asia, Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean Regions. 23. MINE WARFARE. Mining remains an economical and effective way of disrupting movement of naval and merchant shipping, with a disproportionate effect on military and economic activities, especially port operations. Mine warfare, which includes both mine laying and mine clearance, may be conducted defensively off our own coast, or offensively in areas of likely enemy operation, normally harbours and choke points. Mines that are laid would also need to be cleared on completion of hostilities. Mine Counter Measures (MCM) include the use of dedicated MCM forces in synergy with intelligence, route mapping, surveillance at the operational and tactical levels, reconnaissance, and protection of non- MCM forces. Mine clearance by dedicated MCM vessels are carried out both before the outbreak of hostilities and during war, to ensure unrestricted movement of shipping 24. NATIONAL AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM NETWORK (NAIS). The Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships (DGLL) has developed a NAIS network in coordination with the Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard, by setting up of shore stations on existing lighthouses, for tracking of vessels equipped with AIS. The new proprietary system developed for smaller (sub-20 m), non-AIS vessels would be compatible with this network. 25. NATIONAL COMMAND CONTROL COMMUNICATION AND INTELLIGENCE NETWORK (NC3IN). The Indian Navy has established the NC3IN linking 51 stations, including 20 of the Navy and 31 of the Coast Guard, with a nodal Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC). Information from various sources, including CSN, Long Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT), NAIS, Space-Based AIS, Vessel and Air Traffic Management System (VATMS), and other, open sources are fused at the IMAC, to develop a correlated picture of maritime traffic. 26. NATIONAL MDA (NMDA). Under the NMDA project, the NC3IN system between the Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard will be progressively extended to other stakeholders for further improving overall MDA and coordination, by linking all maritime agencies, coastal states and union territories. It will augment the present NC3IN with additional information obtained from ongoing and new projects, including information on fishing and merchant vessels. 27. NATIONAL SECURITY. National security implies the protection, preservation and promotion of the national interests, against internal and external threats and challenges. Maintenance of national security is critical for providing the necessary freedom, and removing fear and hindrances to the pursuit of life, happiness and prosperity for a nation’s populace. India’s security is an integral component of its development process. Ensuring national security is, thus, a key element of national strategy. 28. NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY. The essence of national security relies upon the availability of appropriate national power, particularly military power, as no nation can be secure unless it possesses the necessary strength to protect itself and its citizens. Comprehensive national power, including military power, therefore, comprises the means for providing national security, which represents the ends defined in the national security objectives. The suitable ways for developing and employing national power, to meet the national security objectives, within the broad contours of the national security policy, would constitute the national security strategy. This safeguards national security by optimally developing and appropriately using suitable elements of national power, including military power, in consideration of the prevailing threats and emergent challenges. The term ‘grand strategy’ has often been used interchangeably to denote both national strategy and national security strategy. The military components of the national security policy and national security strategy are enunciated in the Defence Minister’s ‘Op Directive’, which provides the basis for development of the Joint Military Strategy and the corresponding Land, Maritime and Air Strategies. 29. NATIONAL VALUES. National values evolve from a nation’s culture and history. They represent a nation’s civilisational beliefs, core principles, and ‘way of life’, which govern and guide its national aims and interests. In India, an ancient, continuing civilisation with rich, varied cultures and a long history, national values are duly reflected in the sustained presence of practically every culture and religion in the country. India’s belief in plurality, respect for diversity, centrality of righteousness, necessity of balance, acceptance of social responsibility, pursuance of law, promotion of accountability and justice, are some such principles that find resonance in the nation’s culture and societal philosophy over the centuries. These aspects, along with the centrality of human equality, egalitarian ethos and social justice, have also been reiterated in the preamble, fundamental rights, fundamental duties and directive principles enshrined in the Constitution of India. The national aim evolves from the national values and provides the basis for deriving national interests. 30. NON-COMBATANT EVACUATION OPERATIONS (NEO ). NEO are operations undertaken, on directions from the Government of India, for the evacuation of non- combatant Indian citizens from foreign nations, when their lives are endangered by conflict, civil unrest or natural disaster, to designated safe havens. NEO are undertaken by the armed forces and other state agencies, essentially maritime and aviation, operating in close coordination with the MEA. In case of large scale NEO, or where safety and security of the embarkation point is not available, and force may have to be used to protect the civilians, the Indian Army may also be involved. 31. OFFSHORE DEFENCE. Offshore defence entails the defence of India’s offshore assets against conventional and sub-conventional warfare, and is closely related to coastal defence. It is provided by the Indian Navy, in coordination with the Indian Coast Guard and Indian Air Force. Command and control over mobile forces and static defences, in the defence of offshore installations, is carried out by the Flag Officer Offshore Defence Advisory Group (FODAG), under the respective Naval Commanders-in- Chief (Cs-in-C), who are also the Cs-in-C Coastal Defence. 32. OPERATIONAL TEMPO. Operational tempo, also called op tempo, refers to the pace of operational activities across the IDA cycle. A high op tempo would require the ability to maintain MDA amidst changes in operational environment and effect of various events, take swift decisions in response to the emerging situation, and undertake rapid operational actions. 33. PATROLS. A patrol is the exercise of presence by maritime forces with high operational readiness, within a defined maritime area, so as to maintain and develop MDA, and prevent occurrence or counter activities that are inimical to security in that area. A patrol is different from PSM in that, firstly, patrols are regularly conducted not only by ships, but also by aircraft and submarines. Second, it is conducted in a specific, and mostly smaller, maritime area. Third, it is focused on designated activities, to monitor and prevent their occurrence. Fourth, it is normally sustained over a period of time. This may be done on continuing basis, wherein the patrolling unit would be relieved in the area after regular, specified intervals, or repetitive basis wherein the patrol would be repeated after a specified time interval as per operational considerations. The main types of patrol conducted by our naval, coast guard and marine police vessels include the following:- ‘General Patrol’ for monitoring general activities and augmenting security in the defined area. For example, along a SLOC, in a choke point, or across a barrier line, to monitor the movement of vessels. ‘EEZ Patrol’ to monitor, check and ensure that the activities in the designated area, within the EEZ, are as per those legally authorised, including fishing, scientific and hydrographic survey. ‘IMBL Patrol’ to check unauthorised movement of vessels, cargo and persons across the IMBL into/ from our maritime zones, especially territorial waters. ‘Security/ Defence Patrol’ to ensure security/ defence respectively in defined areas, by preventing/ countering seaborne infiltration of armed anti-national elements, and other actions that may threaten our maritime security. Security/ defence patrols may be carried out in our offshore development areas (ODA Patrol), coastal waters (Coastal Patrol), off islands (Island Patrol), and in harbours and ports (Harbour Patrols. 34. POLICY AND PLAN. Policy defines the guiding parameters for the strategy and plan. At the strategic level, policy would flow from the values and beliefs, and provides the broad considerations for shaping strategy. At the operational level, policy is reflected in the Higher Commander’s Op Directives and Operational Commander’s Intent/ Planning Directions, including constraints and restraints, for deriving the operational plan. Accordingly, while thought and action is guided by doctrine, the specific course of action or plan is determined as per the strategy, formulated within the framework of policy, to attain defined objectives, with regard to the available means and prevailing operating environment. 35. PORT VISITS. Port visits by warships are the basic method of undertaking defence diplomacy with other nations, and interaction between their maritime forces. A warship is a sovereign instrument of the State, and represents its interests, intent, capability and technological prowess. The crew, as a microcosm of the nation’s population, similarly represents their culture, values and attributes. A port visit by a warship to another nation, therefore, projects our nation and people to the host military, government and populace. It also provides bonding and reassurance to Indian diaspora settled there. A port visit is seen as an act of trust, friendship and respect. It paves the way for further interactions and building of ‘bridges of friendship’. 36. PRESENCE. Presence enables ready availability of naval forces in an area of maritime interest, to prevent or respond to crises and be advantageously deployed in case of an imminent confrontation/ conflict. It is a primary means to display intent and commitment, gain operational familiarity, exercise maritime power, encourage good order at sea and adherence to applicable laws, promote stability and provide net maritime security in an area of interest. 37. PRESENCE AND SURVEILLANCE MISSION (PSM). PSM is an important peace time activity, which entails operational deployment of suitable naval forces in a maritime area, so as to establish presence and conduct surveillance. These are normally carried out by naval ships, and sometimes aircraft, across and beyond India’s maritime zones. PSM enables the monitoring of operational conditions in all dimensions, to maintain and develop MDA, display commitment, project deterrence and provide rapid response capability. It can be carried out as an independent action or conjoin with other singular or multiple activities, such as exercises, patrols and deployments. PSM can be done independently by our maritime forces,

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