osy-solved-manual-diploma-world.pdf

lOMoARcPSD|30464990 OSY Solved Manual @Diploma world Community Research (Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences) Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 LIST OF PRACTICALS Sr. Title of the practical Page Date Date of Assessme Dated Remar No No. of submiss nt Marks sign. of k s (if perfo ion (50) teacher any) r manc e 1. Install and configure Linux (or alike) operating system. 2. Execute general purpose commands date, time, cal, clear, banner, tty, script, man. 3. Work with multiple linux terminals and basic commands : who, who am I, login, passwd, su, pwd. 4. a) Use Operating services (Editor, GUI, File handling) b) Run commands to start, stop, and restart the specified services in Linux. 5. Execute process commands 3 ps, wait, sleep, exit, kill. 6. Execute file and directory manipulation commands 3 ls, rm, mv, cp, join, split, cat (file saving and reduction operator), head, tail, touch. 7. Execute file and directory manipulation commands 3 diff, comm, pr, chmod, mkdir, rmdir, cd, pwd ,dir , cmp. (Use wild card character). Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 8. Execute text processing tr, wc, cut, paste, spell, sort, grep, more. 9. Use vi editor and perform all the editor commands. 10. Write and execute Shell Script by using following Control Statements features 3 5if6 statement. 11. Write and execute Shell Script by using following Control statements features 3 5for6 statement, exit, break, continue. 12. Write Shell Scripts to find out whether 3 Given file exists ? 13. Write Shell Script to find out whether 3 File has read, write, and execute permissions? 14. Write a program to calculate total waiting and turnaround time of n processes with First Come First Serve CPU scheduling algorithm. 15. Write a 7C8 program to implement FIFO page replacement Algorithm. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Practical 1 : Install and configure Linux (or alike) operating system. PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE : Linux is the base of many of open source operating system designed to replace Windows and Mac OS.It is free to download and install on any computer because it is open source. There are a variety of different versions or distributions or available developed by different by different groups. To prevent hacking attempts, Many organizations keep their LINUX operating system private, many others make their variations of Linux available publicly So the whole can benefit and large. MINIMUM THEORETICAL BACKGROUND : STEPS : 1) Download the ISO file. 2) Boot your system with Bootable DVD/USB drive. To start the installation click on 5Install Ubuntu6. 3) Check Install prerequisite. 4) Select the Installation Type. 5) Select your respective Time Zone. 6) Select your respective Keyboard Layout. 7) Set the Hostname of your system and User credentials that will be used after installation. Installation has started. Once the installation is completed, it will ask to restart the Machine. Click on 5Restart Now6. 8) Login Screen after reboot. Use the same user and its credentials that we have set during the installation. We will get below screen after entering the credentials. Ubuntu Installation is Completed Now. Similarly any open source installation shall be considered. PROGRAM CODE : 1) Install and configure Linux (or similar) operating system on your computer. Write down the steps for the same. Ans. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Steps : 1) Download the Linux distribution of your choice. 2) Boot into the Live CD or Live USB. 3) Try out the Linux distribution before installing. 4) Start the installation process. 5) Create a username and password. 6) Set up the partition. 7) Boot into Linux. 8) Check your Hardware. 9) Start using Linux. RESULT : We successfully installed Linux Operating System (Ubuntu). PRACTICAL RELATED QUESTIONS : 1) What are different versions of Linux Operating System? Ans.  Debian Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990  Gentoo  Ubuntu  Linux Mint  Red Hat Enterprise Linux  CentOS  Fedora  Kali Linux 2) Enlist the steps for booting the operating system. Ans. Booting Process Steps :  BIOS and setup program  The POST (Power-On-Self-Test)  The OS (Operating System) Loads  System Configuration  System Utility Loads  Users Authentication 3) State names of latest multi-user operating system and its advantages. Ans. Latest multi-user operating system :  Windows NT  Windows 2000  Windows XP  Windows Vista  Mac OS X  Linux  FreeBSD  NetBSD Advantages : 1) You would be able to run different programs on their native OS. 2) You would have a great deal of versatility in what you can do with your computer. (eg. Gaming and software development, Windows and Linux software development on the same system, etc) 3) You can also do things in one OS that you wouldn8t be able to do in your main OS. (Linux/FreeBSD could give you more control than Win10) Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 4) If you use your computer for work, then you can also use it for separate work and leisure. EXERCISE : 1) Differentiate between Command Line OS and GUI OS by giving example. Ans. CLI GUI CLI is difficult to use. GUI is easy to use. It consumes more memory. It consumes less memory. High precision is obtained. Low precision is obtained. Faster than GUI. Slower than CLI. Needs only keyboard. Needs keyboard as well as mouse. Input is entered only on command prompt. Input can be entered anywhere on the screen. No menus provided. Menus are provided. No use of graphics. Uses Graphics. Does not use any pointing devices. It uses pointing devices for selecting or choosing options. Examples: Microsoft Windows, DOS Examples: Microsoft Windows, macOS, Shell, Mouse Systems PowerPanel Ubuntu Unity, Android, Apple's iOS, BlackBerry OS, Windows 10 Mobile, Palm OS-WebOS, and Firefox OS for smartphones. 2) Draw the diagram of multiprogramming system and state concept of it. Ans. Sharing the processor, when two or more programs reside in memory at the same time, is referred as multiprogramming. Multiprogramming assumes a single shared processor. Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that the CPU always has one to execute. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 3) Which are the extra facilities provided by Unix other than windows OS? Ans.  Unix is more flexible and can be installed on many different types of machines, including main-frame computers, supercomputers and micro-computers.  Unix is more stable and does not go down as often as Windows does, therefore requires less administration and maintenance.  Unix has greater built-in security and permissions features than Windows.  Unix possesses much greater processing power than Windows. 4) In list four features of the following operating system. Ans. a) Windows 98 1. Integrated Microsoft Internet Explorer in Windows Explorer and Help System. 2. Quick Launch tool bar. 3. Windows 98 came up with a tool called System File Checker that scans and restore corrupt or missing system files. 4. Extended support for the connection to networks. b) Windows 2000 1. Support for FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS. 2. Increased uptime of the system and significantly fewer OS reboot scenarios. 3. Windows Installer tracks applications and recognizes and replaces missing components. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 4. Protects memory of individual apps and processes to avoid a single app bringing the system down. c) Windows XP 1. Reliability [Home and Professional] Configured on the reliability-proven kernel of Windows 2000. 2. Faster response even in processing multi-tasks [Home and Professional]. 3. Retention of data security and protection of user privacy. 4. Multi-task [Home and Professional] Operate multiple applications at the same time. CONCLUSION : We have successfully completed installation of Linux operating system. In this practical we have studied the versions, booting process, etc. of operating system. Practical 2 : Execute general purpose commands date, time, cal, clear, banner , tty, script, man PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE : General purpose commands are inbuilt programs that can be invoked in multiple ways. These commands work interactively from a terminal. A terminal that provides a command line interface using shell program. MINIMUM THEORETICAL BACKGROUND : Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Specifying the date format (+ is used to concatenate date command with descriptor) PROGRAM CODE : 1) Execute general purpose commands date, time, cal, clear, banner , tty, script, man. Ans. 1) date 2) time 3) cal Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 4) clear 5) banner 6) tty 7) script Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 8) man 2) Write down different options for cal commands. (use $man cal) Ans. -h : Turns of highlighting of today. -J : Display Julian Calendar, if combined with the 3o option, display date of Orthodox Easter according to the Julian Calendar. -e : Display date of Easter (for western churches). -j : Display Julian days (days one-based, numbered from January 1). -m month : Display the specified month. If month is specified as a decimal number, appending 7f8 or 7p8 displays the same month of the following or previous year respectively. -o : Display date of Orthodox Easter (Greek and Russian Orthodox Churches). Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 -p : Print the country codes and switching days from Julian to Gregorian Calendar as they are assumed by ncal. The country code as determined from the local environment is marked with an asterisk. -s country_code : Assume the switch from Julian to Gregorian Calendar at the date associated with the country_code. If not specified, ncal tries to guess the switch date from the local environment or falls back to September 2, 1752. This was when Great Britain and her colonies switched to the Gregorian Calendar. -w : Print the number of the week below each week column. -y : Display a calendar for the specified year. This option is implied when a year but no month are specified on the command line. -3 : Display the previous, current and next month surrounding today. -1 : Display only the current month. This is the default. -A number : Months to add after. The specified number of months is added to the end of the display. This is in addition to any date range selected by the -y, -3, or -1 options. For example, 5cal -y -B2 -A26 shows everything from November of the previous year to February of the following year. Negative numbers are allowed, in which case the specified number of months is sub‐tracted. For example, 5cal -y -B-66 shows July to December. And 5cal -A116 simply shows the next 12 months. -B : Months to add before. The specified number of months is added to the beginning of the display. See -A for examples. -C : Completely switch to cal mode. For cal like output only, use -b instead. -N : Switch to ncal mode. -d yyyy-mm : Use yyyy-mm as the current date (for debugging of date selection). -H yyyy-mm-dd : Use yyyy-mm-dd as the current date (for debugging of highlighting). -M : Weeks start on Monday. -S : Weeks start on Sunday. -b : Use oldstyle format for ncal output. 3) Write options of date command.(Use $man date). Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Ans. -d, --date=STRING : display time described by STRING, not 'now' --debug : annotate the parsed date, and warn about questionable usage to stderr -f, --file=DATEFILE : like --date; once for each line of DATEFILE -I[FMT], --iso-8601[=FMT] : output date/time in ISO 8601 format. FMT='date' for date only (the default), 'hours', 'minutes', 'seconds', or 'ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Example: 2006-08-14T02:34:56-06:00 -R, --rfc-email : output date and time in RFC 5322 format. Example: Mon, 14 Aug 2006 02:34:56 -0600 --rfc-3339=FMT : output date/time in RFC 3339 format. FMT='date', 'seconds', or 'ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Example: 2006-08-14 02:34:5606:00 -r, --reference=FILE : display the last modification time of FILE -s, --set=STRING : set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal : print or set Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) --help : display this help and exit --version : output version information and exit PRACTICAL RELATED QUESTIONS : 1) How you record all the activities performed by the user. Ans. Script command is used to record all the terminal activities. By default all the information is saved in file typescript. And to stop the typescript exit command is used. Syntax: script [options] [file] 2) Give a command to display calendar for month of January. Ans. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990  While the cal/ncal commands display the current month by default, you can use the - m command-line option in order to have a specific month displayed.  This option requires a numeric value (1-12) that represents the month you want the command to display.  To display the month of January of current year: cal -m1  To display calendar of specific month and year: cal [ [month] year]. 3) Give a single command to display the calendar of pervious, current and next month. Ans. cal -3 command is used to display the calendar of pervious, current and next month. 4) Give the command to display full week day (eg. Sunday) using date command. Ans. %A is used as Locale8s abbreviated full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) EXERCISE : 1) What is the output of the following commands? Ans a) $cal 04 2019 b) $date 5+Today8s information: %D and %B6;cal Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 c) $date 5+My clock is showing %H hours, %M minutes and %S seconds6 d) $cal -3 e) $cal -5 f) $cal -2000 2) Give the syntax of commands for displaying the output. (use date) Ans. a) This is ………. Month of the year ………. (Abbreviation for the month and 4-digit year) Ans. date 5+This is %b month of the year %Y6 Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 b) This is the ………. th day of this year. Ans. date 5+This is %j th day of this year6 CONCLUSION : We successfully implemented commands to perform operations using commands like date, time, cal, clear, banner , tty, script, man. Practical 3 : Work with multiple Linux terminals and basic commands PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE : Work with terminal environment to know about users and set their security. It includes current status of all the users like details about all the users who accesses the terminal for particular duration and path of directory. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 MINIMUM THEORETICAL BACKGROUND : PROGRAM CODE : List down with all options for who commands and write its description. Note: Write terminal's output in Result Section. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 RESULT : Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 PRACTICAL RELATED QUESTIONS : 1) Give command for present working directory. Ans. pwd 2) State currently login users by command. Ans. who 3) Acquire the status of super user. Ans. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 EXERCISE : 1) Acquire the status of super user. Ans. 2) Write output for following commands i) $who;clear;whoami ii) $who;tty;date Ans. i) Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 ii) CONCLUSION : We successfully implemented basic commands with multiple linux terminals. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Practical 4: Working With a) operating system services b) Processes PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE : The purpose of computer systems is to allow the user to excute programs. So the Operating system provides an environment where the user can conveniently run programs. The user does not have to worry about the memory allocation or multitasking or anything. These things are taken care of by the operating systems. MINIMUM THEORETICAL BACKGROUND : An Operating System supplies different kinds of services to both the users and to the programs as well.it also provides application programs (that run within an Operating system) an environment to execute it freely. It provides users the services run various programs in a convenient manner. File editing is done with the help of any editor. The default editor that comes with the UNIX operating system is called vi(visual editor). The UNIX vi editor is a full screen editor and has two modes of operation: Command mode commands which cause action to be taken on the file, and Insert mode in which entered text is inserted into the file. Editor : There are many ways to edit files in Unix. Vi Editor works in Unix. This editor enables you to edit lines in context with other lines in the file. You can also use this editor to just read a text file. An improved version of the vi editor which is called the VIM has also been made available now. Here, VIM stands for Vi Improved. GUI : Linux system provides both the interface that is GUI and CLI.As per the requirement you can decide when you should use the Linux command line interface (CLI) and when you should use a graphical user interface (GUI). Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 PROGRAM CODE : Check all permissions started on your system. Stop the services which are not required for long time. We execute following commands on ubuntu operating system: 1) Sudo systemctl start acpit 2) Sudo systemctl stop ufw 3) Sudo systemctl start ufw 4) Sudo systemctl restart ufw 5) Pwd 6) Cd RESULT :  cd  pwd Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990  Sudo systemctl stop ufw  Sudo systemctl start ufw Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990  Sudo systemctl restart ufw Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 PRACTICAL RELATED QUESTIONS : 1) List various menus you observed on your system. Ans. Menu may be defined as the commands and operations in a list which is presented to the user in a computer system or communication system in terms of computing and telecommunication. The various menus observed in the system are :  Pop up menu  Menu bar Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990  Command Line Interface menu  Graphical User Interface menu There are more menus but these are the most required and observed menu on the system. 2) Study the GUI of your Linux system Ans. Default installation of Ubuntu contains a wide range of software that includes LibreOffice, Firefox, Thunderbird, Transmission, and several lightweight games such as Sudoku and chess. Many additional software packages are accessible from the built in Ubuntu Software (previously Ubuntu Software Center) as well as any other APTbased package management tools. Many additional software packages that are no longer installed by default, such as Evolution, GIMP, Pidgin, and Synaptic, are still accessible in the repositories and installable by the main tool or by any other APT-based package management tool. Cross-distribution snap packages and flatpaks are also available, that both allow installing software, such as some of Microsoft's software, in most of the major Linux operating systems (such as any currently supported Ubuntu version and in Fedora). The default file manager is GNOME Files, formerly called Nautilus. All of the application software installed by default is free software. In addition, Ubuntu redistributes some hardware drivers that are available only in binary format, but such packages are clearly marked in the restricted component. 3) What is difference between GUI and CLI? Ans. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 EXERCISE : 1) What are system calls provided by file management? Ans. File Management These system calls are responsible for file manipulation such as creating a file, reading a file, writing into a file etc. For Windows following are the File management system calls  createFile()  readFile()  writeFile()  closeHandle() For Linux following are the File management system calls  open()  read()  write()  close() Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 2) Draw and explain services provided by operating system Ans. Following are a few common services provided by an operating system 3 1) Program execution 2) I/O operations 3) File System manipulation 4) Communication 5) Error Detection 6) Resource Allocation 7) Protection 1. Program execution : Operating systems handle many kinds of activities from user programs to system programs like printer spooler, name servers, file server, etc. Each of these activities is encapsulated as a process. A process includes the complete execution context (code to execute, data to manipulate, registers, OS resources in use). 2. I/O Operation : An I/O subsystem comprises of I/O devices and their corresponding driver software. Drivers hide the peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the user. 3. File system manipulation : A file represents a collection of related information. Computers can store files on the disk (secondary storage), for long-term storage purpose. Examples of storage media include magnetic tape, magnetic disk and optical disk drives Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 like CD, DVD. Each of these media has its own properties like speed, capacity, data transfer rate and data access methods. 4. Error handling : Errors can occur anytime and anywhere. An error may occur in CPU, in I/O devices or in the memory hardware. 5. Resource Management : In case of multi-user or multi-tasking environment, resources such as main memory, CPU cycles and files storage are to be allocated to each user or job. 6. Protection : Considering a computer system having multiple users and concurrent execution of multiple processes, the various processes must be protected from each other's activities. 3) What are system components of operating system? Ans.  File Management.  Process Management.  I/O Device Management.  Network Management.  Main Memory management.  Secondary-Storage Management.  Security Management. CONCLUSION : We have successfully execute all the commands of Linux operating system of GUI, editor and file handling commands. Commands are as follows :  Sudo systemctl start acpit  Sudo systemctl stop ufw  Sudo systemctl start ufw  Sudo systemctl restart ufw  Pwd  Cd Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Practical 5 : Execute process commands - ps, wait, sleep, exit, kill PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE : Process is program in execution.ps commands is used to manage and to see the active processes on Unix operating system. Ps basically means 7Process Status8 which is used to display currently running processes in Unix operating system. MINIMUM THEORETICAL BACKGROUND : 1) ps  Program running on the system are called as processes. For examining these processes, users need to know about ps command.  This command is useful in producing the information for all the processes that are running on the machine. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990  The ps command is not easy to use as it presents number of parameters that makes it complicated. 2) wait  The wait is one of the built-in commands of Linux. It waits for the completion of any running process.  Waits until all background processes are completed and then exits. 3) sleep  Sleep command is used to introduce delay for a specific time.This command helps to pause a process for a given time.  Suffixes can be used with command to specify exact time. 5s6 can be used for seconds. 5m6 can be used for minutes, 5h6 can be used for hours and 5d6 can be used for days. 4) exit  Generally shell script will exit with the last command8s exit status.  Used to quite the shell. 5) kill  Kill command is used to kill the process. User has to specify process ID for killing the process.  Kill command sends TERMINATE signal to all the process IDs that are listed on command line.  It may be difficult to use kill command as it uses process ID instead of its command name.  For killing the process user should be the owner of process or must have logged in from root user. PROGRAM CODE :  $ ps  $ sleep 10  $ kill Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990  $ wait  $ exit PRACTICAL RELATED QUESTIONS : 1) What is name of your login shell? Ans. ps -p $$ 3 Display your current shell name reliably. 2) What are various options of kill command? Ans. 1. $kill 3l : To display all the available signals Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 2. $kill pid : To show how to use a PID with the kill command. Syntax : $kill pid 3. kill -s : To show how to send signal to processes. Syntax : kill {-signal | -s signal} pid 4. kill -L :This command is used to list available signals in a table format. Syntax : kill {-l | --list[=signal] | -L | --table} 3) What are various options of ps command? Ans. Option Description -a Displays all processes on a terminal, with the exception of group. -c Displays scheduler data. -d Displays all processes with the exception of session leaders. -e Displays all processes. -f Displays a full listing. -glist Displays data for the list of group leader IDs. -j Displays the process group ID and session ID. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 -l Displays a long listing -plist Displays data for the list of process IDs. -slist Displays data for the list of session leader IDs. -tlist Displays data for the list of terminals. -ulist Displays data for the list of usernames. 4) Explain about exit command. Ans. exit command in linux is used to exit the shell where it is currently running. It takes one more parameter as [N] and exits the shell with a return of status N. If n is not provided, then it simply returns the status of last command that is executed. Syntax : exit [n] 5) List the system calls for process management Ans. System calls Description fork() : To create a new process exec() : To execute a new program in a process wait() : To wait until a created process completes its execution exit() : To exit from a process execution getpid() : To get a process identifier of the current process getppid() : To get parent process identifier nice() : To bias the existing priority of a process brk() : To increase/decrease the data segment size of a process EXERCISE : 1) Observe the output of following commands $sleep 30; date Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 $echo $$ Ans. 2) Display full listing of all processes running on your terminal. Ans. 3) Write output of following command. $sleep 60; banner GOOD Ans. 4) Difference between Wait and Sleep Ans. Key Wait Sleep Class Wait() method belongs to Sleep() method belongs to Object class Thread class Lock Release Wait() releases the lock on an It does not release lock on an object object Calling context Wait() can be called on Sleep() can be called on object itself Thread. Wake-up condition Until call notify(), notifyAll() Until atleast time expire or Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 from object call interrupt. spurious wakeups Program can get spurious It will not get spurious wakeups wakeups. 5) Write all the process commands Ans. 1. ps - If you run ps command without any arguments, it displays processes for the current shell. 2. Wait -When wait command is executed with $process_id then the next command will wait for completing the task of the first echo command. The second wait command is used with '$! ' and this indicate the process id of the last running process. 3. Sleep - command is used to delay for a fixed amount of time during the execution of any script. 4. Kill -kill command in Linux (located in /bin/kill), is a built-in command which is used to terminate processes manually. 5. Exit- used to quite the shell. CONCLUSION : In this practical we successfully install virtual box, Ubuntu on our laptop. And successfully Run the basic process commands on Ubuntu. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Practical 6 : Execute file and directory manipulation commands PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE : Basically the operations performed in unix or linux are done on a prompt or terminal which is not stored anywhere. but most of the commands are return to store the information. One way is to store the information in file. Various operation that can be performed on a file are create , open, read ,write ,move,close and rename. MINIMUM THEORETICAL BACKGROUND : File and directory manipulation commands : ls Command: It is used to lists files in current directory. Syntax: $ls Options Meanings ls -a list all files including hidden files starts with 7.8 ls -d list directories 3 with 7*8 Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 ls 3i list files in I node index number ls -l list with long format 3 show permissions Example: $ls -I abc.txt list contains of abc.txt files $ls -l list of all files along with permission given to it $ls ??? list the names of the files with exact three character in it name $ls d*s list of file names starts with d and ends with s $ls -l gives full listing of all files and directories Rm commands: it is used to remove files Syntax: $rm filename Example: $rm abc.txt removes abc.txt $rm abc.txt xyz.txt removes abc.txt and xyz.txt files $rm * removes all files Mv commands: it is used to move a file from one location to another Syntax: Mv [option] source destination (consider 3 files having name abc.txt xyz.txt and pqr.txt) to rename the file abc.txt to aaa.txt(not exists) $ls Abc.txt xyz.txt pqr.txt $mv abc.txt aaa.txt $ls Xyz.txt pqr.txt aaa.txt Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Options: 1. -i(interactive) : the mv command with -I option asks for confirmation $mv -I abc.txt aab.txt Cp command: it I used to copy a file to destination file. If the command contains two file names, then it is copies the contains of first file to the second file. If the 2nd file doesn8t exists then first it creates one and content is copied to it. But if it existed then it is simply overwritten without any warning. Syntax : $cp source file destination file Example: $ls xyz.txt $cp xyz.txt zzz.txt Check it now $ls Xyz.txt zzz.txt Join command: It is used for joning lines of two files on the basis of common field in each file called as a key. Syntax: $join [-t -o]filename1 filename2 -t field separator -o Specify the column each table that must be included Example : $cat stud1 Ajay 1990 Vijay 1992 Sujit 1991 $cat stud2 Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Ajay 50 Vijay 62 Sujit 70 $join -t6:6 stud1 stud2 Ajay 1990:50 Vijay 1992:62 Sujit 1991:70 Split command: It is used to split the large file into smaller files. Default size is 1000 lines/file. Syntax : $split -n filename tag name -n no.of lines in each smaller file. -tag name by default the split builds the o/p files named xaa , xab , xac ……. It tags name specified , it replaces x with that tag name Example : Split -100 student Check it now -ls Xaa xab xac Cat command : It is used to create the file and displaying the contents of file/files. Syntax: $cat > sample(to create a file) This is a simple file in UNIX $cat sample Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Where Cat is a command and sample is a argument. this Is sample file in UNIX. User can display contents of more than one file and called as concatenation. $cat list1.txt and list2.txt (list2 files at a time) Head command: it is used to read the first 10 lines of file.(10 lines by default) the no.of lines to be displayed maybe specified in the head command. Syntax: $head -n filename (-n means how many lines to be displayed) Example : $head -20 student Displays the 1st 20 lines of file student. Tail command: it is used to print last few numbers of lines(10 by default) of a certain file, then terminates. Syntax: $tail{[+/-]n[lbc]}filename Options meaning +n Displays all line starting from nth line -n displays n line from end of the file L indicates line B indicates blocks C indicate character Example : $tail -20l student Displays last 20 lines of student file. $tail +20l student Displays all lines starting from 20th lines of the student file. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Touch command: it is the easiest way to create new,empty files Syntax: $touch filename Example : $touch aaa File saving and redirection operator : Generally UNIX commands are entered at the keyboard and output resulting from these commands are displayed on the computer screen. The standard input and standard output are actually taken or saved to files. Example : Output of 1st command is taken as input for 2nd command. In this example output of ls command is saved into a file out.txt $ls > out.txt Combine 2 text files to another file : $cat list1.txt list2.txt > todo.txt In this example contents of file list1.txt and list2.txt is saved to todo.txt file. $cat list1.txt >> list2.txt It appends the contents list1.txt to list2.txt It adds the contents at the end of file. Now check it $ls list2.txt PROGRAM CODE : 1) Create three files a1,a2,a3. Ans. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 2) Apply different commands like : 1)ls 2)mv 3)cp 4)rm 5)join 6)split 7)cat 8)head 9)tail 10)touch and check the list of files at the ends. Ans. 1) ls 2) mv 3) cp 4) rm Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 5) join 6) split 7) cat 8) head Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 9) tail 10) touch PRACTICAL RELATED QUESTIONS : 1) What are different options of ls commands? Write down the command along with the option and note down the output.(Use $man ls commands to check options) Ans. Answer: ls is a Linux shell command that lists directory contents of files and directories. Syntax: $ ls [options] [file|dir] Examples: 1) List directory /home/user/Documents/Books with absolute path. -$ ls /home/user/Documents/Books 2) List root directory: -$ ls / Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 3) List parent directory: -$ ls.. 4) List user's home directory (e.g: /home/user): -$ ls ~ 5) List with long format: -$ ls 3l 6) Show hidden files: -$ ls 3a 7) List with long format and show hidden files: -$ ls 3la 8) Sort by date/time: -$ ls 3t 9) Sort by file size: -$ ls 3S 10) List all subdirectories: -$ ls * Run $ man ls OR $ ls –help to get all information about ls command. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 What are different options of mv commands? Ans. It has two distinct functions: (i) It rename a file or folder. (ii) It moves group of files to different directory. i. To rename the file a.txt to geek.txt(not exist)- Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Syntax: mv [Option] source destination Code: $ ls a.txt b.txt c.txt d.txt $ mv a.txt geek.txt $ ls b.txt c.txt d.txt geek.txt ii. moving geeks.txt to b.txt(exist): Code: $ ls b.txt c.txt d.txt geek.txt $ cat geek.txt India $ cat b.txt geeksforgeeks $ mv geek.txt b.txt $ ls b.txt c.txt d.txt $ cat b.txt India 2) What is use of split command? Ans. Split command in Linux is used to split large files into smaller files. It splits the files into 1000 lines per file(by default) and even allows users to change the number of lines as per requirement. Syntax: split [options] name_of_file prefix_for_new_files Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 3) How to use join command? Ans. join command is used to join the two files based on a key field present in both the files. Syntax: $join [OPTION] FILE1 FILE2 EXERCISE : 1) Write output of following commands : i. Display all files names which starts with 7a8 and ends with 7y8. ii. Enlist all the files beginning with 7m8 and ending with any range of 1 to 5. iii. Show the contents of files whose file names contains exactly two characters. iv. Create a file ABCD.txt, create a copy with XXX.txt. Rename the original file with AACD.txt. Delete the file XXX.txt. v. Display the inodes of any two files at the same time. Ans. i. Display all files names which starts with 7a8 and ends with 7y8. ii. Enlist all the files beginning with 7m8 and ending with any range of 1 to 5. iii. Show the contents of files whose file names contains exactly two characters. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 iv. Create a file ABCD.txt, create a copy with XXX.txt. Rename the original file with AACD.txt. Delete the file XXX.txt. v. Display the inodes of any two files at the same time. 2) List all file processing commands Ans. a) awk b) grep c) head d) tail e) sort f) uniq g) less h) more i) tr j) pr k) fmt l) Sed 3) How many lines will be displayed with head command if number is not specified. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Ans. 10 lines 4) Create two files chapter1 and chapter2 by asking the user before overwrite. i. Copy contents of chapter1 and chapter2 by asking the user before overwrite. ii. Display inodes of two files. iii. Rename the file 7chapter18 to 7Lessson18 Ans. i. Copy contents of chapter1 and chapter2 by asking the user before overwrite. ii. Display inodes of two files. iii. Rename the file 7chapter18 to 7Lessson18 5) Execute the following commands: i. $ls a*n ii. $ls s? iii. cat abc>>xyz Ans. i. $ls a*n ii. $ls s? Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 iii. cat abc>>xyz CONCLUSION : We successfully implemented file and directory manipulation commands like ls, mv, cp, rm, join, split, cp, head, tail, touch. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Practical 7 : Execute File and Directory Manipulation commands PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE : Data and programs are stored in Files. These are organized in directories. In a simple way, a directory is just a file that contains other files(or directories). MINIMUM THEORITICAL BACKGROUND : Unix uses a hierarchical structure for organizing files and Directories. This structure is called as a directory tree. The tree has a single root node, the slash character (/), and all other directories are contained below it. When user first log in to the Unix server, the specified directory is called as Home Directory. Directory structure in Unix/Linux: Directory Manipulation commands are as follows : a. mdkir b. cd c. rmdir d. pwd Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 1) mkdir Command It is used to create a new directory in a current directory. $ mkdir Example : $ mkdir CM5I User can create more than one directory in a single command. $mkdir subject1 subject2 If user wants to create directory on the specific path them syntax is: Syntax: $mkdir path/ directory name 2) cd Command The Cd command is used to change directory. You can use it to change to any directory by specifying a valid absolute or relative path. Syntax: $cd Example: $cd Directory Name $cd CM5I $cd To come out from current working directory. Example : $cd.. $cd/ It changes to root directory. Example: $cd/ 3) rmdir Command It is used to Delete/ remove directory. If the parent directory having subdirectories then first all subdirectories will be deleted then the parent directory is deleted. Syntax: $rmdir 4) pwd Command Pwd stands for present working directory. This is most used linux command to see the specific Unix directory on which the user is working on. Syntax: $pwd Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 diff command This command is used to show difference between two text files. It also tells which line in one has to be changed to make the two files identical. Syntax: $diff filename1 filename2 The operations of the result should be like this – a - Added the text to file c - changes are made in the file d - deletion operation is performed < - lines from the first file > - lines from the second file $cat file1.txt I need to go to the shop I need to buy some mangoes When I get home , I8ll wash the cat $cat file12.txt I need to go to the shop I need to buy some mangoes Oh yeah , I also need to by cheese When I get home, I8ll wash the cat Use the diff command to compare both files. $diff file1.txt file2.txt The above command should give the result as shown below- 2a3 >oh yeah, I also need to by cheese From the output 2a3 means 5After line 2 in the first file, a line to be added: line 3 from the second file 5. Comm command This command compare two sorted files. It compares each line of first file with its corresponding line in the second file and generates 3 column output. The first column lists the lines only in first file. The second column lists the lines only in second file. The third column lists the lines in both files. Syntax: $comm filename1filename2 Example: $Cat student1 $cat student2 Harsh Harsh Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Sujay Niket Smith Ashutosh $comm student1 student2 Sujay Niket Harsh Smith Ashutosh Pr command Pr- convert text files for printing The pr command does minor formatting of files on the terminal screen or for a printer. For example , if you have a long list of names in a file, you can format it onscreen into two or more columns. Syntax:- Pr option(s) filename(s) Pr changes the format of the file only one the screen or on printed copy ; it doesn8t modify the original file. dir command It is used to list all files and directories chmod command It is used to change or set permissions ( read, write and execute ) for all the three categories of users. Types of users are 3 user , group and other Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 To verify The permissions of a file or directory use ls-I command. Syntax: $Is -l Chmod can be operated in two ways: 1. Symbolic or alphabetical Notation. 2. Octal or absolute Notation. 1) Symbolic or Alphabetical Notation It uses symbols for assigning permissions to the users. There are following symbols for users of three categories Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Syntax: $Chmod < permissions> < filename> Example: 1) Assign the execute permission for user/owner,group and others. $chmod ugo+x abc 2) Assign all permissions for group $chmod g+rwx abc 3) Assign execute permission for the owner and remove read permission of group and others. $chmod u+x, go-r abc 4) Assign read the permission to all three users and remove all remaining permissions. $chmod ugo=r abc 2) Octal and absolute Notation Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 This method uses a number to specify each set of permissions for the file. It assign permission in three digits. First digit assign permission for owner, second digit for group and third for others. Digits range is 0 to 7. Syntax: $chmod $chmod [u g o] file name List of octal numbers: Example: $chmod 750 abc It assign all permissions for user , read and execute for group and no permissions for other for file abc. cmp command This command is used to compare files when used without options. It uses two filename as an argument and display the difference on the terminals. $cmp filename1 filename 2 $cat student1 $cat student2 Harsh Harsh Sujay sujay Smith smith $cmp filename1 filename2 Student1 student2 diff : char 6 line 1 PROGRAM CODE : 1) Execute File and Directory Manipulation commands. 1. mkdir 2. cd 3. rmdir Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 4. pwd 5. diff command 6. comm command Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 7. ls 3l 8. pr command 9. chmod command Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 a. Symbolic b. Octal Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 10. cmp command 2) Create the following structure Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 PRACTICAL RELATED QUESTIONS : 1) How to shift from Root directory to User(Home) directory ? Ans. We can shift from Root Directory to User(Home) directory by using : cd 2) How to see directories? Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Ans. We can see directories using: dir 3) What is default set of permissions given by syetm to the directory? Ans. Default permission for a directory is 0777, for files the permissions are 0666 from which the default umask value 0022 is deducted to get the newly created files or directory permission. 4) Assign all the permissions to your directory for all users using symbolic & octal methods. Ans. 5) What is difference between comm and cmp command? Ans. Diff Command : This command is used to show difference between two text files. It also tells which line in one has to be changed to make the two files identical. Syntax: $diff filename1 filename2 The operations of the result should be like this 3 a - Added the text to file c - changes are made in the file d - deletion operation is performed < - lines from the first file > - lines from the second file Comm command : Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 This command compares two sorted files. It compares each line of first file with its corresponding line in the second file and generates 3 column output. The first column lists the lines only in first file. The second column lists the lines only in second file. The third column lists the lines in both files. Syntax: $comm filename1filename2 EXERCISE : 1. Write the commands for performing the following tasks sequentially a. Display your current directory b. Create a directory 7subjects8 in current directory c. Create a file 8sample9 in the directory 8subject9 d. Remove the write permission for the owner for 8sample9 using symbolic method e. Delete the file 8sample9. What is an error message displayed No error displayed Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 2. What are the permissions assigned to file/files after execution of following commands? Ans. a. $chmod 700 abc It assign all permissions for owner and no permissions for group & other for file abc. b. $chmod u+rwx,go-rwx file1 file2 It assign read, write, execute permissions for owner for file file1 and it removes read, write, execute permissions for group & owner for file file2. c. $chmod 536 xyz It assign read and execute permissions for owner, write and execute permissions for group and write and execute permissions for other for file xyz. 3. Create new files pqr & prql Perform the commands a. $chmod ugo=r pqr Assign read the permission to all three users and removes all remaining permissions for file pqr. b. $chmod ugo+r pqrl Assign read the permission to owner, group and other for file pqrl. 4. Assign read and write permission for the owner, write permission for the group and execute permission for others using octal method for file mfile. Ans. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 5. Write commands to assign following permissions to file OSY using octal method a. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ b. _rw_r_xr_ _ c. _r_xr_xr_x Ans. a. $chmod 000 OSY.txt b. $chmod 654 OSY.txt c. $chmod 555 OSY.txt 6. Write commands to assign following permissions to file OSY using symbolic method a. _rwxr_xr_ _ b. _rwxrwxrwx Ans. a. $chmod u+rwx,g+rx,o+r OSY.txt b. $chmod ugo+rwx CONCLUSION : We successfully implemented file and directory manipulation commands like mkdir, rmdir, cd, pwd ,dir, comm, diff, cmp, chmod etc. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Practical 8 : Execute text processing commands PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE : There are many text processing commands. A filter is commands that takes flow of data from the standard input, process or filters it and sends the result to standard output. cut, wc, tr, sort or grep are all simple filters. MINIMUM THEORETICAL BACKGROUND : Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 PROGRAM CODE : Execute text processing commands tr, cut, paste, wc, spell ,sort, grep, more 1) tr Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 2) cut 3) paste 4) wc Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 5) spell 6) sort Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 7) grep 8) more Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 PRACTICAL RELATED QUESTIONS : 1) Give the applications of paste commands Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Ans. Paste command is one of the useful commands in Unix or Linux operating system. It is used to join files horizontally (parallel merging) by outputting lines consisting of lines from each file specified, separated by tab as delimiter, to the standard output. 2) How to move cursor at the end of line Ans. Ctrl+E or End command can be used moves the cursor to the end of the line. 3) What are options of wc commands Ans. 1. -l: This option prints the number of lines present in a file. With this option wc command displays two-columnar output, 1st column shows number of lines present in a file and 2nd itself represent the file name. 2. -w: This option prints the number of words present in a file. With this option wc command displays two-columnar output, 1st column shows number of words present in a file and 2nd is the file name. 3. -c: This option displays count of bytes present in a file. With this option it display two-columnar output, 1st column shows number of bytes present in a file and 2nd is the file name. 4. -m: Using -m option 7wc8 command displays count of characters from a file 5. -L: The 7wc8 command allow an argument -L, it can be used to print out the length of longest (number of characters) line in a file. So, we have the longest character line Arunachal Pradesh in a file state.txt and Hyderabad in the file capital.txt. But with this option if more than one file name is specified then the last row i.e. the extra row, doesn8t display total but it display the maximum of all values displaying in the first column of individual files 6. –version: This option is used to display the version of wc which is currently running on your system. 4) What are different types of filters used in Linux Ans.  cat : Displays the text of the file line by line.  head : Displays the first n lines of the specified text files. If the number of lines is not specified then by default prints first 10 lines  tail : It works the same way as head, just in reverse order. The only difference in tail is, it returns the lines from bottom to up. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990  sort : Sorts the lines alphabetically by default but there are many options available to modify the sorting mechanism. Be sure to check out the man page to see everything it can do  uniq : Removes duplicate lines. uniq has a limitation that it can only remove continuous duplicate lines(although this can be fixed by the use of piping). Assuming we have the following data.  wc : wc command gives the number of lines, words and characters in the data 5) What is difference between $cat abc and $cat abc more Ans. Cat displays file contents. If the file is large the contents scroll off the screen before we view it. So command 'more' is like a pager which displays the contents page by page. EXERCISE : 1) Write the significance of following I. Only one character is specified $ paste -d "|" number state capital 1|Arunachal Pradesh|Itanagar 2|Assam|Dispur 3|Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad 4|Bihar|Patna 5|Chhattisgrah|Raipur II. More than one character is specified $ paste -d "|," number state capital 1|Arunachal Pradesh,Itanagar 2|Assam,Dispur 3|Andhra Pradesh,Hyderabad 4|Bihar,Patna 5|Chhattisgrah,Raipur First and second file is separated by '|' and second and third is separated by ','.After that list is exhausted and reused. III. -s(serials) ,combination of 3d and 3s ,-versions (write its syntax and example) Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 1) - s (serial): Syntax : $ paste -s number state capital Example 1 2 3 4 5 Arunachal Pradesh Assam Andhra Pradesh Bihar Chhattisgrah Itanagar Dispur Hyderabad Patna Raipur 2) Combination of -d and 3s Syntax : $ paste -s -d ":" number state capital Example 1:2:3:4:5 Arunachal Pradesh:Assam:Andhra Pradesh:Bihar:Chhattisgrah Itanagar:Dispur:Hyderabad:Patna:Raipu 3) 3version Syntax : $ paste 3version Example paste (GNU coreutils) 8.26 Packaged by Cygwin (8.26-2) Copyright (C) 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later. This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. 1. Create a new file and practice executing shell commands from within the editor. Capture the results of some shell commands into file Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 K command= Move up one line. Before using k command. After using k command X commands: Delete character to the left of the cursor Before using X command After using X command l command= Move right one character Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Before using l command. After using l command 2. How to get help? Ans. To get information about a single internal command, reading the entire shell document is not only a time-consuming process but also a tedious task. Luckily, shell offers a command, known as the help command The help command uses the following syntax. $help [options] [text-string/pattern/internal-command] Example Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 2) Try the commands and write the outputs with its meaning i. tr 5[a-f]6 5[1-5]6 < employee Output: Meaning: It can convert the letters from a-f to 1-5 in employee table It starts from A=1 to E=5 in that file for conversion ii. tr 3s 5 6 < employee Output: Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Meaning: To squeeze repeat occurrences of characters specified in a set use the -s option. This removes repeated instances of a character. iii. tr 3d 5f6 < employee Output : Meaning: To delete specific characters use the -d option. This option deletes characters in the first set specified. In that f character deleted from it. CONCLUSION : We successfully implemented text processing commands to perform operations using commands like tr, cut, paste, spell, sort, grep, more, wc. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Practical 9 : Execute File and Directory Manipulation commands PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE : There are many ways to edit files in Unix. Editing files using the screen oriented text editor vi in one of the best ways. This editor enables you to edit lines in context with other lines in the file. Vi is intended as a plain text editor (similar to Notepad on Windows, or Textedit on Mac) as opposed to word processing suite such as Word or pages. It does, however have a lot more power compared to Notepad or Textedit. MINIMUM THEORETICAL BACKGROUND : Vi modes commands: Command Action K Move one line upwards Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 L Move one character to the right H Move one character to the left W Move one word to the right W Move one word to the right past punctuation B Move one word to the left B Move one word to the left past punctuation E Move to the end of the current word 1G Move to the beginning of the file H Move to the top of the current screen M Move to the middle of the current screen L Move to the bottom of the current screen Ctrl-G Move to the last line in the file Ctrl-F Move one screen towards the end of the file Ctrl-D Move 1/2 screen towards the end of the file Ctrl-B Move one screen towards the beginning of the file Ctrl-U Move 1/2 screen towards the beginning of the file Ctrl-L Refresh the screen Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 5G Move to line 5 of the file (5 can be any line number) /string Find text string forward ?string Find text string backward N Find forward next string instance after a string search N Find backward next string instance after a string search ZZ Save the file exit vi X Delete the character at the cursor X Delete the character behind the cursor Dd Delete the line the cursor is on 10dd Delete the 10 lines following the cursor Yy Yank the current line P Put the yanked line below the current line P Put the yanked line above the current line Commands mode commands: Command Action :g/X/s//x/g Global Search and replace (X=search object x=replace object) Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 :r file Import a file into the current file :34 r file Import a file into the current file after line 34 :w Write out the file to save changes :w file Write the file to named file :wq Save the file exit vi :w! Force save the file :q! Quit vi but don8t save changes Input mode commands: Command Action A Insert characters to the right of the cursor A Append characters to the current line I Insert characters to the left of cursor I Insert characters at the beginning of the current line O Add a new line after current line O Insert a new line above the current line Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 PROGRAM CODE : Create a file OS and type at least 30 lines in it 1. Write the command to save the file. Ans: To save the file and exit at the same time, you can use the ESC and :x key and hit [Enter]. Optionally, press [Esc] and type Shift + Z Z to save and exit the file. 2. Write the command to insert text at the end of line. Ans: Type A to add text to the end of a line. To see how this command works, position the cursor anywhere on a text line and type A. The cursor moves to the end of the line, where you can type your additions. Press Esc when you are finished. 3. Replace some character into beginning of second line. Ans: :%s/ plus the text to find, another /, followed by the replacement text/ 4. Write a command to delete 10 lines at a time. Ans: :[start],[end]d Example= :1,10d 5. Write a command to move cursor 3 words to the right. Ans: To move right, press l (press 3 time). Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 I command Insert at cursor (goes into insert mode) Create file command Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 File is created K command= Move up one line. Before using k command. After using k command j command = Move down one line Before using j command. After using j command Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 l command= Move right one character Before using l command. After using l command h command= Move left one character Before using h command Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 After using h command. x command= Delete character at the cursor Before using x command After using x command Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 X commands: Delete character to the left of the cursor Before using X command After using X command Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 r command: Replace character at cursor with one other character Before using r command After using r command yy command: Yank or copy line P command: paste line Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 dd command: Delete line containing the cursor Before using dd command After using dd command wq command Save changes and quit vi Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 q command Quit without saving changes PRACTICAL RELATED QUESTIONS : 1. What is difference between Type o and type of O? Ans: Sr No o O 1 Creates a new line for text Creates a new line for text entry Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 entry below cursor location. above cursor location. 2 Command =o Command =O 2. State the three ways quit the vi editor. Ans: a. If you are currently in insert or append mode, press Esc. b. Press : (colon). The cursor should reappear at the lower left corner of the screen beside a colon prompt. c. Enter the following: q! 3. What is effect of (type these at colon mode and observe the change in your fine) Ans. a. set nu Line numbers will be displayed at the left side of the screen b. set ic Ignores the case when searching Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 c. set nonu Hide line numbers d. set noai Unsets auto indent Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 4. Give vi command to delete line to the left of cursor. Ans. Use Backspace to delete to the left of the cursor. If you need to move the cursor to another line, or make a change, or pretty much anything else, you need to press ESC to get back to Command mode first. 5. What is difference between young and delete? Ans. Sr No Young Delete 1 Copy is called yank ( y ) cut is called delete ( d ) 2 Command =y Command =d 6. What are different modes in VI editor ? Ans. Three modes of operation in vi are insert mode ,command mode. You use insert mode to type text into a file, while command mode is used to type commands that perform specific vi functions. Command mode is the default mode for vi 1. Command mode: in this mode, you can open or create files, specify cursor position and editing command, save or quit your work. Press Esc key to return to Command mode. 2. Insert mode: In this mode, you can enter text into the display on your screen to edit the file. To enter the Entry mode, you need to specify an input Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 command first. The input commands are: I for insert, o for overwrite, a for append. 7. Observe the output of following commands: i. at colon mode :abbr MSBTE Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education Now in the beginning of your find type MSBTE and press space bar write down the output ii. Go to beginning of your file press 4YY then move to end of your files and press P write the purpose of the command. Ans: 4yy is used to copy four lines and p is used to paste those lines EXERCISE : 1. Write the significance of following Ans. i. $ vi temp.txt vi will create the file 5temp. txt6 for you. Save the file that you are in. Create a file using vi editor and editing ii. insert multiple lines Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 In visual block mode, you can press I to insert text at the same position in multiple lines, and you can press A to append text to each line in a block. As well as inserting or appending text that you type, you can insert or append text from registers, for example, the clipboard. iii. delete contents using command It is important command.Which can be to delete line.We can delete multiple lines at a time using this command. 2. Create a new file and practice executing shell command from which thing the editor capture the result of some shell commands into the file Ans. script file_nm Execute commands Run exit commands cat file_nm 3. How to get help? Ans. a. Open vi editor. b. Then click on help option. CONCLUSION : So this practical was all about Vi editor. We have learned to create a new file or open an existing one. we have also learned to insert, delete or remove the words from a text file. In this practical, we run all the commands related to vi editor. Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Practical 10 : Execute Shell Script by using if statement PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE : If is a statement that allows the programmer to make a decision in the program based on conditions he specified. If the condition is met, the program will execute other task the programmer specified. MINIMUM THEORETICAL BACKGROUND : The if…else…fi statement is the control statement that allows Shell to execute statement in controlled way and make the right choice. Syntax: if [ expression ] then Statements(s) to be executed if expression is true else Statements(s) to be executed if expression is not true fi The shell expression is evaluated in the above syntax. If the resulting value is true, given statement(s) are executed.If the expression in false, then no statement will be executed. Relational operators are used along with if statement. Relational Operator used by if: Operator Meaning -eq Equal to -ne Not equal to -gt Greater than -ge Greater than or equal to -lt Less than -le Less than or equal to General Syntax: 1. Single Decision :- Syntax:- Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 if [ condition ] then ### series of code goes here fi 2. Double Decision: - Syntax:- if [ condition ] then Statements if the condition is satisfied else Statements of code if the condition is not satisfied fi 3. Multiple if Condition :- Syntax:- if [ condition1 ] then Statement for condition1 elif [ condition2 ] then Statements for condition2 else Statements if the condition is not satisfied fi 4. Double –Bracket :- Syntax:- if ((condition)) then Statements goes here fi To type any program in Linux you need the compiler. vi editor is used for creating file in Linux. Write a shell script to display Welcome message with today8s date in it. In vi editor wright a program code and save and quit with filename8sample.sh8. $vi sample.sh (Now press escape and i to change the input mode and type following program) #sample.sh #use of if-then statement if whoami; then Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 varl=8whoami8 echo 5 Welcome $varl6 fi if date; then echo 5It display todays date fi echo 5This is end of script6 To run the script $.sample.sh Save this program press escape+shift+(colon) and type wq (:wq ) 6Welcome Userl6 Mon Feb 25 22:29:29 PST 2019 5It displays todays date6 5This is end of script6 PROGRAM CODE : Execute shell script by considering example to find passing grades of students using if statement : 1. Single Decision echo "Enter percentage here :" read grade if [ $grade -ge 90 ] && [ $grade -le 100 ] then echo "Grade A" fi if [ $grade -ge 70 ] && [ $grade -lt 90 ] then echo "Grade B" fi if [ $grade -ge 50 ] && [ $grade -lt 70 ] then Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 echo "Grade C" fi if [ $grade -ge 35 ] && [ $grade -lt 50 ] then echo "Grade D" fi if [ $grade -lt 35 ] then echo "FAIL" fi Output : 2. Double Decision echo "Enter percentage of Student : " read grade if [ $grade -gt 40 ] then echo "Pass" else echo "Fail" fi Output : Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 3. Multiple if statements echo "Enter percentage of Student : " read grade if [ $grade -ge 90 ] then echo "Grade A" elif [ $grade -ge 80 ] then echo "Grade b" elif [ $grade -ge 70 ] then echo "Grade c" elif [ $grade -ge 60 ] then echo "Grade d" elif [ $grade -ge 40 ] then echo "Grade e" else Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 echo "Grade Fail" fi Output : PRACTICAL RELATED QUESTIONS : 1) Write and execute script for nested if statements. Ans. read -p 'username :' username if [ "$username" == "abc" ] then read -p 'password :' password if [ "$password" == "pwd" ] then echo "Login Successfully" else echo "Wrong Password" fi else echo "Wrong Username" fi Output : Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 2) Write Difference between Ans. If[condition] If((condition)) The single brackets […] is the command. The double parentheses ((…)) is the format for bash arithmetic expansion. It is used to create commands in statements. It is used to test an arithmetic operations. Syntax :- Syntax:- if [ condition ] if((condition)) then then ### series of code goes here Statements goes here Fi fi Example :- Example:- if [ 5$X6-lt606 ] if [[ $num -eq 42 ]] then then # if/then branch echo 6X is less then zero6 echo 'num is actually equal to 42' fi else # else branch echo 'num is not 42' fi 3) Write script for finding greatest number among given three number. Ans. echo "Enter number1 number : " read n1 echo "Enter number2 number : " read n2 echo "Enter number3 number : " read n3 Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 if [ $n1 -gt $n2 ] && [ $n1 -gt $n3 ] then echo "$n1 is Greater" elif [ $n2 -gt $n3 ] then echo "$n2 is Greater" else echo "$n3 is Greater" fi Output : EXERCISE : 1) Correct the following script and write its output. a. if [ ! 3r 5$l6 ] then echo 5 File $l is not readable 3 skipping.6; fi Ans. Error : Program code: Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 read l if [ ! -r $l ] then echo 5File $l is not readable 3 skipping.6 fi O u t p u t : a. if [ 5$x6 3nt 5/etc/passwd6 ]; Then echo 5X is file which is newer than /etc/passwd6 if Ans. Error : Program code: read x if [ $x -nt "/etc/passwd" ] then echo "$x is file which is newer than /etc/passwd" fi Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Output : CONCLUSION : We successfully executed Shell Script by using if statements (Single decision, Double decision, Multiple if condition) Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 Practical 11 : Execute Shell Script by using for statements PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE : The for loops iterate through a set of values until the list is exhausted. In simple terms the for loop operates on lists of items. It repeats a set of commands for every item in a list. MINIMUM THEORETICAL BACKGROUND : Syntax of FOR loop : for var in item1 item2…itemN do command1 command2 …. … command done Example: For var in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 do echo $var done So far you have looked at creating loops and working with loops to accomplish different tasks. Sometimes you need to stop a loop or skip iterations of the loop. Following two statements that are used to control shell loops. Three-expression bash for loops syntax Downloaded by Krunal Zilpe ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|30464990 This type of for loop can also be used similar to the C programming language. It is having by a threeparameter loop control expression; consisting of an initializer (EXP1), a loop-test or condition (EXP2), and a counting expression(EXP3). Three-expression bash for loops syntax A representative three-expression example in bash as follows: #!/bin/bash For((c=1;c

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