Oral Communication PDF

involving non-verbal/verbal cues made by the speaker. WEEK 1: FACTORS AFFECTED BY A SHIFTIN Extemporaneous, Impromptu, Manuscript, Memorized SPEECH CONTEXT, SPEECH STYLE, SPEECH ACT WEEK 2: RELATIONSHIP OF SPEAKER,...

involving non-verbal/verbal cues made by the speaker. WEEK 1: FACTORS AFFECTED BY A SHIFTIN Extemporaneous, Impromptu, Manuscript, Memorized SPEECH CONTEXT, SPEECH STYLE, SPEECH ACT WEEK 2: RELATIONSHIP OF SPEAKER, ROLES AND COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY: AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A SPEAKER TERMS: TERMS: Etiquette - the customary code of polite behavior in society or among Speaker - is the initiator of communication. members of a particular profession or group Listener - is the one who accurately receives and interprets messages Controversy - disagreement, often a public one, that involves in the communication process. different ideas or opinions about something. Communication ethics - is the ethical way of communicating through Mood - an emotional state of mind or the way you feel at a particular media, language, social media, and journalism for developing human time. relationships as per the morals and values of a profession, industry, Tone - a musical or vocal sound with reference to its pitch, quality, business, or individual. and strength. Errand - a short journey undertaken in order to deliver or collect RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPEAKER - refers to the bond something, especially on someone else’s behalf. between the speaker and receiver which may depend on how FACTORS AFFECTED BY A SHIFT IN SPEECH the discussions relate to receivers’ interests and knowledge CONTEXT, SPEECH STYLE, SPEECH ACT, AND YOU CAN OVERCOME SPEAKER CHALLENGES COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY STEP INTO A SHOES OF A SPEAKER - embrace the 1. LANGUAGE FORM - This refers to the formality or importance of the role of the speaker informality of the language used and it involves the choice of words and how sentences or utterances are structured. YOU CAN OVERCOME LISTENER CHALLENGES: Formal Language - used when talking with professionals or Practice Active Listening persons in authority in a formal, official or ceremonial Step into the Shoes of a Listener occasion, situation, gathering or event.well-thought-of or prepared because it is used to communicate with people with ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A SPEAKER - whom you have close association with like parents, siblings The speaker’s main role is to clearly send the message to the and friends intended receiver. Informal Language - is used without much consideration to 1. Maintain high ethical standards-Speakers should rules of convention or etiquette. It is casual and mostly not be honest and straightforward with listeners, avoiding well-thought-of or prepared because it is used to communicate with people with whom you have close association with like methods or goals that are deceitful, dishonest, parents, siblings and friends. misleading or unfair. 2. DURATION OF INTERACTION 2. Never distort information - An ethical speaker should - This refers to the amount of time a conversation takes always be honest about facts and figures. between and among communicators. 3. Respect your audience - Will Rogers once said, “There is 3. MESSAGE - This involves the content of the message. The nothing as stupid as an educated man if you get him off the message may be facts, opinion, feelings, order, suggestions, thing he was educated in”. and questions. 4. DELIVERY – refers to the manner/way of delivery 4. Reject Stereotyping - You should reject stereotypes because SMILING - Findings from multiple studies suggest that they are “mental cookie cutters”, forcing all people in a group humans rate those who smile as being more attractive than into the same simple pattern. those who do not smile. 5. Enrich Listener’s lives- you don’t necessarily have to BOOST YOUR CREDIBILITY - boost your credibility as a present life-saving tips. You can persuade your audience to speaker; by establishing your expertise, helping your audience take action to solve a difficult problem identify with you, and showing you are telling the truth. 6. Take every message or speech seriously ESTABLISH EXPERTISE BY: ○ Try as hard to communicate with an audience of five as you would with an audience of 500. You never know when one of citing reputable sources your listeners may start a national movement based on your Making sure your facts are accurate ideas. Covering your points in enough detail to demonstrate your knowledge CONNECTING WITH THE AUDIENCE - As a speaker, it Revealing your personal expertise with the topic is vital to make a personal connection with the audience HELP THE AUDIENCE IDENTIFY WITH YOU BY: 1. Identification - happens when a speaker emphasizes Wearing appropriate and attractive clothing common values, goals, and experiences that exist between him Mentioning what you have in common or her and the audience. Being friendly and enthusiastic Common Values - basic audience analysis, think about what Relating to listeners’ situations, feelings, and motives values you have in common with audience members. A sense SHOW YOU ARE TELLING THE TRUTH BY: of the difference between right and wrong, Presenting both sides of an issue Common Goals - In line with the same thought process as Sharing what motivated you to select your topic finding common values, think about goals that you are likely Having open, natural nonverbal that correspond to what you to share with audience members. A desire to be a better person say Common experiences - we often have similar experiences in Approaching the speech with ethics and positive intentions for life. your audience WEEK 3: SPEECH WRITING 2. Immediacy - refers to performing behaviors that increase TERMS: feelings of, liking pleasure, and closeness in the minds of Speech - the faculty or power of speaking; oral communication; audience members ability to express one’s thoughts and emotions by speech sounds and gestures. EYE CONTACT - speaker's ability to make and maintain eye Speaking outline of pattern - to prepare when delivering speech contact during a presentation impacts the audience's includes brief phrases or words that reminds the speakers of the evaluations of how likable and trustworthy the speaker is points they need to make, plus supporting material and signpost. RELAXED POSTURE - A stiff speaker is less likely to Speech writing - art of conveying a message to your audience. Either connect with an audience than is a relaxed speaker. through oral communication or through other means, such as powerpoint slides, speech writing has the same function as normal writing  Audience profile - involves identifying the audience and adapting a because as mentioned, the conclusion is to cite again the speech to their interest, level of understanding, attitudes, and beliefs. points in the introduction and body. Organizational pattern - shows the relationship between supporting A. Summary statement of the Introduction and details in paragraph, essay, and chapters. The organization of the Body/Discussion or main points. supporting details helps you understand how an author thinks and B. Repeat a story, a quotation, a series of questions used in the helps you remember what you read. introduction differently or with a twist. Word choice - refers to the specific vocabulary the writer uses to convey meaning and enlighten the reader. C. A closer, a call action, or a memorable statement that will Physical setting - includes location, size of room, seating leave a mark on the minds of the audience. arrangement, distance between audience and speaker, time of day, AUDIENCE ANALYSIS - involves identifying the audience room, temperature, and lighting. and adapting a speech to their interests, level of understanding, attitudes, and beliefs. EIGHT STEPS YOU CAN USE TO COMPOSE AN 1. Knowledge of topic - Audience knowledge of a topic can EFFECTIVE SPEECH FOR ANY SITUATION vary widely on any given occasion; therefore, communicators 1. Choose an important topic. should find out what their audience already knows about the 2. Consider your audience. topic. Never overestimate or underestimate the audience’s 3. Prepare a structure. knowledge of a topic. 4. Begin with a strong point. 2. Demographics- The demographic factors of an audience 5. Use concrete details and visual aids. include age, gender, religion, ethnic background, class, sexual 6. Include a personal element. orientation, occupation, education, group membership, and 7. Consider rhetorical devices. countless other categories. Since these categories often 8. End memorably. organize individual’s identities and experiences, a wise BASIC FORMAT OF A SPEECH (Using the Three Parts speaker attends to them. of a Speech) 3. Setting- The setting of a presentation can influence the ability I. INTRODUCTION - the theme is introduced and the reason to give a speech and the audience’s ability and desire to listen. for writing the speech is stated. It is important that as a 4. Audience size - Many elements of speech-making change in speaker, you can catch the attention of your audience. accordance with audience size. In general, the larger the A. Attention-getter (A question, a maxim or proverb, a audience the more formal the presentation should be. startling statement, a story, a narrative, a joke) THREE COMMON LOGICAL PATTERNS B. Preview 1. Time order or chronological pattern- This pattern presents II. BODY(Discussion) - the main topic is presented. As a events or processes according to the sequence of time that they speaker, you should stick to your theme. Examples will be occurred. A variation of this pattern makes use of the “past – helpful to keep the audience interested in your discussion. present – future” or “before – during –after” segments. A. Topic Idea 2. Spatial pattern - This pattern organizes the speech according B. Sequential arrangement of support ideas to the physical structure of the subject or how the topic C. Supporting details (illustrated examples, figures and other appears in space. This is a pattern that is suitable in describing data can be included here) a physical relationship among people, places, or things. III. CONCLUSION - the summary statement of review. 3. Topical pattern - This pattern is most often employed when There should be no added information to be discussed here, speakers take their main topic and decide the most important sub-topics they would like to talk about. This pattern of organization includes types, categories or such classification academic works and works of nonfiction. However, abstract as advantages and disadvantages, cause and effect, words can be powerful tools when creating poetry, fiction, or problem-solution and other topics that can be classified into persuasive rhetoric. related form AUDIENCE – whether the writer seeks to engage, amuse, DURATION OF PHYSICAL SETTING entertain, inform, or even incite anger, the audience is the There are things to be examined in conducting a speech to person or persons for whom a piece of work is intended. assess whether you meet them or not, you may ask these LEVEL OF DICTION – the level of diction an author necessary questions in considering duration and physical chooses directly relates to the intended audience. Diction is setting such as: classified into four levels of language: 1. How long will your speech be? Formal – which denotes serious discourse 2. What is the occasion? Informal – which denotes relaxed but polite 3. How large is your audience? conversation 4. When is your speech? Colloquial – which denotes language in everyday usage WEEK 4: SPEECH WRITING Slang – which denotes new, often high informal words and phrases that evolve as a result TERMS: sociolinguistic constructs such as age, class, wealth Morphology- is the study of words, how they are formed, and their status, ethnicity, nationality, and regional dialects. relationship to other words in the same language. Syntax - is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, TONE – is an author’s attitude toward a topic. When usually including word order. employed effectively, tone—be it contempt, awe, agreement, Grammar – the whole system and structure of a language or outrage—is a powerful tool that writers use to achieve a or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of desired goal or purpose. syntax and morphology (including inflections) and STYLE – word choice is an essential element in the style of sometimes also phonology and semantics. any writer, while his or her audience may play a role in the Claus - is a group of related words containing a subject that stylistic choices a writer makes, style is the unique voice that tells readers what the sentence is about, and a verb that tells sets one writer apart from another. readers what the subject is doing. Word - is the simplest part of any language. Word choice- a person’s choice or selection of words IMPORTANCE OF WORD CHOICE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE GOOD WORD A person must develop the habit of using correct words. While CHOICE speaking or writing, one must use the most appropriate word. One must learn the importance of correct word choice. Some MEANING – words can be chosen for either denotative of them are: meaning, which is the definition you’d find in a dictionary or If a person is using an incorrect word, the message the connotative meaning, which is the emotions, delivered is not meant. circumstances, or descriptive variations the word evokes. Incorrect word choice leads to misunderstanding SPECIFICITY – words that are concrete rather than abstract among the audience. are more powerful in certain types of writing, specifically It sometimes makes a situation awkward and unclear.  Sometimes, an incorrect word makes no sense. lips, and palate alter the air stream coming from Correct word choice increases the impact on one’s the vocal folds. mind. - It makes a speech interesting and appealing. It reveals the attitude and personality of a person. - It focuses on making individual sounds clear and intelligible. Noun - is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states, events, ideas, and feelings. VOCAL TRAITS - are characteristics that make up the way a Pronoun – is used in the place of a noun or another pronoun. speaker speaks, including the way he pronounces his words, Verb – is used to show an action or a state of being. the way he articulates and even the dialect he uses. how the Adjective – is used to describe or specify a noun or pronoun. message comes across is just as important as the message Adverb – modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, a phrase, itself. or a clause and indicate manner, time, place, cause, or degree. It can be recognized because they answer the question how, THESE ARE PRINCIPLES THAT DEVELOP GOOD when, where, or how much. It often ends in ly. ARTICULATION AND CLARITY OF MEANING: Preposition – link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other 1. Pronunciation should be practiced. It makes all the words in a sentence and usually indicate a relationship of time, difference. When consonants and vowels are properly sounded space, or logic. and syllables are accentuated, words give form and clear sense Conjunction – join clauses or sentences or words. to the intended meaning. Interjection – are added to a sentence to convey emotion and 2. To be able to avoid mispronunciation: are usually followed by an exclamation point. a. Visualize the word spelled out on paper. b. Record yourself before giving a speech. WEEK 5: SPEECH DELIVERY c. Listen for mispronounced words. TERMS: d. Take necessary pauses. Inflection – is a change in the pitch or tone of your voice at e. Check the proper accentuation to remember how to different times through-out the delivery. When inflection is say the word/s. missing, your voice can sound very boring and tedious. 3. Articulate well, which means mind your vowels and Punctuation – (the used of) special symbols that you add consonants as they pass through your lips and mouth. to writing to separate phrases and sentences to show that something is a question, etc. 4. Practice once, twice, or thrice until it becomes a habit.\ Monotone – a sound that stays on the same note without MODULATION going higher or lower. Modulate means to enhance emphasis in words with Voice – refers to the production of raw sounds when the air rising and lowering tones adding subtle meaning. passes through the vocal tract. - It facilitates the understanding of your speech as ARTICULATION it gives more meaning to your voice and makes Articulate means to say or pronounce something in a your voice sound attractive. way that can be clearly heard and understood like - Modulation in speaking means a change in expressing an idea or a thought in words. stress, pitch, loudness, or tone of voice and an - is the process by which sounds, syllables, and inflection of the voice. words are formed when your tongue, jaw, teeth, COMPONENTS OF VOICE MODULATION WEEK 6: SPEECH DELIVERY: 1. PACE OR SPEECH SPEED When speaking, always consider your audience or listeners. TERMS: Employ speed so that your listeners can easily and properly Stage Presence – refers to certain charisma and charm that understand your speech. a speaker or performer possesses that draws an audience The pace or timing in delivering your speech also needs variety. and commands their full attention There are occasions when quite rapid speech is called for and at Facial Expressions – is one or more motions or positions other times slower than normal. of the muscles beneath the skin of the face. Always be cautious that if you go too fast, your words may become inaudible and incomprehensible and your listeners will not Gestures – a movement of part of the body, especially a understand what you are saying. hand or the head to express an idea or meaning. If you naturally speak fast even if the words are clearly spoken, an Audience – the assembled spectators or listeners at a public unbroken fast speed will exhaust your audience mentally. event, such as a play, movie, concert, or meeting. Equally, a very slow speaker causes the audience to lose Rapport – a close and harmonious relationship in which concentration as their minds want to go faster than the speaker. So, the people or groups concerned understand each other’s learn to slow and speed up when needed. feelings or ideas and communicate well. 2. PITCH OR DEPTH OF VOICE According to Flores & Lopez (2009), pitch is the SPEECH DELIVERY: location of the sound on the musical scale and is determined by the tension applied by the STAGE PRESENCE - refers to the certain charisma tone-producing mechanism- the vocal cords. and charm that a speaker or performer possesses that Speakers who are angry tend to lose control of their draws in an audience and commands their full emotion as well as their voice shoots up and becomes attention. higher than the normal level. - It establishes connection with the speaker or On the other hand, speakers who show sadness, performer and the audience and envelops them in the disappointment, contempt and indifference would speech or performance. tend to speak at a pitch that is likely to be low. Ways to Improve your Stage Presence Thus, pitch is another element of voice which shows 1. RELAX! Being relaxed and comfortable on stage emotion. makes your movements, expressions and speech 3. PAUSE more natural. According to Mark Twain, “the right word may be effective 2. PRACTICE. The more comfortable you feel on the but no word was ever as effective as a rightly timed pause.” stage, the better and more convincing will be able your speech delivery or performance. When to pause in your speech: 3. STUDY. To polish your stage presence, study the The pause before your start work of those who exhibit skill in the area. The pause to signal that something important is coming FACIAL EXPRESSIONS - can help you connect with your The pause to let the message sink in audience and reinforce the content of your speech. The pause when moving to a new topic GESTURES - Similar to facial expressions, you can use The pause for emphasis gestures to establish contact with the audience and provide The pause to get your audience to reflect visual support for your message The pause when answering questions BODY POSTURES AND MOVEMENT - A powerful speaker shows confidence through body posture and ideas expressed in your topic. movement. You can use your body to communicate positively 7. The things that they have in common with you. and effectively with the audience. Background experiences, living conditions, religion. 1. Upper body toward the audience You might want to TEN TIPS TO BUILD RAPPORT AND ENGAGE lean into the audience to bridge the space of separation. AUDIENCE (Dorothea Stuart, trainingjournal.com) 2. Feet and legs You may move purposefully from one side 1. Put your audience first. to the other to indicate a transition from one point to another. 2. Find opportunities 3. Arms and chest. Crossing your arms in front of you may 3. Allow for flexibility in your content be interpreted as confrontational or you are in deep thought 4. First impressions count. about a question or a comment from the audience. 5. Have a strong opening 4. Standing still without movement. You can stand without 6. Manage the middle a movement when you are listening to a question or a 7. Use stories for emotional connections. comment from the audience to indicate interest and concern. 8. Use your voice with variety. RAPPORT means establishing friendly relationship with 9. Give the audience time. someone else, but in speech rapport refers to the process of 10. Have a strong ending. building and understanding harmonious relationship or bond between the speaker and the target audience or listener. ELEMENTS OF AUDIENCE RAPPORT 1. The composition of your audience This refers to the age range, the gender mix, ethnicity, shared culture values, religious or group affiliations, primary language, educational level, how much they know already about your topic. 2. The reasons for their listening to you. Attendance is compulsory or out of interest, to have a problem solved, to show support. 3. Their concerns. There are certain issues about your topic, they are neutral, in agreement or against it. 4. Their expectations. A formal presentation, an opportunity to ask questions and get answers, a chance to gain new information, a time to confirm old knowledge. 5. Their vocabulary. Familiarity and unfamiliarity with the specialized vocabulary or jargon used in your topic. 6. Their general beliefs. Indifference or in agreement with the