Neuroanatomy q&a.pdf

occilitare af NEUROANATOMY DATABASE QUESTIONS/ANSWERS 1. If the optic nerve (II) or olfactory tract is interrupted, will it regenerate? No, it will not regenerate. 2. What lies directly above the tentorium? The occipital lobe 3. What brain stem region lies or si...

occilitare af NEUROANATOMY DATABASE QUESTIONS/ANSWERS 1. If the optic nerve (II) or olfactory tract is interrupted, will it regenerate? No, it will not regenerate. 2. What lies directly above the tentorium? The occipital lobe 3. What brain stem region lies or sits in the tentorial notch (incisure)? Midbrain 4. What is the name of the sensory ganglion that is located in the temporal temporal bone bone where the arrow is pointing? The geniculate ganglion 5. What are the major structural differences between dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and autonomic ganglia? The DRG contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons whereas the sympathetic ganglia contain the synaptic junctions between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. 6. What cells form the myelin sheaths around the axons in CN II and VIII? Vestibulocochlear Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, respectively Cranial n e r ve herue [Optic nerve] 7. Ramón y Cajal asks: „What vessel(s) serve(s) the primary somatosensory ACA MCA cortex?“ Both the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery. 8. What vessel supplies this gyrus (arrow)? Anterior cerebral artery. 9. Sudden occlusion of which artery, near its origin, will produce the most devastating effects? The middle cerebral artery of the dominant hemisphere. 10. What vessel(s) serve(s) areas involved in speech in the majority of people? Left middle cerebral artery. 11. What vessel supplies the primary auditory cortex (arrow)? Middle cerebral artery. 12. What vessel(s) serve(s) the primary motor cortex? Both anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery. 13. If the cerebral artery (indicated by arrows) were occluded, the result would be: partial loss of vision 14. Branches of what vessel vascularize this area of cortex? Posterior cerebral artery 15. A general principle of cortical organization is that sensory information and motor control for each half of the body are on the opposite side of the brain. Occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery, as occurred here, will likely result in: two answers à Decreased sensation on the left arm and hand and decreased motor control of the left arm and hand. 16. Unilateral Cerebral strokes can cause deficits in motor control, somatic sensation and vision. However, they do not cause deficits in hearing. The explanation for this is: auditory information goes to both hemispheres 17. Obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct would result in dilation of which of the following? Lateral ventricles and third ventricle 18. Which of the following structures does not border on the third ventricle? Fourth ventricle 19. The cortex is of uniform thickness. False 20. This structure is usually considered a: commissure 21. What will occur because this area (arrow) is obstructed? All of the answers à hydrocephalus, ventricles will dilate, mental deteriorarion, more CSF will be produced than returned to the vascular system 22. What is the functional significance of these white structures? Transfer CSF to venous system 23. What will be the effect of infection of the meninges, such as the meningitis shown here, on the sensory innervation of the dura? Pain 24. What does the ventricular system represent? Neural canal 25. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by: choroid plexus cells 26. The occipital horns of the lateral ventricles communicate with the fourth ventricle (both are injected with blue) via the: >foramen of Monro > ventricle III > aqueduct > ventricle IV 27. The cerebral cortex is a sheet of gray matter that covers white matter. What does the white matter represent? Axons and glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglial cells) 28. What will result if these structures do not function? Increased intracranial pressure and death from pressure on vital cardiac and respiratory centers. 29. This is the floor of the IV ventricle. Which regions of the brain are associated with the IV ventricle? Hint: think of the embryological development.: pons, medulla and cerebellum (The IV ventricle is associated with the rhombencephalon.) 30. Obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct would result in dilation of which of the following? Lateral ventricles and third ventricle 31. Which of the following structures does not border on the third ventricle? Fourth ventricle 32. White matter is a collection of myelinated and unmyelinated axons that conduct signals from one area of gray matter to another. What cell bodies can be recognized in white matter? Cell bodies of glial cells 33. The spinal nerves consist of ventral and dorsal roots. Where are the cell bodies of the axons in each root? Ventral root cell bodies are in the gray matter of the spinal cord and dorsal root cell bodies are in ganglia. 34. How do the meninges cover the spinal cord? The dura, arachnoid, and pia all cover the spinal cord; the dura and arachnoid are tightly connected with each other. 35. The spinal pia forms collagenous ligaments that anchor it to the dura. These are the denticulate ligaments. What is their spatial relationship to the dorsal and ventral roots? The denticulate ligaments attach between the exits and entrances of the ventral and dorsal roots forming each spinal nerve. 36. Concerning spinal nerve C-8, which of the following is true? C-8 enters/exits between vertebrae C7 and T1. 37. What cord segments comprise the conus medullaris, and what do they innervate? The conus consists of lower sacral and a small coccygeal segment that innervates the perineum 38. What does the cauda equina (Latin for horse's tail) represent?Both dorsal and ventral roots within the subarachnoid space below the conus medullaris. 39. Which of the following is/are true regarding this structure? All of the above. 40. If it were necessary, as it sometimes is, to insert a needle into the subarachnoid space to sample CSF, where is a relatively safe point for needle insertion? Between L-3 and L-4. 41. What is true regarding the cervical (circle) and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord? The cord is larger because an increased number of axons and cell bodies is required in the cervical and lumbar regions to innervate the skin and muscles of the appendages. 42. Consider this nucleus (it's a hypoglossal nucleus), where do its axons exit the medulla? Between the pyramid and the olive. 43. How do the axons of the nucleus of XII exit the cranial cavity? Through the hypoglossal canal. 44. Nucleus XII: where do its axons terminate? On the genioglossus and other muscles of the tongue. 45. Where do the axons of this nucleus terminate? Postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies 46. This nucleus contributes axons to CN's IX and X. Which one of the following statements is true? Neurons in this nucleus innervate striated muscles of the larynx and pharynx and are therefore critical for both phonation and swallowing. 47. Of the following nuclei, which is the source of the preganglionic parasympathetic axons traveling with this cranial nerve? Superior salivatory nucleus 48. Of the following muscles, which is innervated by axons from this nucleus? Lateral pterygoid. 49. Our facial and pharyngeal muscles are derived from the muscles of the embryonic gill arches. Are there any other examples? Yes, the cricothyroid, muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, stapedius and the intrinsic muscles of the larynx are also branchiomeric 50. Name this nucleus: hypoglossal 51. This foramen is: stylomastoid foramen 52. The abducens nucleus innervates: Striated muscle for lateral gaze. 53. The muscle lettered B is innervated by: cranial nerve IV 54. What is a dermatome? The area of skin innervated by a dorsal root ganglion. 55. What is a significance of a dermatome? It enables the clinician to locate lesions affecting the spinal cord or spinal nerves. 56. Regarding this poorly myelinated tract: It consists of first order sensory axons with ascending and descending branches which run longitudinally for 1 to 3 segments. 57. What forms this commissure of the spinal cord? Both local interneurons and second order spinothalamic tract (anterolateral system) axons 58. Should the region of the central canal expand, as it did in this case of syringomyelia, what will happen? The pressure may impair or destroy the anterior white commissure and hence cause a bilateral loss of pain and thermal sensation in the corresponding dermatomes. 59. How are the dermatomes represented in the anterolateral system? They are represented somatotopically with the sacral axons more superficial, and the cervical segments more medial 60. In the medulla, where is the anterolateral system located with respect to the nucleus ambiguus? It is lateral to the nucleus ambiguus. 61. What is the functional significance of the dorsolateral fasciculus or Tract of Lissauer? It contains axons involved in spinal reflexes and intersegmental integration. 62. If this tract is surgically interrupted at the level of the inferior colliculus, what dermatomes would be affected? All dermatomes on the contralateral side. 63. The cuneate fasciculus is located at the level of the spinal cord: false, it  is in the medulla oblongata 64. The dorsal columns are organized: With medial fibers representing sacral regions and lateral fibers cervical regions. 65. Where are the cells of origin for the circled axons? In the dorsal root ganglia. 66. A patient complains of numbness of the fingers which progresses to loss of temperature sensation bilatterally. This condition results from: iInterruption of the anterior white commisure. 67. Occlusion of this artery is often associated with: slurred speech 68. Axons in this tract convey information from dermatomes: On the ipsilateral side of the body. 69. At his level the cuneate fasciculus is: Absent in the dorsal columns. 70. Sensory dissociation is the loss of pain and temperature with sparing of vibration, joint position, and fine touch. By knowing the location of the two pathways that carry the information, and knowing where the second order axons cross, you conclude that this will most likely occur at which level: Medulla 71. Unilateral obstruction of the deep thalamic perforating vessels would result in: Loss of all somatic sensation contralaterally. 72. A patient suffers loss of sensation from the face and upper body. The obstructed vessel is most likely: Middle cerebral artery. 73. How do axons from this nucleus reach the postcentral gyrus? Internal capsule. 74. If this area was selectively destroyed on both sides, could vomiting be induced by either pharyngeal tickling or gastric distress? Yes 75. A person with a lesion of this nerve, between the brain stem and the ganglion, would have difficulty with which of the following? Swallowing 76. Neurons of this nucleus have synaptic connections with the nucleus of nerve VII (facial nerve) that are essential for the corneal reflex. If the reflex is absent, because the afferent limb is interrupted, which of the following would be present upon stimulation of the side of the lesion? Ipsilateral absent, contralateral absent 77. To what cortical region does this nucleus of the thalamus project? Postcentral gyrus 78. The area of the medulla containing the spinal nucleus of V may be supplied by this artery (arrow). Name the artery? Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)  79. Where are the cell bodies located for the axons that innervate the taste buds on the posterior third of the tongue? Petrosal or inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion 80. Would you expect all portions of the face to be represented equally in this nucleus? No 81. What other cranial nerve is most likely to be affected if a tumor of nerve VIII produced pressure in the cerebellopontine angle? V. 82. Where are the cell bodies located for the axons that form the descending tract of V? Trigeminal ganglion 83. If a growth in the region of the arrow produces sufficient pressure on the middle cerebellar peduncle to cause degeneration of the incoming axons, which of the following will occur? 84. Circulating chemicals such as alcohol, ipecac, etc. stimulate this region in the floor of the fourth ventricle because: There is no blood-brain barrier so substances have direct access to appropriate chemoreceptors. 85. A person with a left facial paralysis who is also deaf in the left ear is tested for his corneal reflex: Stimulation of left cornea produces a consensual but not a direct reflex 86. Where is this ganglion located? Facial canal 87. What nerve(s) innervate(s) taste bud receptors? Nerves VII, IX, X 88. Is this tract efferent from or afferent to the descending nucleus of V?  Afferent 89. The contraction of thoracic and abdominal striated muscles involved in vomiting depends on the stimulation of ventral horn cells at the appropriate spinal cord levels. How are these connected with the nucleus solitarius? Through the reticular formation and reticulospinal tracts 90. Which cranial nerves contribute axons to this tract? VII, IX, X 91. This ganglion is a homologue of what structure associated with the spinal cord? Dorsal root ganglion. 92. The sensory division of the trigeminal nerve innervates all of the following structures EXCEPT: Skin over the angle of the jaw. 93. Which of the following is a sensory relay nucleus of the thalamus? Ventral posteromedial nucleus. 94. What is the efferent arm of the gag reflex? X 95. All of the following are sensory radiations from this structure EXCEPT: olfactory radiations 96. What major cerebral vessel is lateral to the chiasm? Internal carotid 97. Where do the axons of these cells go? The optic disc 98. This area is necessary for the: pupillary light reflex 99. Most cell bodies of neurons in this nucleus send their axons to: Upper and lower calcarine cortex 100. This area of cortex is supplied by branches of the: posterior cerebral artery 101. This region is characterized by: 102. Retinal detachment occurs because this region (arrow): Is the site of fusion of the optic cup and optic vesicle. 103. What portion of the visual field is represented in the left lateral geniculate? The right half of the visual field of both eyes. 104. This artery is a branch of the: basilar artery 105. What part of the ventricular system is closest to the optic radiations? Posterior horn of the lateral ventricle 106. This line of of myelinated axons in layer IV of visual cortex represents the axons of cells in the: lateral geniculate 107. The structure indicated in this horizontal section: all of the above 108. A specific sensory nucleus of the thalamus can be defined as: 109. What fibres compose this tract? Ganglion cell axons 110. What is the difference between the optic nerve and tract? One has only ipsilateral axons and the other has both ipsilateral and contralateral axons. 111. The optic or visual radiations are located: lateral to the lateral ventricle 112. The arrow points to: the tentorium 113. Important features of this structure include: 114. The receptors of the utricle, saccule and semicircular canals, shown here, are examples of? Mechanoreceptors 115. At which level do the primary vestibular axons enter the brain stem? The pontomedullary junction. 116. The vestibular system can be stimulated or irritated by an infection of the inner ear or by a tumor pressing on the vestibulocochlear nerve. Which of the following would NOT occur? Loss of facial sensation 117. This structure: signals orientation with respect to gravity 118. Information from these nuclei reach consciousness in the: Cortex between intraparietal and postcentral sulci 119. In the absence of bilateral vestibular function, orientation of the body  in space is possible due to: 120. The medial vestibulospinal tract and MLF aid in: 121. What is the dorsal root ganglion equivalent for the vestibular portion of cranial nerve VIII called? Vestibular ganglion 122. Where are the cell bodies for the auditory part of this nerve? Spiral ganglion 123. Tumors originating from the Schwann cells of CN VIII (acoustic neuromas) are not uncommon. As the tumor grows, it not only compresses VIII but also encroaches upon adjacent cranial nerves. What cranial nerve close to VIII is likely to be involved? Choose one.: VII 124. This artery supplies the Visual Cortex. Which one is it? Posterior cerebral artery 125. The receptors in the Organ of Corti are hair cells. How are they stimulated? Displacement of the basilar membrane. 126. Which of the following is the lowest level at which "BINAURAL" input to the same neuron occurs? Superior olivary nuclei 127. Cranial nerves VII and VIII pass through the: Internal auditory meatus. 128. Branches of which cerebral artery vascularize the primary auditory cortex, Wernicke's area, and the angular gyrus? Middle cerebral 129. Where is the dorsal root ganglion of the auditory portion of VIII? In the bony spiral lamina. 130. Unilateral Cerebral strokes can cause deficits in motor control, somatic sensation and vision. However, they do not cause deficits in hearing. The explanation for this is: Auditory information goes to both hemispheres 131. These cells, whose axons terminate directly on skeletal muscle fibers are also known as 'lower motor neurons.': True 132.  What deficit(s) result from interrupting these neurons in area 4? 133. Which limb of the internal capsule contains cortical afferents? Both anterior limb and posterior limb 134. A lesion placed in which the following would have the most devastating clinical effects to the patient? The posterior limb of the internal capsule 135. Which of the following is not correct? The lateral and vertical gaze centers are located near each other in the pons. 136. Cortical afferents in the internal capsule have their cell bodies located in: the thalamic nuclei 137. The role of the corpus callosum can best be defined as: Intracortical connections between homotopic areas of each hemisphere 138. What types of sensory endings, other than muscle spindles, convey information to the cerebellum via spinal cord tracts? Both Golgi tendon organs and mechanoreceptors 139. What part of the cerebellum does this artery supply? Superior surface 140. What part of the brain stem and cerebellum is NOT supplied by this artery in the posterior fossa? This angiogram is a lateral view with the rostrum to the left. The vertebral artery was injected.: Pons 141. Ataxia is defined as: Error in the rate, force, and direction of movement. 142. Which of the following are indications of cerebellar disturbance? 143. What are the structural and functional relations between the cerebellar cortex and the deep, or central, nuclei? 144. Where are the cell bodies of the axons that convey sensory information from this sense organ? Dorsal root ganglia 145. The dorsal spinocerebellar tract is contralateral to its cell bodies.: False 146. How do the olivocerebellar axons terminate in the cerebellum? Climbing fibres 147. These nuclei are contralateral to the cerebellar hemisphere where their axons terminate. True 148. What is the afferent supply of these nuclei? All areas of ipsilateral cerebral cortex. 149. What course do the axons follow in reaching these nuclei in the pons? Cortex-->internal capsule-->cerebral peduncle 150. What is the vascular supply of the pons? Basilar artery 151. The axons in these structures terminate as mossy fibres. True 152. What is the orientation of the Purkinje cell dendrites with respect to the granule cell axons? Perpendicullar 153. To what brain stem nuclei does this structure project? Vestibular nuclei and reticular nuclei. 154. What route do the thalamocortical fibers from the ventral lateral nucleus take? Internal capsule 155. The right cerebral cortex affects the function of the right cerebellar cortex.: false 156. The clinical signs of cerebellar hemisphere disease generally occur on the same side as the lesion.: true 157. Occlusion of PICA has compromised the lateral medulla. Which of the following will occur? Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature from the face. 158. This vessel supplies: 159. Climbing fibers: all of the above 160. These pallidal efferents go to: thalamus 161. Thalamic lesions are used to alleviate Parkinson's disease in cases that are refractory to L-dopa. What thalamic nucleus is the stereotaxic target for the neurosurgeons? This brain is from a patient who had a left electrolytic thalamotomy and a right chemopallidectomy 10 years before death that resulted in considerable improvement? Ventral lateral 162. The majority of hypertensive hemorrhages occur in the basal ganglia. Rupture of branches of which artery are most common? Lenticulostriate or lateral striate. 163. Hemiballismus on the left side is usually due to a vascular accident affecting the: right subthalamic nucleus 164. The prominent caudate and putamen seen in this axial or horizontal MRI section are separated by the: Anterior limb of the internal capsule 165. This is a picture is of the brain of a patient with Huntington's Disease. Microscopically you would see: Loss of cells in the caudate and putamen. 166. The basal ganglia exert their effects on motor behavior through the: corticospinal tract 167. A patient with a resting tremor in the right hand is killed in a traffic accident and is autopsied. The neuropathology report states there is a loss of cells in: the left substantia nigra 168. Pallidothalamic axons cross the: Posterior limb of the internal capsule. 169. Tuberal nuclei are located in: Hypothalamus 170. Horner's Syndrome consists of miosis, ptosis, and anhidrosis. These can all be explained as due to the interruption of: Hypothalamospinal and reticulospinal fibers 171. Horner's Syndrome can result from: all of the above (Interruption of hypothalamospinal tract in the medulla, Lesion of superior cervical ganglion, Thoracic spinal cord lesion, Lesion of sympathetic chain in thoracic region) 172. The third ventricle is surrounded by the following structures with the EXCEPTION of: Optic tract. 173. Preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies are located in: Intermediate or lateral horn (T1-L2) 174. How does the region marked by the arrow communicate with the spinal cord? All of the above (hypothalamotegmental tract, Hypothalamoreticular tract, reticulospinal tract, hypothalamospinal tract) 175. The hypothalamohypophyseal tract: all of the above (contains hormones packaged as granules, Results in diabetes insipidus when severed, Is involved in the milk letdown reflex, transmits nerve impulses that result in hormonal release) 176. Which set of cranial nerves contains preganglionic parasympathetic axons? III, VII, IX, X. 177. What is the tuberoinfundibular tract? A tract carrying releasing hormones. 178. A portal system is a system of vascular drainage that communicates between arteries and veins. False 179. The capillaries in the median eminence: are simple fenestrated capillaries. 180. What happens to ADH and oxytocin once it reaches the posterior pituitary? It is stored in nerve endings until released. 181. Releasing hormones have a longer half-life than do ADH and Oxytocin.: False 182. Which of the following nuclei receive descending axons from the hypothalamus: all of the above (Dorsal motor nucleus of X, Edinger- Westphal nucleus, Inferior salivatory nucleus, nucleus solitarius) 183. Touch and pressure from the nipple reach the neurosecretory nuclei by the: Spinoreticular pathways. 184. The medial forebrain bundle (arrow) in the lateral hypothalamus: Is a group of axons connecting the limbic system, reticular formation, and hypothalamus 185. All of the following statements about this thalamic nucleus are true EXCEPT: It projects to motor and premotor cortex. 186. The hippocampus receives direct input from: all of the above (parahippocampal cortex, cingulate cortex, amygdala, septalnuclei and hypothalamus) 187. The output of the amygdala (arrow) is to: all of the above (Septal nuclei and hypothalamus, Dorsomedial thalamus, Orbitofrontal cortex, Ventral striatum) 188. While picnicing in the meadow the wind suddenly delivers the foul odor of a rotting smell. You vomit. Think of the circuitry involved in executing the motor act. Which does it NOT include? Activity in the solitary tract. 189. Fibers in this structure terminate in: All of the above (Septal nuclei, anterior nucleus of thalamus, mammillary bodies) 190. Which is true regarding the yellow area.: All (Receives input from all areas of cortex, Projects to the temporal lobe (inferior temporal, entorhinal), Axons form an efferent bundle called the cingulum, Receives input from the anterior nucleus of the thalamus) 191. This nucleus of the thalamus has important projections to the frontal lobe. Input to this nucleus is from: All (The ventral globus pallidus (ventral pallidum), Amygdala, Prefrontal lobe) 192. The ''fila''of the olfactory system are: Bundles of small axons that pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. 193. This region receives input from: all of the above (Corticomedial amygdal, Hypothalamus and septal nuclei, orbital cortex, anterior temporal cortex) 194. Axons in this structure are: Secondary sensory axons With respect to the inferior horn of the ventricle, The amygdala is: _____? Medial or rostral 195. A major source of afferents to the amygdala is the: all of the above (Hypothalamus, olfactory tract, multisensory association cortex in temporal lobe) 196. What is the relationship of the hippocampus to this region of the lateral ventricle? Its in the floor of the ventricle 197. The major structural difference between the somatosensory and olfactory systems is: The olfactory system does not relay in the thalamus. 198. What structure on the ventral surface of the brain is the best indicator of the position of the amygdala? The uncus. 199. What is the major thalamic source of afferents to this gyrus? Anterior thalamic nuclei. 200. This structure receives the following types of information (Note: this is a sagittal section of a monkey brain)? All of the above (olfactory, visceral, multimodal sensory imput, pain)  201. Axons of hippocampal pyramidal cells travel in the: Fornix 202. The thickened portion of the septum pellucidum represents: The septal nuclei 203. Olfactory receptors are located in: Nasal mucosa 204. One of the reasons we know tht the olfactory tract is part of the CNS is because: It is part of the central nervous system in terms of embryological origin 205. Axons that connect the visual association cortex of the two hemispheres are most likely to be in: Splenium of corpus callosum 206. Olfactory information reaches the temporal lobe via: The lateral olfactory stria 1. Components of the central nervous system include all of the following except the: A. Cerebellum B. Spinal cord C. Spinal nerves D. Diencephalon 2. The brainstem includes all of the following expect the: A. Cerebellum B. Midbrain C. Pons D. Medulla 3. The white matter of the spinal cord is divided into three general region known as anterior, posterior and lateral: A. Horns B. Lemnisci C. Commissures D. Funiculi 4. Which sulcus separates the pons from the midbrain? A. Central sulcus B. Superior pontine sulcus C. Inferior pontine sulcus D. Lateral sulcus 5. Which sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe? A. Central sulcus B. Post-central sulcus C. Lateral sulcus D. Pre-central sulcus 6. The term “rostral” means: A. Towards the tail B. Towards the nose C. Towards the dorsal aspect of the body D. Towards the ventral aspect of the body 7. The portion of the ventricular system that is located within the midbrain is the: A. Lateral ventricle B. Third ventricle C. Cerebral aqueduct D. Fourth ventricle 8. The portion of the ventricular system that is located within the diencephalon is the: A. Lateral ventricle B. Third ventricle C. Cerebral aqueduct D. Fourth ventricle 9. The mammillary bodies are part of the: A. Medulla B. Pons C. Midbrain D. Diencephalon 10. The secondary embryonic brain vesicle that gives rise to the pons and cerebellum is the: A. Telencephalon B. Mesencephalon C. Metencephalon D. Myelencephalon 11. The postcentral gyrus is: A. Located on the temporal lobe. It is location of the primary somatosensory cortex. B. Located on the parietal lobe. It is location of the primary somatosensory cortex. C. Located on the parietal lobe. It is location of the primary motor cortex. D. Located on the occipital lobe. It is location of the primary somatosensory cortex. 12. What section of CNS is responsible for respiration, committing, breathing, vomiting… A. Medulla and pons B. Pons and midbrain C. Midbrain D. Diencephalon 13. Broca’s area is located in: A. Frontal lobe of dominant hemisphere in the inferior gyrus B. Temporal lobe of dominant hemisphere C. Frontal lobe of non-dominant hemisphere on the inferior gyrus D. Frontal lobe of dominant hemisphere in the middle gyrus 14. Lentiform nucleus comprises: A. Putamen and Pallidus nuclei B. Putamen and Caudate nuclei C. Caudate and Sub-thalamic nuclei D. Caudate and Pallidus nuclei 15. Striate nucleus (or Corpus Striatum) comprises: A. Putamen and Caudate nuclei B. Substantia Nigra and Caudate nuclei C. Caudate and Sub-thalamic nuclei D. Caudate and Pallidus nuclei 16. Thalamus is located within: A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Myelencephalon 17. Metathalamus comprises: A. Pituitary gland and abenulae B. Pineal gland and abenulae C. Lateral and medial geniculate bodies D. Colliculi superior and inferior 18. The lateral geniculate nucleus is…: A. A center for visual information received from the retina of the eye B. A center for auditory information received from the medial geniculate nucleus C. A center for motor control D. A center for emotions 19. Function of medial geniculate nucleus: A. Receiving visual information B. Somatosensory function C. Auditory function D. Olfactory function 20. Substantia nigra is part of: A. Diencephalon B. Midbrain C. Pons D. Telencephalon SECOND BLOCK OF QUESTIONS: 1. Cerebellum arises from: A. mesencephalon B. Metencephalon C. Myelencephalon D. Telencephalon 2. Cerebellum functions: A. It is responsible for sort of quality control and constant error correction B. It is the coordinator and predictor of cortical output C. Answer A and B are correct D. Only answer A is correct 3. What are the fissures of the cerebellum? A. Horizontal and primary fissures B. Primary and lateral fissures C. Central and lateral fissures D. Superior and posterior fissures 4. Spinocerebellum is associated with: A. Dentate nucleus B. Globosus nucleus C. Fastigial nucleus D. Interposed nucleus 5. Archicerebellum is associated with: A. Dentate nucleus B. Globosus nucleus C. Fastigial nucleus D. Interposed nucleus 6. Neocerebellum is associated with: A. Dentate nucleus B. Globosus nucleus C. Fastigial nucleus D. Interposed nucleus 7. Neocerebellum includes: A. Two hemispheres and fastigial nucleus B. Two hemispheres and dentate nucleus C. Vermis and dentate nucleus D. Two hemispheres and interposed nucleus 8. Paleocerebellum includes: A. Vermis, paravermis and interposed nucleus B. Vermis and interposed nucleus C. Vermis and dentate nucleus D. Vermis, paravermis and fastigial nucleus 9. Interposed nucleus of cerebellum is made up of A. Globose and emboliform nuclei B. Globose and dentatus nuclei C. Globose and fastigial nuclei D. Fastigial and emboliform nuclei 10. Paleocerebellum is concerned with: A. Voluntary movements B. Muscle tone and posture C. Equilibrium and eye movements D. Proprioceptive information 11. Archicerebellum is concerned with: A. Voluntary movements B. Muscle tone and posture C. Equilibrium and eye movements D. Proprioceptive information 12. Accumbens nucleus is characterised by: A. Fusion of the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior putamen B. Fusion of the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior pallidus C. Fusion of the head of the caudate nucleus and thalamus D. Fusion of the head of the putamen nucleus and pallidus 13. Lentiform nucleus is characterised by: A. Putamen and caudate nuclei B. Putamen and globus pallidus C. Putamen and thalamus D. Caudate and lentiform nuclei 14. Associative (or cognitive) circuit is active in: A. Hours of training and rehearsing B. Voluntary movements C. Emotions during movements D. Muscle tone control 15. In the DIRECT pathway the “actors” are: A. Cortex + putamen + esternal pallidus + thalamus + cortex B. cortex + putamen + internal pallidus + thalamus + cortex C. cortex + substantia nigra + esternal pallidus + thalamus + cortex D. cortex+ subthalamic nucleus + thalamus + cortex 16. The limbic circuit: A. Adds memory to behaviour B. Facilities motor learning C. Adds emotional components to behaviour D. Improves emotional control 17. Thalami’s nuclei are divided in: A. Medial, anterior and lateral group B. Anterior, posterior and medial group C. Anterior, dorsal and ventral group D. Rostral, lateral and medial group 18. The hypothalamus is divided into 4 sub-divisions nuclei. They are: A. mammillary region; tuberal region; supraoptic region, preoptic region. B. mammillary region; pretuberal region; infraoptic region, preoptic region. C. mammillary region; tuberal region; infraoptic region, preoptic region. D. mammillary region; infraoptic region; supraoptic region, preoptic region. 19. Spinal nerves are divided into 5 groups. They are: A. 8 C, 12 TH, 5 L, 5 S, 1 Cocc. B. 7 C, 12 TH, 5 L, 5 S, 1 Cocc. C. 8 C, 12 TH, 5 L, 5 S, 1-4 Cocc. D. 7 C, 12 TH, 5 L, 5 S, 3 Cocc. 20. Epidural space is composed of: A. A space between the vertebra and Dura mater. B. A space between Dura and Arachnoid. C. A space between the skull and Dura mater D. A space between the vertebra and Dura mater + the skull and Dura mater. 1. What brain stem region lies or sits in the tentorium notch? Midbrain 2. This corpus callosum is usually considered a: decussation 3. What is the functional significance of arachnoid villus? Transfer CSF to venous system 4. Considering the XII c.n., where do its axons exit the medulla? Between the pyramid and the olive 5. What attaches the cerebellum to the brain stem? Cerebellar peduncles 6. The dentate nucleus belongs to: Neocerebellum 7. Lenticular nucleus is made up of: putamen and globus pallidus 8. Accumbens nucleus belongs to: ventral striatum 9. Cognitive loop of basal ganglia is made up of: prefrontal cortex-caudate and accumbens nuclei-putamen and pallidus-STN-thalamus-cortex 10. The cortico-spinal tract: starts our volountary movements 11. The spino-thalamic tract carries information about: pain, temperature and crude touch PREAPPELLO 6.12.2023 1. Damage to which lobe causes disruptions to social and emotional behaviour? A. Occipital lobe B. Frontal lobe C. Temporal lobe 2. Areas of cortex not receiving sensory information directly, but via the primary motor or sensory cortices are? A. Limbic system B. Frontal and temporal lobes C. Subcortex D. Association areas 3. The regions of cortex responsible for maintenance of voluntary movement are? A. Primary and secondary motor area B. Basal ganglia C. Frontal, parietal and occipital lobe D. Primary motor cortex, premotor area and supplementary motor area 4. The pathway responsible for maintenance of voluntary movement is: A. The cortico-spinal tract B. The spino-thalamic tract C. The cerebello-thalamic tract D. The medial lemniscus 5. Regarding the medial geniculate body, all are correct EXCEPT A.receives auditory info from both ears but mainly from opposite B.receives auditory information from superior colliculus C. Projects toto auditory area in superior temporal gyrus D.lesion causes bilateral diminution of hearing 6.thalamic nuclei; all are correct except A.anterior nucleus is part of limbic system B.medial nucleus is connected with prefrontal cortex C.ventral poster-medial nucleus is connected with corticopinal tract D.ventral posterior lateral nucleus receives the medial lemniscus 7.regarding corticospinal tract one is UNCORRECT: A. Takes origin from both primary motor and general sensory area B.descends in the middle 3/5 of cerebra peduncles C.decussates in the lower part of the medulla D.synapses in the posterior horn 8.Regarding the spinal nerves, one of the following is TRUE A.C6 spinal nerve exits below c6 vertebrae B.T6 SN exits below T6 V C.The sacral nerve roots are shorter than the cervical nerve roots D.ventral nerve root contain preganglionic autonomic fibers 9.The tract that mediates pain and temperature sensation from the body: A.gracile tract B.Spinothalamic tract C.cuneatus tract D. Ventral spinocerebellar tract 10. Regarding the spinal chord, all are correct except: A.spinal chord is the continuation of medulla oblongata B.spinal chord ends at the level of L2 in adult C.conus medullar is is fixed to the coccyx by film Terminale D.in the adult, the dura mater ends at the level of L5 vertebrae 11. The commissural fibre of the brain include all of the following except: A.corpus callosum B.cingulum C.Anterior commissure D.Posterior commissure 12.Regarding corpus callous all the following are correct except: A.it connects similar cortical areas of the two hemispheres B.transmits info between the two hemispheres and diencephalon C. Formed by association fibers D.posterior end is called splenium 13.Association fibers include all the following except: A.corpus callous B.superior longitudinal fasciculus C.inferior longitudinal fasciculus D.”u” fibers 14.language motor area is located in A.supramarginal gyrus B.superior temporal gyrus C..middle frontal gyrus D.Inferior frontal gyrus 15.Nuclei of limbic system, except A.Hyppocampus B.Amygdala C.Caudate nucleus D.anterior thalamic nucleus 16.Regarding ventricular system which is incorrect: A.It’s the cavity of the neural tube B.obstruction of sylvius acqueduct causes dilatation of all ventricles C.communicates with subarachnoid through foramina of luschka and magendie D.lateral ventricles are located in telencephalon 17.Ventricular system is made up of: A.Lat ventr+3rd+Sylvius acqueduct+4th B.Lat ventr+sylvius acq+3rd+4th C.Sylvius acq4th+subarachnoid space+3rd D.lat ventr+3rd+Sylvius ac+4th and cistern magnae 18.lateral ventricles communicates with the 4th through A.Luschka foramen B.Magendie foramen C.Monro foramen D.Silvio acqueduct 19.The cerebellum originates from: A.forebrain B.metencephalon C.myelencephalon D.mesencephalon 20.Archicerebellum is associated with: a.Fastiglial nucleus B.dentate C.emboliform D.globose 21.paleocerebellum A.fastigial B.dentate C. emboliform+globose D.globose 22.neocerebellum A.fastigial B dentate C emboliform+globose D.Globose 23.epythalamus (choose the wrong one) A.is part of diencephalon b.contains pituitary gland C.it’s posterior to thalamus D. Contains pineal gland 24.Regarding cortical areas of cerebral cortex, is wrong: A.lateral frontal gyrus 4 gyro B.lateral temporal 3 gyro C.gyrus angolaris is in temporal D.gyrus supra-marginalia belongs to parietal 25.midbrain contains all except A.cerebrial peduncles B.Sub nigra C.3rd ventricle D.tectum 26. Spinal cord contains all except A.anterior horn B.posterior horn C.columns ant-lat-post D.First order neurone 27.In spinal ganglia we find: A.1st order neurons B.2nd order near C.3rd order D.All of them 28.this cortical area is in the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere A.Taste area B.Primary auditory cortex C.Primary visual area D.Broca’s area 29. Which of the following is present in the parietal lobe: A. Primary motor area B. Primary auditory cortex C. Primary visual cortex D. General sensory cortex 30. In the midbrain (choose the wrong one): A. Substantia nigra contains nerve cells secreting dopamine B. Superior colliculi are the visual reflex center C. Inferior colliculi are the auditory reflex center D. Inferior brachium connects inferior colliculi to lateral geniculate body