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What other cranial nerve is most likely to be affected if a tumor of nerve VIII produced pressure in the cerebellopontine angle?
What other cranial nerve is most likely to be affected if a tumor of nerve VIII produced pressure in the cerebellopontine angle?
Where are the cell bodies located for the axons that form the descending tract of V?
Where are the cell bodies located for the axons that form the descending tract of V?
Which of the following describes how circulating chemicals stimulate pathways in the fourth ventricle?
Which of the following describes how circulating chemicals stimulate pathways in the fourth ventricle?
What is the efferent arm of the gag reflex?
What is the efferent arm of the gag reflex?
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Which cranial nerves contribute axons to the tract associated with taste bud receptors?
Which cranial nerves contribute axons to the tract associated with taste bud receptors?
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What structure is homologous to the ganglion associated with the spinal cord?
What structure is homologous to the ganglion associated with the spinal cord?
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Which of the following is a sensory relay nucleus of the thalamus?
Which of the following is a sensory relay nucleus of the thalamus?
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What major cerebral vessel is located lateral to the optic chiasm?
What major cerebral vessel is located lateral to the optic chiasm?
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Which structure is NOT surrounding the third ventricle?
Which structure is NOT surrounding the third ventricle?
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Which cranial nerves are known to contain preganglionic parasympathetic axons?
Which cranial nerves are known to contain preganglionic parasympathetic axons?
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What is the primary function of the tuberoinfundibular tract?
What is the primary function of the tuberoinfundibular tract?
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What can result from an interruption of the hypothalamospinal tract?
What can result from an interruption of the hypothalamospinal tract?
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What happens to ADH and oxytocin in the posterior pituitary?
What happens to ADH and oxytocin in the posterior pituitary?
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What is a characteristic of the capillaries in the median eminence?
What is a characteristic of the capillaries in the median eminence?
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What does Horner's Syndrome consist of?
What does Horner's Syndrome consist of?
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Where are preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies located?
Where are preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies located?
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What is the lowest level at which 'BINAURAL' input to the same neuron occurs?
What is the lowest level at which 'BINAURAL' input to the same neuron occurs?
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Which cranial nerves pass through the internal auditory meatus?
Which cranial nerves pass through the internal auditory meatus?
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What branches of which artery vascularize the primary auditory cortex?
What branches of which artery vascularize the primary auditory cortex?
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Why do unilateral cerebral strokes not cause deficits in hearing?
Why do unilateral cerebral strokes not cause deficits in hearing?
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Which structure contains cortical afferents?
Which structure contains cortical afferents?
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What is ataxia primarily defined as?
What is ataxia primarily defined as?
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Which part of the cerebellum does the superior cerebellar artery supply?
Which part of the cerebellum does the superior cerebellar artery supply?
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What type of information is conveyed to the cerebellum via Golgi tendon organs?
What type of information is conveyed to the cerebellum via Golgi tendon organs?
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What is the route taken by the axons from the cortex to the pons?
What is the route taken by the axons from the cortex to the pons?
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Which brain stem nuclei do climbing fibers project to?
Which brain stem nuclei do climbing fibers project to?
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What is the vascular supply of the pons?
What is the vascular supply of the pons?
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What is the orientation of Purkinje cell dendrites in relation to granule cell axons?
What is the orientation of Purkinje cell dendrites in relation to granule cell axons?
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Which nucleus is commonly targeted for neurosurgery in cases of Parkinson's disease?
Which nucleus is commonly targeted for neurosurgery in cases of Parkinson's disease?
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Hemiballismus on the left side is typically due to a vascular accident affecting which structure?
Hemiballismus on the left side is typically due to a vascular accident affecting which structure?
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What type of fibers terminate as mossy fibers within the cerebellum?
What type of fibers terminate as mossy fibers within the cerebellum?
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What typically occurs following occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) affecting the lateral medulla?
What typically occurs following occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) affecting the lateral medulla?
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What types of axons are found in white matter?
What types of axons are found in white matter?
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Where are the cell bodies located for the axons in the ventral and dorsal roots?
Where are the cell bodies located for the axons in the ventral and dorsal roots?
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Which structure in the spinal cord anchors the pia mater to the dura mater?
Which structure in the spinal cord anchors the pia mater to the dura mater?
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What is the cauda equina?
What is the cauda equina?
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What is the appropriate location for a needle insertion to sample CSF safely?
What is the appropriate location for a needle insertion to sample CSF safely?
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What is true regarding cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord?
What is true regarding cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord?
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How do the axons of the hypoglossal nucleus exit the cranial cavity?
How do the axons of the hypoglossal nucleus exit the cranial cavity?
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What do the axons of the hypoglossal nucleus terminate on?
What do the axons of the hypoglossal nucleus terminate on?
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Study Notes
White Matter
- It consists of myelinated and unmyelinated axons which convey signals from one gray matter region to another.
- Cell bodies in white matter are typically glial cells.
Spinal Nerves
- Consists of ventral and dorsal roots.
- Ventral root cell bodies are in the spinal cord's gray matter.
- Dorsal root cell bodies are located in ganglia.
Meninges
- Cover the spinal cord.
- Dura, arachnoid, and pia mater cover the spinal cord.
- Dura and arachnoid are tightly connected.
Denticulate Ligaments
- Formed by the spinal pia.
- Collagenous ligaments that anchor the pia to the dura.
- Attach between the exits and entrances of the ventral and dorsal roots, forming each spinal nerve.
Spinal Nerve C-8
- Exits between vertebrae C7 and T1.
Conus Medullaris
- Comprised of lower sacral and a small coccygeal segment.
- Innervates the perineum.
Cauda Equina
- Represents both dorsal and ventral roots within the subarachnoid space below the conus medullaris.
Lumbar Puncture
- A relatively safe point for needle insertion is between L-3 and L-4.
Cervical and Lumbar Enlargements
- Larger due to an increased number of axons and cell bodies required to innervate the skin and muscles of the appendages.
Hypoglossal Nucleus (XII)
- Axons exit the medulla between the pyramid and the olive.
- Exit the cranial cavity through the hypoglossal canal.
- Axons terminate on the genioglossus and other tongue muscles.
Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
- Axons terminate on postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies.
Cranial Nerves IX and X
- Contribute axons to this nucleus.
Cranial Nerve VIII
- A tumor of this nerve may produce pressure in the cerebellopontine angle, affecting cranial nerve V.
Trigeminal Nerve (V)
- Descending tract cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglion.
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
- Degeneration of incoming axons due to pressure on this structure can cause various neurological issues.
Floor of the Fourth Ventricle
- Contains chemoreceptors that are susceptible to circulating chemicals like alcohol and ipecac due to the absence of a blood-brain barrier.
Left Facial Paralysis and Deafness
- Stimulation of the left cornea produces a consensual but not a direct corneal reflex.
Facial Canal
- Location of the geniculate ganglion.
Taste Bud Receptors
- Innervated by nerves VII, IX, and X.
Descending Nucleus of V
- The tract is afferent to this nucleus.
Vomiting
- Involves contraction of thoracic and abdominal muscles stimulated by ventral horn cells at appropriate spinal cord levels.
- These are connected to the nucleus solitarius through the reticular formation and reticulospinal tracts.
Cranial Nerves VII, IX, and X
- Contribute axons to the tract.
Geniculate Ganglion
- Homologous to the dorsal root ganglion associated with the spinal cord.
Trigeminal Nerve Sensory Innervation
- Innervates all of the following structures EXCEPT the skin over the angle of the jaw.
Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus
- A sensory relay nucleus of the thalamus.
Gag Reflex
- Efferent arm is carried by cranial nerve X.
Sensory Radiations
- Olfactory radiations are NOT a sensory radiation from this structure.
Internal Carotid Artery
- Located lateral to the chiasm.
Ganglion Cells
- Axons terminate at the optic disc.
Pupillary Light Reflex
- Necessary for this reflex.
Pretectal Nucleus
- Most neurons in this nucleus project axons to upper and lower calcarine cortex.
Posterior Cerebral Artery
- Supplies this area of the cortex.
Visual Cortex
- Characterized by a complex neuronal organization.
Retinal Detachment
- Occurs at the site of fusion of the optic cup and optic vesicle.
Superior Olivary Nuclei
- The lowest level where binaural input occurs to the same neuron.
Internal Auditory Meatus
- Cranial nerves VII and VIII pass through this structure.
Middle Cerebral Artery
- Vascularizes the primary auditory cortex, Wernicke's area, and the angular gyrus.
Bony Spiral Lamina
- Location of the dorsal root ganglion of the auditory portion of cranial nerve VIII.
Hearing Loss
- Unilateral cerebral strokes do not cause deficits in hearing because auditory information goes to both hemispheres.
Lower Motor Neurons
- These cells are also known as lower motor neurons.
Area 4 (Motor Cortex)
- Lesions in this area result in various motor deficits.
Internal Capsule
- Both the anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule contain cortical afferents.
Posterior Limb of the Internal Capsule
- Lesions in this area have the most devastating clinical effects.
Lateral and Vertical Gaze Centers
- Located near each other in the pons.
Thalamic Nuclei
- Cell bodies of cortical afferents in the internal capsule are located here.
Corpus Callosum
- Its primary role is to connect homotopic areas of each hemisphere.
Cerebellum
- Sensory endings, including muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and mechanoreceptors, convey information to the cerebellum via spinal cord tracts.
Superior Cerebellar Artery
- Supplies the superior surface of the cerebellum.
Vertebral Artery
- Does NOT supply the pons in the posterior fossa (based on the angiogram provided).
Ataxia
- A condition characterized by errors in the rate, force, and direction of movement.
Cerebellar Disturbance
- Indicated by various signs like ataxia, dysmetria, intention tremor, and nystagmus.
Cerebellar Cortex and Deep Nuclei
- Have intricate structural and functional relationships.
Dorsal Root Ganglia
- Location of cell bodies for axons conveying sensory information from muscle spindles.
Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract
- Not contralateral to its cell bodies.
Olivocerebellar Axons
- Terminate in the cerebellum as climbing fibers.
Deep Cerebellar Nuclei
- Contralateral to the cerebellar hemisphere where their axons terminate.
Deep Cerebellar Nuclei Afferent Supply
- Receive input from all areas of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex.
Pontocerebellar Axons
- Follow a specific course: cortex --> internal capsule --> cerebral peduncle.
Basilar Artery
- Supplies the pons.
Mossy Fibers
- Axons in these structures terminate as mossy fibers.
Granule Cell Axons and Purkinje Cell Dendrites
- Perpendicular to each other.
Cerebellar Output
- Projects to vestibular nuclei and reticular nuclei.
Thalamocortical Fibers
- From the ventral lateral nucleus, they travel through the internal capsule.
Cerebellar Hemisphere and Cerebral Cortex
- Right cerebral cortex affects the function of the left cerebellar cortex.
Cerebellar Hemisphere Lesions
- Clinical signs typically occur on the same side as the lesion.
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)
- Occlusion of PICA compromises the lateral medulla, causing ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature from the face.
Lentiform Nucleus and Caudate Nucleus
- Supplied by the anterior choroidal artery.
Climbing Fibers
- Possess all of the following characteristics:
- Arise from the inferior olivary nucleus.
- Form synapses with Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex.
- Release glutamate as their neurotransmitter.
Pallidal Efferents
- Project to the thalamus.
Ventral Lateral Nucleus
- Target for stereotactic surgery in Parkinson's disease.
Lenticulostriate Arteries
- Most common vessels affected in hypertensive hemorrhages in the basal ganglia.
Right Subthalamic Nucleus
- Vascular accidents affecting this structure typically cause hemiballismus on the left side.
Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule
- Separates the caudate and putamen seen in axial MRI sections.
Huntington's Disease
- Microscopically, there is a loss of cells in the caudate and putamen.
Basal Ganglia and Motor Behavior
- Exert their effects on motor behavior through the corticospinal tract.
Left Substantia Nigra
- Loss of cells in this area is observed in a patient with a resting tremor in the right hand.
Posterior Limb of the Internal Capsule
- Pallidothalamic axons cross through this structure.
Tuberal Nuclei
- Located in the hypothalamus.
Horner's Syndrome
- Symptoms (miosis, ptosis, anhidrosis) are due to interruption of hypothalamospinal and reticulospinal fibers.
Causes of Horner's Syndrome
- Include interruption of the hypothalamospinal tract in the medulla, lesion of the superior cervical ganglion, thoracic spinal cord lesion, and lesion of the sympathetic chain in the thoracic region.
Third Ventricle
- Surrounded by the following structures EXCEPT the optic tract.
Intermediate or Lateral Horn (T1-L2)
- Location of preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies.
Hypothalamus-Spinal Cord Communication
- Occurs through the hypothalamotegmental tract, hypothalamoreticular tract, reticulospinal tract, and hypothalamospinal tract.
Hypothalamohypophyseal Tract
- Contains hormones packaged as granules.
- Results in diabetes insipidus when severed.
- Involved in the milk letdown reflex.
- Transmits nerve impulses that result in hormonal release.
Cranial Nerves III, VII, IX, and X
- Contain preganglionic parasympathetic axons.
Tuberoinfundibular Tract
- Carries releasing hormones.
Portal System
- NOT a system of vascular drainage that communicates between arteries and veins.
Median Eminence Capillaries
- Simple fenestrated capillaries.
ADH and Oxytocin in the Posterior Pituitary
- Stored in nerve endings until released.
Half-Life of Releasing Hormones and ADH/Oxytocin
- Releasing hormones have a shorter half-life than ADH and oxytocin.
Hypothalamus-Brainstem Connections
- Descending axons from the hypothalamus project to the dorsal motor nucleus of X, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, inferior salivatory nucleus, and nucleus solitarius.
Nipple Touch and Pressure
- Reach neurosecretory nuclei through spinoreticular pathways.
Medial Forebrain Bundle
- A group of axons connecting the limbic system, reticular formation, and hypothalamus.
Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus
- Projects to the prefrontal cortex.
- Does NOT project to motor and premotor cortex.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the spinal cord, including white matter, spinal nerves, meninges, and associated structures like denticulate ligaments. This quiz covers important concepts and details crucial for understanding spinal cord function and organization.
