NCC Cadet Handbook PDF

D IR E C TOR C AT N C E BHUBANESWAR CADET’S HAND BOOK COMMON SUBJECT ALL WINGS (FOR JD/JW AND SD/SW) CADET’S HAND BOOK COMMON SUBJECTS ALL WINGS (FOR JD/JW AND SD/SW)  INDEX...

D IR E C TOR C AT N C E BHUBANESWAR CADET’S HAND BOOK COMMON SUBJECT ALL WINGS (FOR JD/JW AND SD/SW) CADET’S HAND BOOK COMMON SUBJECTS ALL WINGS (FOR JD/JW AND SD/SW)  INDEX CHAPTER-I JD/JW SD/SW NCC SECTION-1 General √ √ SECTION-2 Organisation √ √ SECTION-3 Philosophy of Training √ √ SECTION-4 NCC Song √ √ SECTION-5 Incentives for NCC Cadets √ √ CHAPTER-II NATIONAL INTEGRATION SECTION-1 Indian History and Culture √ √ SECTION-2 Religion and Customs of India √ √ SECTION-3 Unity in Diversity √ √ SECTION-4 National Integration and its Importance √ √ SECTION-5 Famous Leaders of India-Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagat Singh, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Chander Sekhar Azad, √ - Subash Chandra Bose, Swami Vivekanand, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel SECTION-6 India and Its Neighbours √ - SECTION-7 Contribution of Youth in National Building √ √ SECTION-8 Nation State, National Interests and Objectives - √ CHAPTER-III FOOT DRILL SECTION-1 General and Words of Command √ √ SECTION-2 Attention, Stand at Ease and Stand Easy, Turning and Inclining at the Halt √ √ SECTION-3 Sizing, Forming up in Three Ranks, Numbering and Close Order March and Dressing √ √ SECTION-4 Saluting at the Halt, Getting on Parade, Falling Out and Dismissing √ √ SECTION-5 Marching: Length of Pace and Time of Marching, Marching in Quick Time and Halt, Slow March and √ √ Halt SECTION-6 Turning at the March and Wheeling √ √ SECTION-7 Saluting at the March √ √ SECTION-8 Individual Word of Command √ - SECTION-9 Side Pace, Pace Forward and to the Rear - √ SECTION-10 Marking Time, Forward Halt in Quick Time and Changing Step - √ SECTION-11 Formation of Squad and Squad Drill - √ CHAPTER-III (A) (ONLY FOR SD/SW) DRILL WITH ARMS, CEREMONIAL DRILL SECTION-1 Attention, Stand at Ease and Stand Easy SECTION-2 Getting on Parade with Rifle and Dressing at the Order SECTION-3 Dismissing and Falling Out SECTION-4 Ground and Take up Arms SECTION-5 Shoulder from the Order and Vice Versa SECTION-6 Present from the Order and Vice Versa SECTION-7 Saluting at the Shoulder at the Halt and on the March SECTION-8 Short/Long Trail from the Order and Vice Versa SECTION-9 Examine Arms CHAPTER-IV JD/JW SD/SW WEAPON TRAINING SECTION-1 Characteristics of.22 Rifle, Stripping, Assembling, Care and Cleaning and Sight Setting √ √ SECTION-2 Loading/Unloading and Bolt Manipulation √ √ SECTION-3 Lying Position and Hold √ √ SECTION-4 Aiming I Range and Targets √ - SECTION-5 Trigger Control and Firing a Shot √ √ SECTION-6 Range Procedure and Safety Precautions √ √ SECTION-7 Aiming II Alteration of Sight - √ SECTION-8 Theory of Group and Snap Shooting - √ SECTION-9 Short Range Firing (.22 Rifle) , Long/Short Range 7.62mm Rifle Course √ √ SECTION-10 Characteristics of 7.62 mm SLR and 5.56 mm INSAS - √  CHAPTER-V LEADERSHIP SECTION-1 Motivation √ √ SECTION-2 Discipline and Duty of a good citizen √ √ SECTION-3 Leadership Traits √ √ SECTION-4 Personality /Character Development √ √ SECTION-5 Types of Leadership - √ SECTION-6 Values/Code of Ethics - √ SECTION-7 Perception - √ SECTION-8 Communication Including Inter-personal Communication - √ SECTION-9 Effect of Leadership with Historical Examples - √ SECTION-10 Customs of Services - √ SECTION-11 Importance of Group/Team Work - √ CHAPTER-VI CIVIL AFFAIRS/DISASTER MANAGEMENT SECTION-1 Civil Defence Organisation and its Duties √ √ SECTION-2 Types of Emergencies /Naturals Disaster √ √ SECTION-3 Fire Fighting √ √ SECTION-4 Essential Services and their Maintenance √ √ SECTION-5 Protection √ - SECTION-6 Role of NCC during Natural Hazards √ - SECTION-7 Traffic Control during Disaster under Police Supervision - √ SECTION-8 Disaster Management during Flood/Cyclone - √ SECTION-9 Disaster Management during Earth Quake - √ SECTION-10 Setting up Relief Camp during Disaster Management - √ SECTION-11 Assistance in Removal of Debris - √ SECTION-12 Collection and Distribution of Aid Material - √ SECTION-I3 Message Services - √  CHAPTER-VII SOCIAL SERVICE SECTION-1 Weaker Sections of our Society and their Needs √ √ SECTION-2 Social Service and its Need √ √ SECTION-3 Family Planning √ √ SECTION-4 HIV/AIDS : Causes & Prevention and Contribution of Youth Towards Prevention of √ √ AIDS SECTION-5 Cancer, its Causes and Preventive Measures √ √ SECTION-6 Contribution of Youth towards Social Welfare √ √ SECTION-7 NGOs and their Contribution to Society √ - SECTION-8 Drug Trafficking and Crime - √ CHAPTER-VIII HEALTH AND HYGIENE SECTION-1 Structure and Function of the Human Body √ √ SECTION-2 Hygiene and Sanitation √ √ SECTION-3 Preventable Diseases √ √ SECTION-4 First Aid in Common Medical Emergencies √ √ SECTION-5 Dressing of Wounds √ √ SECTION-6 Yoga: Introduction and Exercises √ √ SECTION-7 Physical and Mental Health - √ SECTION-8 Fractures, Types and Treatment - √ SECTION-9 Evacuation of Casualties - √ CHAPTER-IX ADVENTURE ACTIVITIES SECTION-1 Introduction √ √ SECTION-2 Trekking √ √ SECTION-3 Cycle Expedition :Planning, Organisation & Conduct √ - SECTION-4 Para Sailing: Equipment & Conduct - √  CHAPTER-X ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY SECTION-1 What is Environment √ √ SECTION-2 What is Ecology √ √ SECTION-3 Conservation of Environment and Ecology √ √ SECTION-4 Pollution and its Control √ √ SECTION-5 Forest Ecology and Pollution - √ SECTION-6 Wild Life - √ CHAPTER-XI SELF DEFENCE SECTION-1 Precaution and General Behavior of Boys/Girls Cadets √ - SECTION-2 Prevention of Untoward Incidents √ √ SECTION-3 Vulnerable Parts of the Body √ √ SECTION-4 Physical Self Defence √ √ CHAPTER-XII (ONLY FOR SD/SW) POSTURE TRAINING SECTION-1 Aim and Principles of Posture Training and its Importance SECTION-2 Anatomy and Relationship of Body Segments SECTION-3 Analysis of Good Posture SECTION-4 Causes of Bad Posture Remedial and Preventive Measure SECTION-5 Balanced Alignment and Exercise SECTION-6 Balanced Diet SECTION-7 Correct Standing and Exercises SECTION-8 Correct Walking and Exercises SECTION-9 Correct Use of Body in Motion CHAPTER-XIII MISCELLANEOUS SECTION-1 Career Options in Services: Army, Navy & Air Force SECTION-2 Selection Process : WTLOs SECTION-3 Traffic Rules and Road Signs  NCC CHAPTER-I  INDEX CHAPTER-I NCC JD/JW SD/SW SECTION-1 General √ √ SECTION-2 Organisation √ √ SECTION-3 Philosophy of Training √ √ SECTION-4 NCC Song √ √ SECTION-5 Incentives for NCC Cadets √ √ 2  NCC SECTION-1 GENERAL Introduction 1. The National Cadet Corps (NCC) has its genesis in the ‘University Corps’, which was created under the Defence Act, 1917 with the object to make up the shortage of the Army. In 1920, when the Indian Territorial Act was passed, The `University Corps’ was replaced by the ‘University Training Corps (UTC)’ In 1942, the UTC was renamed as the ‘University Officers Training Corps’ (UOTC). The need to create a youth organisation at National level to train the young boys and girls to be better citizens and future leaders of our great country in all walks of life, including Defence forces, was rightly realized by our leaders. A Committee under Pandit HN Kunzru was set up in 1946 at the behest of our first Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The NCC came into existence on 16th July, 1948 under the NCC Act XXXVI of 1948 under the Ministry of Defence (MOD). NCC Motto 2. The Motto of the NCC is ‘Unity and Discipline’ which was adopted on 23 Dec 1957. In living upto its motto, the NCC strives to be and is one of the greatest cohesive forces of our nation, bringing together the youth hailing from different parts of our country and moulding them into united, secular and disciplined citizens of our nation. Selection of NCC Flag 3. In 1954 the existing tricolour flag was introduced. The three colours in the flag depict the three Services of the Corps, red for the Army, deep blue for the Navy and light blue for the Air Force. The letters NCC and the NCC crest in gold in the middle of the flag encircled by a wreath of lotus, give the flag a colourful look and a distinct identity. Each lotus represents one NCC Directorate (Dte). Aims 4. The aims of NCC as approved by MOD in Mar 2001 are as under:- (a) To develop character, comradeship, discipline, leadership, secular outlook, spirit of adventure, sportsmanship and ideals of selfless service among the youth of the country. (b) To create a human resource of organized, trained and motivated youth, to provide leadership in all walks of life and always be available for the service of the nation. (c) To provide a suitable environment to motivate the youth to take up a career in the Armed Forces. 3  SECTION 2 ORGANISATION 1. The NCC organization is administered through the MOD. The Defence Secretary is overall in-charge, who is responsible to the Govt, of India for efficient functioning of the NCC and other matters. 2. The NCC is headed by Director General (DG), an Army Officer of the rank of Lieutenant General, who is responsible for the functioning of the NCC in the country through the Dte Gen NCC situated at Delhi. The DG at the Dte Gen NCC is assisted by two Additional Directors General (ADsG), one Major General from the Army and the other a Rear Admiral from the Navy or an Air Vice Marshal from the Air Force. There are five Deputy Directors General (DDsG) of the rank of Brigadier and equivalent; three Brigadiers and one Commodore/Air Commodore and one civilian officer. 3. At the state level, the country has been divided into 17 Directorates (Dtes) covering all States and Union Territories. These Dtes are headed by an officer of the rank of Brigadier or its equivalent from the other two Services. Each of the State NCC Dte controls two to fourteen Group Headquarters (Gp HQ), headed by an officer of the rank of Colonel or its equivalent. In all, there are 95 Gp HQs in the country, who exercise control over a network of 657 Army Wing Units (including Technical and Girls’ Unit), 59 Naval Wing Units and 58 Air Squadrons. Details of NCC Dte’s and Gp HQs are given in Appendix ‘A’ & ‘B’ respectively. The NCC unit is commanded by a Lt Col/ Col (TS) or equivalent. In addition the NCC has two training establishments- Officers Training School (OTS), Kamptee (near Nagpur) and Women Officers Training School (WOTS), Gwalior where professors and teachers from colleges and schools are specially trained to impart training to the cadets as Associate NCC Officers (ANOs). 4  ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE DG NCC Lt General 2x ADsG 5x DDsG 17 State Dtes OTA OTA Army - 12 Gwalior Kamptee Navy - 02 AF - 03 95 Gp HQs Army-85 Navy -04 AF-06 Army -657 774 units Armd Arty Sig Engrs Med R&V EME Compo Inf Girls 22 22 14 13 13 18 8 23 415 109 Air Force - 58 Navy – 59 Flying - 47 Technical-11 Tech -1 Med –I Dock-1 Non Tech-56 5 4. The NCC has been organized into three wings i.e. Army, Navy and Air Wing. Each Wing consists of Junior Division (JD) and Senior Division (SD). Each Wing in addition to JD and SD also has a Girls Division, consisting of Junior Wing (JW) and Senior Wing (SW). 5. The NCC is staffed by personnel drawn from the three Services (a) Regular officers drawn from the three Services. (b) Whole Time Lady Officers. (c) Associate NCC Officers. (d) Girl Cadet Instructors (e) Permanent Instructional (PI) Staff. (f) Civilian Gliding Instructors. (g) Civilian Staff (i) Regular Officers. The NCC Directorates are headed by Service Officers of the rank of Brigadier and equivalent, Group Headquarters are headed by Service Officers of the rank of Colonel and equivalent and Units are headed by Service Officers of the rank of Colonel (TS)/Lieutenant Colonel/Major and equivalent. They are responsible for proper training, planning and execution of NCC activities. (ii) Whole Time Lady Officers(WTLOs). A cadre of Whole Time Lady Officers (WTLO) with cadre strength of 110 officers has been sanctioned in 1995. They are to be commissioned partly through departmental channel and partly through UPSC in a phased manner. (iii) Associate NCC Officers (ANOs). ANOs are teachers or lecturers in the respective schools or colleges, who volunteer to serve in the NCC. They are responsible for training and administration of the NCC sub units attached to their schools/colleges and for the overall discipline of the cadets placed under their charge. They are paid an honorarium for their service by the State Government. They are granted commission in NCC on a part time basis. (iv) Girl Cadet Instructors (GCIs). For training of Girl Cadets, a cadre of Girl Cadet Instructors (GCIs) was instituted in the sixties. This is a group `C’ post. The GCIs look after the administration in the Girl’s Battalions and also perform escort duties for Girl Cadets when they go for camps and adventure activities. In order to give them better promotional avenues, the cadre has recently been restructured into three grades viz Grade I, II and III instead of two grades earlier. 6  (v) Permanent Instructional Staff (PI Staff). PI staff for the NCC consisting of Junior Commissioned Officers and Non-commissioned Officers of the Armed Forces are posted on tenure basis on Extra Regimental Employment. (vi) Civilian Gliding Instructors (CGIs). CGIs are posted to NCC Air Wing Squadrons. Their primary task is to train NCC cadets in flying. SECTION-3 PHILOSOPHY OF TRAINING Introduction 1. Training in NCC instils qualities like nationalism, patriotism, discipline, team spirit, esprit-de-corps, leadership and self confidence and promotes overall personality development. NCC gives a tremendous opportunity to one and all for betterment, irrespective of caste, creed, religion or economic status. Based on the aims of NCC, the organisation has laid down training syllabi for the cadets. The syllabi for the Junior Division cadets covers a period of two years and for Senior Division cadets a period of three years. Except for minor variations, the syllabi for each Division is similar for both Boy and Girl cadets. The training year matches the academic and financial years. Training Activities 2. The training activities of NCC can be broadly classified as under:- (a) Institutional Training Camps and Attachment Training (i) Camp Training. (ii) Attachment Training (Service/Units). (iii) Naval Wing Activities. (iv) Air Wing Activities. (b) Social Service and Community Development Activities. (c) Youth Exchange Programme (YEP). (d) Adventure Training and Sports. 7 Institutional Training. 3. This training is mostly carried out in schools and colleges by the cadets. In addition, depending upon the type of wing, basic knowledge of that Service is imparted to the cadets e.g gliding and powered flying for Air Wing cadets and boat pulling and sailing for Naval Wing cadets. 4. Camp Training. Camp training constitutes the most important part of NCC training. Every cadet in the NCC is expected to attend at least two camps during one’s tenure to complete the Training Syllabi. (a) Annual Training Camps (ATC). These are held within the state under the aegis of respective NCC Directorates. The camps are of 12 days duration for senior boys/girls and 10 days duration for junior boys/girls. (b) Centrally Organised Camps (COC). These camps are of an all India nature and are planned by HQ DGNCC in consultation with the Directorates nominated to conduct them. Selected cadets, as per the vacancies allotted to each Directorate, participate in these camps. The following types of centrally organised camps are conducted. (i) Leadership Camps. These camps are conducted on all India basis. There are four Advance Leadership Camps (ALC) and three Basic Leadership Camps held each year. (ii) Thal Sainik Camp (TSC). Two TSCs are conducted at RD parade ground, Delhi Cantt every year i.e. one for SD/JD boys and the other for SW/JW girls. (iii) Vayu Sainik Camp (VSC). This Centrally Organised Camp is organised for Air Wing Cadets. Cadets from all Directorates attend the camp. VSC is generally conducted in the month of Oct. (iv) Nau Sainik Camp(NSC). This Centrally Organized Naval Camp is conducted annually for selected Naval Wing Cadets. Boat pulling, regatta and sailing competitions are the main attractions of this camp. (v) Rock Climbing Camps. Rock climbing camps are held each year to expose the cadets to the basics of rock climbing and to inculcate the spirit of adventure. (vi) National Integration Camps (NIC). The Camps are conducted on an all India basis and help bridge the cultural gap among various states of India. In addition the NCC conducts NICs at remote and forward areas to promote national integration. Special NICs are conducted regularly at Leh, Srinagar, North Eastern Region and at Port Blair. 8  (vii) Republic Day Camp (RDC) and Prime Minister’s (PM’s) Rally. The Republic Day Camp is a prestigious camp inaugurated by the Vice President of India and visited by the Raksha Mantri, Raksha Rajya Mantri, Chief Minister of Delhi, the three Service Chiefs and other dignitaries. During the Camp a Horse show and cultural programmes are held wherein important dignitaries are invited as Chief Guests. The camp culminates in the Prime Minister’s Rally on 27 January every year which showcases all the activities of NCC. 5. Attachment Training. NCC Army Wing cadets are given an opportunity to live and work in regular Service units in the form of attachment training. Every year a large number of officers and cadets including women officers and Senior Wing girl cadets get attached to various units of the Army for a duration of two weeks. (a) Attachment to Indian Military Academy (IMA) and Officers Training Acadamy (OTA). Every year selected SD/SW cadets are given attachment training with IMA and OTA respectively. 6. Naval Wing Activities. Naval wing syllabus is common for both boys & girls. During sea training naval subjects like Seamanship, Navigation, Communication, Gunnery, Damage Control and Ship Safety are taught to cadets. Swimming, Scuba Diving and Wind Surfing are other interesting activities. 7. Air Wing Activities. Gliding, Microlite Flying and attachment training with Air Force Stations/Establishments are the main activities. Social Service and Community Development 8. NCC has adopted community development activities with the aim of NCC cadets imbibing selfless service to the community, dignity of labour, importance of self help, need to protect the environment and to assist weaker sections of society in their upliftment. Some of the major activities are:- (a) Tree Plantation. NCC cadets plant saplings and look after them in conjunction with the concerned State Departments. (b) Blood Donation. Cadets donate blood as voluntary service whenever needed by Hospitals/Red Cross. (c) Old Age Homes. Old Age Homes in the country are patronised and regularly visited by NCC cadets. (d) Adult Education. NCC cadets visit remote areas, villages and underdeveloped areas to emphasise the need for education and to assist in the conduct of the Adult Education Programmes. (e) Community Work. Cadets of NCC participate in the rural and urban community projects and other development works like village track improvement, cleaning of streets and ponds, sanitation drives etc. 9  (f) Disaster Relief. NCC has always extended immediate support during natural disasters and accidents. NCC cadets are trained to provide services during floods, earthquakes, cyclones and major train accidents etc. (g) AIDS Awareness Programme. NCC participates actively in the AIDS Awareness Programme and is presently working alongwith UNAIDS and DG AFMS in carrying out AIDS Awareness Programmes throughout the country. (h) Cancer Awareness Programme. NCC cadets actively participate in Cancer Awareness Programmes organised at various cities. Youth Exchange Programme (YEP) 9. The aim of YEP is a country-to-country exchange of cadets belonging to NCC/equivalent Govt/Youth Organisations of friendly countries and participation in NCC activities of the host country to create an increased awareness among participants and appreciation of each others’ socio-economic and cultural realities. Adventure Training and Sports 10. NCC takes part in Subroto Cup Football Tournament, Jawahar Lal Nehru Hockey Cup Tournament and Mavlankar Shooting Championship on regular basis. Other than this, NCC cadets take part in Mountaineering, Trekking and Cycle/Motorcycle expeditions, Parachute Sailing, Para Courses, Slithering , Desert Safari and White Water Rafting. Cadet Induction in NCC 11. Induction into NCC is on voluntary basis and students both boys and girls can join at the age of 13 years in Junior Division (JD)/Junior Wing (JW) (Class VIII to X) and in Senior Division (SD)/Senior Wing (SW) from class XI onwards. 12. Eligibility Conditions for Certificate Examination (a) ‘A’ Certificate (i) The candidate must have attended a minimum of 75% of total training periods laid down in the syllabus for the first and second years of Junior Division/ Wing NCC (All Wings). (ii) Must have attended one Annual Training Camp. (b) ‘B’ Certificate (i) The cadet must have attended a minimum of 75% of total training period laid down in the syllabus for the first and second years for Senior Division Wing NCC (All Wings). (ii) Must have attended one Annual Training Camp/NIC. (iii) Cadets possessing ‘A’ certificate will be awarded 10 bonus marks. 10  (iv) An Air Wing Cadet must do a minimum of 10 Glide Launches. (c) ‘C’ Certificate (i) The candidate must be in possession of Certificate ‘B’. (ii) The cadet must be in third year of SD/SW NCC Training. (iii) The cadet must have attended a minimum of 75% of the periods of 3rd year syllabus during the academic session. (iv) Must have attended Two ATCs or one ATC and in addition one of the following:- (aa) RD Camp at Delhi (RDC). (ab) Centrally Organised Camp (COC). (ac) Para Training Camp (PTC). (ad) National Integration Camp (NIC) (when applicable for SD/SW Cadets). (ae) All India Trekking Expedition (DG NCC organised). (af) All India Mountaineering Expedition (DG NCC organised). (ag) Attachment Training with Service units. (ah) Any one of the Adventure Courses approved by DG NCC. (aj) Sailing Expedition , with actual sailing exceeding 10 days, duly approved by DG NCC. (ak) Any cadet participating in National Rifle Association of India (NRAI) matches as part of DG NCC team. (al) Special Services Camps (essentially with 50% Service training). (am) Successfully done Scuba Diving Course. (an) Youth Exchange Programme. (ao) Foreign cruise (Navy). 11  (d) Grading (i) A cadet has to obtain 45% marks in each paper and 50% marks in the aggregate to pass the examinations. Grading based on total marks obtained will be awarded as follows:- (aa) Grading `A’ - Cadets obtaining 80% marks or above. (ab) Grading `B’ - Cadets obtaining 65% marks and above but below 80%. (ac) Grading `C’ - Cadets obtaining 50% marks and above but below 65%. (ad) Fail - Cadets obtaining less than 45% in any paper or less than 50% of the aggregate. 13. Authorisation of Clothing Items. On joining NCC a cadet does not have to pay for his/her uniform. Certain clothing items are given to cadets on retention basis and few items on returnable basis. Details of these items are given as at Appendix ‘C’ & ‘D’ respectively. SECTION-4 NCC SONG Introduction 1. The desirability of composing a NCC song was considered in January 1956. The official song of the NCC – ‘Kadam Mila Ke Chal’- was adopted in 1963 and registered in 1969 with the approval of the Ministry of Defence. In 1974, it was felt that the NCC song has failed to catch the imagination of the youth and there was a need for a change. 2. Director of documentary film on NCC , ‘A Cadet’s Diary’, happened to hear the song- ‘Ham Sab Hindi Hain’- which appears to have been first sung at a Youth Festival at Chandigarh, sometime during 1968-69 and he introduced it in the documentary film. The song was a hit and played repeatedly in Republic Day Camps. In 1980, the word ‘Hindi’ was substituted with ‘Bhartiya’. 12  NCC Song Hum Sab Bhartiya Hain, Hum Sab Bhartiya Hain. Apni Manzil Ek Hai, Ha, Ha, Ha, Ek Hai, Ho, Ho, Ho, Ek Hai Hum Sab Bhartiya Hain Kashmir Ki Dharti Rani Hai, Sartaj Himalaya Hai, Sadiyon Se Hamne Isko Apne Khoon Se Pala Hai Desh Ki Raksha Ki Khatir, Hum Shamshir Utha Lenge, Hum Shamshir Utha Lenga. Bikhere-Bikhere Tarey Hain Hum Lekin Jhilmil Ek Hai Ha, Ha, Ha, Ek Hain Hum Sab Bhartiya Hain, Mandir Gurdware Bhi Hain Yahan Aur Masjid Bhi Hai Yahan, Girja Ka Hai Ghadiyal Kahin Mullah Ki Kahin Hai Ajaan. Ek Hi Apna Ram Hai, Ek Hi Allah Taala Hai, Ek Hi Allah Taala Hai, Rang Birange Deepak Hai Hum, Lekin Jagmag Ek Hai Ha, Ha, Ek Hai, Ho Ho, Ho, Ek Hai. Hum Sab Bhartiya Hain, Hum Sab Bhartiya Hain. 13  SECTION- 5 INCENTIVES FOR NCC CADETS Introduction 1. From time to time Central and State Governments announce number of incentives for NCC Cadets. These incentives are in the field of employment as well as academics and personal incentives including medals, trophies, cash awards etc. These are listed as under:- Concession in Employment 2. (a) Vacancies reserved for Army 64 per year- Indian Military commission in Defence Forces Academy (IMA), Dehradun through for NCC `C’ Certificate UPSC and Service Selection Board (SSB) Interview. 100 per year - in Officers Training Academy (OTA), Chennai for Short Service Commission Non Technical No UPSC Exam, only SSB. Navy -6 per Course. No UPSC Exam, Only Naval SSB. IAF – 10 % in all courses including Flying Training courses. No UPSC Exam only Air Force SSB. (b) For ORs, Sailors, Airmen 5 to 10% bonus marks awarded for recruitment. (c) Para Military Forces 2 to 10 bonus marks awarded for recruitment. (d) Department of Bonus marks awarded for recruitment. Telecommunication (e) CRPF NCC Cadets holding third division degree eligible for recruitment to gazetted post. (f) National Cadet Corps Civilian Gliding Instructors/Girl Cadet Instructors and NCC WTLOs. (g) State Governments Preference in State Services in certain States. (h) Industry Some Industries give preference to NCC ‘C’ Certificate holders for various jobs. 14 3. State-wise incentives are given as Appendix ‘E’ Financial Benefits 4. The expenditure incurred on NCC training is borne by the Govt. A cadet does not have to pay for uniform, camps, parade, adventure sports, or transportation from a central place to the place of training. In addition they are given good refreshment during parade and wholesome meals during camps. In order to make cadets’ association with NCC more pleasant and rewarding, various kinds of financial assistance are also given to the deserving cadets. Cadets Welfare Society 5. In order to provide financial assistance and relief to cadets who sustain injury/death during NCC related activities, a Society named ‘NCC Cadets Welfare Society’ was established and registered in Feb 1985 under the Societies Registration Act 1860. 6. Aims of the Society. The present aims of Cadets Welfare Society are:- (a) To give financial assistance to cadets NOK/nominee in case of a demise during NCC activity. (b) To give financial relief to cadets on sustaining injury / disability during NCC activity. (c) To grant scholarships to academically brilliant students. (d) To grant Best and 2nd Best Cadet awards at Group level. (e) To conduct sports and adventure activities which cannot be funded by Public Funds. 7. Financial Assistance/Relief. The Society is granting financial assistance and relief, as under, to cadets who sustain injury or death during NCC related activity as well as for sports and adventure activities. NCC Related Death Cases Permanent Temporary Activities Disability Disability High Risk Rs.2,00,000/- Upto Rs. 2,00,000/ Upto Rs.1,00,000/ Other Activities Rs.1,50,000/- Upto Rs. 1,50,000/ Upto Rs.1,00,000/ 8. Scholarships. A scholarship scheme was introduced in 1991 where 250 scholarships of Rs.2,000/- each were awarded to academically brilliant NCC cadets. The 15 scheme in its present form awards Rs.5,000/- each which are distributed amongst the 17 Dtes based on their enrolled strength of cadets. 9. Best Cadet Awards. Best Cadet Cash Awards are given to two cadets from each category i.e. JD, JW, SD, SW in every Group HQ with Rs 3,000/- to each Best Cadet and Rs. 2,000/- to each 2nd Best Cadet. A total of 760 cash awards are given every year. 10. Sports and Adventure Activities. In Oct 1996 the scope of the Society was expanded to fund such sports and adventure activities which cannot ordinarily be funded by Public Funds. The Society also grants loans for conduct of sports/adventure activities pending sanction of funds from MOD. Sahara Scholarships. 11. In 2002 the Sahara Group introduced an Annual Sahara Scholarship Scheme with a corpus fund of Rs 3 Crores. Rs 1 Crores is to be given annually as scholarships to academically brilliant cadets. 12. A total of 1016 scholarships with the following breakdown are given as follows:- Category No. of vacancies per Total Amount per Group HQ Scholarship JD 3 285 Rs 6,000/- JW 3 285 Rs 6,000/- SD 2 190 Rs 12,000/- SW 2 190 Rs 12,000/- Professional A total of 66 66 Rs 30,000/- Scholarships. Total 1016 16  Appendix ‘A’ (Ref to Para 3 Sec 2 of Chapter 1) LIST OF NCC DIRECTORATES/TRAINING ESABLISHMENTS Ser Directorates/Training Establishments Location No 1. Andhra Pradesh Secundrabad 2. Bihar & Jharkhand Patna 3. Delhi Delhi 4. Gujarat, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Ahmedabad 5. Jammu & Kashmir Jammu 6. Karnataka & Goa Bangalore 7. Kerala & Lakshadweep Thiruvanthapuram 8. Maharashtra Mumbai 9. Madhya Pradesh & Chattishgarh Bhopal 10. NER Shillong 11. Orissa Bhubneshwar 12. Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh & Chandigarh Chandigarh 13. Rajasthan Jaipur 14. Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Andaman & Nicobar Chennai 15. Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 16. Uttaranchal* Dehradun 17. West Bengal & Sikkim Kolkata 18. NCC Officers Training Academy Kamptee 19. NCC Officers Training Accademy Gwalior *Note:- New NCC Dte for State of Uttaranchal has become effective wef 01 Aug 2006. 17  Appendix ‘B’ (Ref to Para 3 Sec 2 of Chapter 1) DETAILS OF GP HQs Ser No Directorate NCC Gp HQ 1. AP Guntur Hyderabad Kakinada Secunderabad Tirupati Vishakhapatnam Warangal Niizamabad Kurnool 2. Bihar & Jharkhand Bhagalpur Gaya Muaffarpur Patna Ranchi 3. Delhi Delhi ‘B’ Delhi ‘C’ 4. Gujarat Ahmedabad Baroda Rajkot V V Nagar 5. J&K Jammu Srinagar 6. Kar & Goa Bangalore ‘A’ Bangalore ‘B’ Belgaum Bellary Mangalore Mysore 7. Kerala & Lakshadweep Calicut Eranakulam Kollam Kottayam Trivandrum 18 8 MP & Ch Bhopal Gwalior Indore Jabalpur Raipur Saugor 9. Maharashtra Amaravati Aurangabad Kolhapur Mumbai ‘A’ Mumbai ‘B’ Nagpur Pune 10 NER Dibrugarh Guwahati Imphal Jorhat Shillong Silchar Tezpur Kohima 11. Orissa Berhampur Cuttack Sambalpur 12. PHH &C Ambala Amritsar Chandigarh Jalandhar Ludhiana Patiala Rohtak Shimla 13. Rajasthan Jaipur Jodhpur Kota Udaipur 14. TNP& AN Chennai ‘A’ Chennai ‘B’ Coimbatore Madurai Pondichery Trichy 19 15 UP Agra Aligarh Allahabad Bareilly Ghaziabad Gorakhpur Kanpur Lucknow Meerut Varanasi ‘A’ Varanasi ‘B’ 16. Uttaranchal Dehradun Roorkee Nainital 17. WB & Sikkim Burdwan Kolkata ‘B’ Kolkata ‘C’ Darjeeling Kalyani Kharagpur Total Gp HQs 95 20  Appendix ‘C’ (Ref to Para 13 Sec 3 of Chapter 1) DETAILS OF RETENTION ITEMS Ser Item Scale of Authorisation Remarks No SD JD SW JW ARMY BOYS 1. SHIRT PWPC KHAKI 2 2 - - 2. SHORT PWPC KHAKI 1 2 - - 3. TROUSER PWPC KHAKI 2 - - -- ARMY GIRLS 4 SHIRT PWPC KHAKI - - 2 2 5. TROUSER PWPC KHAKI - - 2 2 NAVY BOYS 6. SHIRT PWPC WHITE 2 2 - - 7. SHORT PWPC WHITE - 3 - - 8. TROUSER PWPC WHITE 2 - - - 9. SHIRT PWPC NAVY BLUE 1 1 - - 10. SHORT PWPC NAVY 1 1 - - BLUE NAVY GIRLS 11. SHIRT PWPC WHITE - - 2 2 12. TROUSER PWPC WHITE - - 2 2 AIR FORCE BOYS 13. SHIRT PWPC LBG 2 2 - - 14. SHORT PWPC LBG 1 2 - - 15. TROUSER PWPC LBG 2 - - - AIR FORCE GIRLS 16. SHIRT PWPC LBG - - 2 2 17. TROUSER PWPC LBG - - 2 2 COMMON ITEMS 18 SALWAR WHITE - - 2 2 19. KAMIZ WHITE - - 2 2 20 BERET RIFLE GREEN 1 (a) 1(a) 1 1 (a) For all cadets less SIKHS 21. PAGREE RIFLE GREEN For Sikhs only. 21 Ser Item Scale of Authorisation Remarks No SD JD SW JW 22. SOCKS NTP WHITE 2X3*=6 2x2*= 6 2x3*=6 2x2*=4 *Tenure (Navy) (Navy (Navy) (navy) 23. SOCKS NTP BLACK 2X3*=6 2x2*= 6 2x3*=6 2x2*=4 *Tenure (Army, (Army, (Army, (Army, Air ) Air) Air) Air 24. SHOES LEATHER 1(Air) 1(Less 1 1 BLACK Army in J&K and NER) 25. BOOTS ANKLE DMS 1 1 (Army - - (Army in J&K and Navy & NER) 26 SHOES CANVAS 1 (For all 1 (For - - BROWN less all less Navy) Navy) 27. SHOES CANVAS WHITE 1 (Navy) 1(Navy) 1 1 28. VEST WOOLEN - 1(Army, - - J&K and NER) 22  Appendix ‘D’ (Ref to Para 13 Sec 3 of Chapter 1) DETAILS OF LIFE CYCLE ITEMS Ser Item Assessed Scale of Authorisation No fair life in Army (in months) (a) (b) (c) (d) 1. Bag Kit Universal 120 Army SD & Army JD, 15% of cadet str. 2. Blanket Barrack 120 At 10% of auth strength of SD & JD in cold regions & 3% in hot regions. 3. Cap FS Disruptive 72 Army SD and JD minus Sikh cadets @ 10%. 4. Durries IT 120 Army SD, JD, SW, &JW @ 9%. 5. Coat Combat 168 Army SD & JD @ 2%. 6. Ground Sheet 120 Army SD JD SW & JW @ 6%. 7. Water Bottle 60 All wings @ 15% of cadet strength. 8. Anklet Web 240 Army SD @ 10% of cadet strength. 9. Belt Waist Web 168 Army wing SD and JD, SW (Army& Air). JW and Air Wing (SD & JD) @ 100%. 10. Cape water proof 240 Army SD and JD @ 20% for units located in J&K and NER and @ 5% for the rest. 11. Over-all combination 36 Army SD (Army, Arty, Engrs, Sigs &EME) @ 100% of cadet strength. 12. Net Mosquito 60 Army wing @ 15% of total cadet strength. 13. Jersey P/O Woollen 60 SD Army and JD AP, Bihar, Gujarat, Khaki Army Karnataka, Kerala, SW (Army) & JW Mah, Orissa, Tamil (Army) Nadu and West Bengal 14. Jersey P/O Woollen 60 SD Navy and JD @ 10% of authorized Black Navy str. Delhi, MP, Punjab 15. Jersey P/O Woollen 60 SD Air and JD air Raj and UP @ 25% of Grey auth str.J&K and NER @ 80% of auth str. 23 (a) (b) (c) (d) 16. Shirt Angola 60 SD Army and JD AP, Bihar, Gujarat, Army, SW and JW Karnataka, Kerala, Mah, 17. Trouser Serge Khaki 60 SD Army and JD Orissa, Tamil Nadu and Army, SW and JW West Bengal @ 15% of 18. Trouser Serge Black 60 SD Navy and JD authorized str. Navy 19. Trouser Serge LBG 60 SD Air and JD Air Delhi, MP Punjab, Raj and UP @ 100% of auth str. AIR CLOTHING 20. Overall flying 36 50% of the auth str of SD and JW Air wing Cadets in the Air sqn on loan basis @ scale 01. 21. Boot flying 36 50% of the auth str of SD and SW Air wing cadets in the Air sqn on loan basis @ scale 01. 22. Gloves flying 36 50% of the auth str of SD and SW Air wing Cadets in the Air Sqn on loan basis @ scale 01 23. Boot Rubber Knee 24 For NER and Kerala @ 20% of auth str and for Karnataka, AP, Orissa and West Bengal @ 10% auth str. 24  Appendix ‘E’ (Ref to Para 3 Sec 5 of Chapter 1) STATE WISE INCENTIVES State Employment Field Academic Field Andhra (a) Preference is being given to (a) One seat is reserved for Pradesh National Cadet Corps ‘B’/‘C’ certificate admission to various degree holders for recruitment in police service and diploma courses and 5% and for recruitment in transport seats for LLB Courses in department Osmania University. (b) Seats are reserved in Govt Polytechnics and PG Degree Diploma Courses. (c) 1% of total seat in courses of study reserved in Engineering Colleges. (d) 0.25% of seats are reserved for admission into Medical Courses. Bihar & Bonus marks are given to NCC `B’ and Bonus marks are awarded to Jharkhand ‘C’ certificate holders for recruitment NCC Certificate holders for in the Police and Forest Department admission in various courses in the Universities of Patna, Ranchi, Mithila and Bhagalpur J&K 10% or one post, whichever is higher, reserved in non-gazetted service in Police, Home guards, Forest and Excise Departments for NCC ‘C’ Certificate holders. Similar reserve- tions are for Girl Cadets in Police and as nurses, receptionists and telephone operators Karnataka & 10 seats in Medical, 5 in Non- Goa allopathic, 50 in Engineering, 10 in Technical , 8 in B ED, 3 in Post Graduation and 47 in Polytechnics for outstanding NCC Cadets. Kerala & (a) Reservation of seats in Lakshadweep Engineering Colleges, Poly technics, Ayurveda College, Medical Colleges, and BSc Nursing 25  State Employment field Academic Field (b) Bonus marks for Pre- Degree courses, Degree courses, Post Graduate courses, B.Ed Courses and Teachers Trg. Course (c) Weightage Marks for admis- sion to higher studies. Madhya Preference being given to ‘C’ (a) Preferance is given for admission Pradesh certificate holders for recruitment in to the potgraduate/professional/degree all state jobs. college. (b) 10 Marks being added to final marks to NCC Cadets selected for participation in Republic Day Camp. Maharashtra (a) University of Mumbai gives maximum of 10 grace marks to NCC cadets appearing at various degree examinations. (b) 2% marks are given to NCC Cadets of Maharashtra University. (c) 3 Marks are given for admission in medical colleges. (d) 10 Seats are reserved in Engineering Colleges for NCC cadets representing State in the all India competition. (e) Weightage of 4 marks for admission in ITI. NER-Assam Preference is being given to (a) Two seats are reserved for best National Cadet Corps `B’/`C’ National Cadet Corps cadets for certificate holders for recruitment to admission in diploma & certificate Police Service and Govt.jobs. courses in engineering and tech- nology. (b) One seat each in Assam Engineering College and Jorhat Engineering College, Jorhat. (c) Preference for admission in Post Graduate courses in Gauhati Univer- sity. 26  State Employment field Academic Field Arunachal Preference in recruitment to the state Police Relaxation of 5% marks Pradesh Service. Reservation of 10% posts in the for admission to educa- Police Department. Posts of women tional institutions including Manipur constable and women Hawaldar are technical institution under reserved for girl cadets. State Govt. Meghalaya Relaxation of 5% marks for admission to educational Nagaland Preference to NCC `B’ and `C’ certificate institutions including tech- holders in the matter of recruitment to the nical institutions under State Police Force. State Govt. Preference to NCC `B’ and `C’ certificate Tripura holders in the matter of recruitment to the State Police service and Government jobs. Orissa Preference for recruitment to State Police Additional weightage of Force. marks over and above the aggregate marks obtained for admission in various colleges. Haryana Preference for recruitment in Home Guard Deptt and State Police Force. Preference for recruitment to State Police Force. Weightage for admission HP to various courses of study in Himachal Pradesh University Punjab Weightage of marks given for admission in various courses in State Govt Polytechnics, Colleges and Universities. Rajastan Preference in the recruitment to the State Weightage of marks is Police Force. given by the university of Rajasthan for the purpose of admission to various courses of the university. TN and (a) Tamil Nadu Public Commission while 1 seat reserved in Under Andaman selecting candidates to the post in Civil Graduate Courses in each Niccobar Services, takes into consideration the NCC college and 1 seat in any Certificates possessed by the candidate. Post Graduate Course and Polythchnic, where NCC (b) Out of 12 marks for the oral test in the Scheme is available B.T and P.G Assistance recruitment/ appointment in Tamil nadu, ½ mark is awarded for NCC activities. 27 State Employment field Academic Field Pondicherry Preference for selection to various posts in A weightage of 2% of all Departments of Pondicherry especially marks for BA/BSc/B.Com in Police. course Uttar Pradesh Preference to NCC cadets in recruitment to Bonus marks/weightage by the service in State Government. 8% posts various Universities for are reserved in State Government for part admission in various time NCC officers and NCC cadets who Degree, B.Ed and Post become disabled during the course of Graduation courses. training. Uttaranchal One seat in each branch in Kumaon Engineering College, GB Pant Engi- neering College and Govt Polytechnics and two seats each in Kumaon Univer- sity and Garhwal Univer- sity for B.Ed. West Bengal Weightage being given for enrolment in & Sikkim police. 20% weightage is being given to NCC cadets for recruitment in Home Guard. In the case of state’s like Delhi, Gujarat, Dadra Nagar Haveli, Chattisgarh and Mizoram incentives in the form of concessions for employment, education are not being given. However, other incentives like scholarships and cash awards are being given in these States. 28  CHAPTER-II NATIONAL INTEGRATION 29  INDEX CHAPTER-II NATIONAL INTEGRATION JD/JW SD/SW SECTION-1 Indian History and Culture √ √ SECTION-2 Religion and Customs of India √ √ SECTION-3 Unity in Diversity √ √ SECTION-4 National Integration and its Importance √ √ SECTION-5 Famous Leaders of India like Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagat Singh, Lal Bahadur Shastri, √ - Chander Shekhar Azad, Subash Chandra Bose, Swami Vivekanand, Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel SECTION-6 India and Its Neighbours √ - SECTION-7 Contribution of Youth in Nation Building √ √ SECTION-8 Nation State, National Interests and Objectives - √ 30  SECTION-1 INDIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE General 1. India was one of the oldest centres of the prehistoric cultures of the world. India was also the cradle of one of the earliest civilizations in history - the Harappan culture. The Harappan culture was the first urban culture to flourish in India. Many of its features distinguished it from all its contemporary cultures in other parts of the world and made it a distinctly Indian civilization. Larger in extent than any of its contemporary civilization, it spread over parts of Baluchistan, Sind, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Western Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat and had links with some other parts of India as well as with contemporary civilization in West Asia. 2. The next major phase in ancient Indian history is the Vedic age which began with the coming of the Indo - European speaking people. It laid the culture that began to emerge during this phase and was the result of the inter- mixing of the Indo - Aryans with the pre-existing inhabitants of India. The next phase covering the period from about the sixth century BC to about 200 BC is marked by far reaching changes in almost every aspect of life in India. This period saw the spread of agriculture over large parts of the country, the rise of cities and the formation of the state. The period also saw the rise and decline of the first all - India empire in Indian history. This period is important not only for political unity but also for culture unity. Two major religions, Jainism and Buddhism which arose in the sixth century BC, left a lasting influence on Indian life and culture. This period saw the spread throughout the country of belief and practices associated with Hinduism, including Vedic religion as well as Buddhism. The Varna system of social organization popularly known as the caste system, which had arisen in the Vedic Age, now became well established and gradually became the dominant form of social organization throughout the country. This form of social organization was peculiar to India. The process of cultural unity is best exemplified by Ashoka. He unified almost the entire country under the empire but renounced the use of war as state policy. Instead he declared the victory of righteousness as the real victory. 3. The next phase in Ancient Indian history cover the period from about 200 BC to about AD 300. This phase is extremely important for the changes that took place in economic and political life, and significant developments in various aspects of culture including religion, art and science and technology. In economic life this period is significant for advancement of India’s international trade both by land and sea routes and the emergence of cities and towns unknown to earlier phase of ancient Indian history. In political life, large parts of North Western, Northern and Western India were ruled by dynasties of non Indian origin. These were the Indo-Greeks, the Sheiks, the Parthians and the Kushanas. A significant event was the growth of the Mahayana sect of Buddhism, which the Kushana ruler Kanishka patronized and the development of the great Buddhist art associated with it. 31 4. The last phase of the ancient period of Indian History starts in early fourth century AD and ends in about the eighth century. The Guptas built a large kingdom during this period which remained powerful for about a century. In the Deccan and the South, there were two major Kingdoms during this period of the Pallavas and of the Chalukyas. Some of the finest achievements in various fields of culture-art, architecture, literature, philosophy, science, technology can, however, be dated to this period. Because of these achievements, this period is often described as the classical age of the Indian civilization. In religion, this is a period of decline of Buddhism and the rise of Brahmanical religion of Hinduism as we know it today. Great progress was made in literature, both religious and secular, in Sanskrit which also became the language of the court in most part of the country. In spite of the dominant position of Sanskrit in most part of the country. This period marks the beginning of many modern Indian languages as well as distinct scripts in different parts of the country. The period is also important for some of the most significant advances in science and technology. Most of the major works in astronomy, mathematics and medicine belong to this period. The Mediaeval Period 5. During the mediaeval period, some of the achievements of the ancient times were carried forward and new magnificent structures were built on those foundations. The period from the eighth to twelfth century in political life is dominated mainly by the presence of large number of states the bigger ones among them tried to establish their supremacy in Northern India and the Deccan. The main contenders in this struggle for supremacy were the Pratiharas, the Palas and the Rashtrakutas. In the South the most powerful kingdom to emerge during this period was that of the Cholas. In the tenth century, the Turks emerged as a powerful force in Central and West Asia and carved out Kingdoms for themselves. The Turks first invaded India during the late tenth and early eleventh century and Punjab came under Turkish rule. Another series of Turkish invasions in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century led to the establishment of the Sultanate of Delhi. Within a few centuries after the rise of Islam in Arabia, it became the second most popular religion in India with followers in every part of the country. 6. The establishment of the Sultanate of Delhi marked the beginning of a new phase in the history of mediaeval India. Politically it led to the unification of Northern India and part of the Deccan for almost a century. Its rulers, almost from the time of the establishment of the Sultanate, succeeded in separating it from the country from which they had originally come. The Sultanate disintegrated towards the end of the fourteenth century leading to the emergence of a number of kingdoms in different parts of the country. Some of these, for example the Bahimani and Vijayanagaram Kingdoms, became very powerful. In society, the period is important for the introduction of new elements - the Turks, the Persians, the Mongols and the Afghans, besides the Arabs who had settled down in some coastal regions of India. 7. The growth of a composite culture reached its highest points under the Great Mughals in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Mughals built an empire which once again brought about the political unification of a large part of the country. Like Ashoka earlier, Akbar, the greatest of the Mughal emperors, followed a policy of ‘sulk- kul’ (peace with all). 32 The Modern Period 8. The eighteenth century marks the beginning of the modern period of India’s history. Politically, the period saw the decline of the Mughal empire and the rise of a number of small and big independent States in different parts of the country for about 150 years. In spite of this, however, the process of the growth of a composite culture continued. The process of colonization of vast areas of the world by a few European countries had been underway since the sixteenth century. Changes of a comparable nature failed to take place in India, as also in other countries of Asia and Africa. There was also no awareness of the importance of the changes taking place in Europe inspite of contacts with European traders, missionaries and others. From about the middle of the eighteenth century, the conquest of India by the British began. It was completed in a few decades and by the middle of the nineteenth century, the entire country was under the direct or indirect rule of the British. For the first time in her history. India came under foreign rule. She was ruled by foreigners who had not come to settle but to rule in interest of their mother country. A new system of exploitation of a country came into being. Under the new conditions created by foreign rule, the people of India were awakened and this awakening expressed itself, finally, in the struggle for independence, the end of imperialist exploitation of India and building of a new India. The nationalist movement united the Indian people on a new basis. It recognized and cherished the unity in diversity and the composite nature of India’s culture as its unique feature. 9. As early as in the nineties of the eighteenth century Raja Ram Mohan Roy came to the forefront of Indian National struggle. Before him Surendra Nath Banerjee and others had set the ball rolling though not with great momentum. The Indian National Congress established by AO Hume in 1885 was the first All India Organisation. The birth of the Indian National Congress gave a new direction to the National movement in India. In the beginning the Congressmen were loyal to the British Crown. They only demanded some favours for the educated people of India. In the first stage extending from 1885 to 1900 the members of the Congress only wanted to get a share in the British administration. The second phase of Congress politics extends from 1900 to 1918. During this period revolutionary groups began to take the lead. During the third stage from 1919, Gandhiji began to dominate the Congress organisation. During World War-1, Gandhiji co-operated with the British Government. The Jallianwala Bagh tragedy and the Rowlatt Act resulted in the non-cooperation movement on a widest possible scale. The Congress organisation under Gandhiji became a mass movement representing the interests of the whole of India. The National movement for freedom began to spread among the workers and the peasants as well. The socialists and the communists also joined in. As the National movement spread, British rulers pursued their policy of ‘Divide and Rule’. They set the Muslims against the Hindus and the Hindus against the Muslims. In 1927, the Simon Commission visited India to study the political situation. The Commission was received with black flags at Lahore. Lala Lajpat Rai received a lathi blow on account of which he died. This ugly incident created a stir in the whole country. The Congress started the Civil Disobedience Movement in which more than 90,000 people were arrested. The movement was withdrawn in 1931 as a result of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. Ramsay MacDonald gave his communal award in 1932. Gandhiji observed a fast unto death to undo the separate presentation given to Harijans under the leaders of the suvarna Hindu and the Harijans. 33 10. The Government of India Act 1935 was put into force in 1937. The Congress contested elections for the provincial legislatures, won a vast majority of seats in 8 out of 11 Indian provinces and formed Ministry. However, World War II broke out in 1939 and the Congress party resigned from the Ministry. Gandhiji again took the reins in his hands. He wanted complete independence for India. The British Government sent Sir Stafford Crips to solve the political dead - lock. The mission proved a failure. Next came the Cabinet Mission. As the political parties of India could not reach an agreement, the Mission gave its own award. The Executive council of the Governor General was to be selected in order to frame the Constitution of India. The Congress and the Muslim League did not agree. The League clamoured for the creation of Pakistan. Lord Atlee, the British Prime Minister, fixed June 1948 as the final date for the transfer of power. Lord Mountbatten was sent to India as Viceroy. He held talks with the leaders of the Congress and the League. Both agreed to part company. India was partitioned according to the Indian Independence Act 1947. Dimensions of Indian Culture 11. Various races have been coming to India from time immemorial. The civilizations of these races differed a great deal from one another. On entering India, they had conflicts with the earlier inhabitants of the country. These conflicts affected their respective cultures and through the process of assimilation and synthesis, Indian culture grew all the more richer. Effect of Negrito Race 12. According to J H Huntton, the oldest race reaching India was Negrito. They were not very high from the point of view of civilization. They did not know how to make use of the instruments made of stones and bones, how to cultivate the land, how to make earthenwares or how to build houses. They are now found in Andaman Island only. The race which arrived in India after the Negrito race was Proto-Australiod or the primitive Australian race. They are specially found in Central India or in South - East India in the present age. They are also called ‘Austric’ in English and ‘Agneya’ in Hindi. Santhal, Munda, Birho, Asur, Kobra, Coorg, Jaung and such other tribes are related to the Proto- Australoid race. The people of Australoid race influenced the material and religious life in India. Indians learnt, in the material field, how to cultivate the land with the help of pick - axe and to grow rice, bananas, coconuts, brinjals, betel leaves, lemons, jamboo fruit and cotton from them. In the religious field, they brought to India many things like the belief in rebirth, various fabulous stories about the origin of creation, a myth about incarnation of God in a tortoise, belief about the existence of Gods in stones, the worship of various creatures like snakes, crocodiles, monkeys etc. The interesting stories in Mahabharat and Ramayan about Vasuki, the ruler in ‘Patal Lok’, the origin of the creation from snakes and eggs, interesting stories about Ganesh, etc have been taken from the mythical of this race. Perhaps this very race taught the Indians how to count the dates according to moon phases and fixation of sacred festivals etc. 13. Arrival of Dravidians and Their Influence. The people of Dravidian or Mediterranean race came to India after the Proto-Australoid race. They were more civilized than the people of both the races which came to India earlier. Under their 34 influence new Gods and new methods of worship came to the Indian religious field. In fact, the word ‘Pooja’ (worship), belongs to Dravidian language. The acceptance of an idol, as representative of some God, to offer it flowers and tree leaves, to offer it vermilion and sandal paste, to burn incense before it to ring bells, to sing to dance before it, to offer and accept sweets and such other ways of worship were given to India by the Dravidians. The chief new Gods, who began to be worshiped under the influence of the Dravidians, were Shiva, Uma, Kartikeya, Hanuman, Shitla and Ganesh etc. Under the Dravidian influence, the number of Gods increased. Gods and Goddesses, village God, family God and other Gods of Hindu religion supposed to be 330 million in number, are all the result of their influence. The importance of the sacred places of worship increased under the influence of the Dravidians. In the same way, they also preached the worship of the trees, like workship of tulsi, banyan, peepal, bel and many others. It was the Dravidians who gave Indians the festivals of Holi and Basant. 14. Arrival of Aryans and Their Influence. Aryans made the greatest contribution towards the development of Indian culture. It is their tongue which is in use today in major parts of India. Their Vedas are the main roots of Indian culture. The contribution of the Aryans towards the Indian culture has been thus described by Dr Jadunath Sarkar: (1) A feeling of sympathy and adjustment (2) Wonderful evolution of science and philosophy (3) Aryans’ fixation of adjustment among different castes through their principle of ‘Varna’ system (4) Spread of civilization among the demons and wild tribes through ‘Tapovan’ system. 15. Muslim Influence. Muslims came to India after the Aryans. In his book titled ‘Influence of Islam on Indian Culture’, Dr Tarachand has written that the influence of Muslims on the various parts of Indian life has been very great and this influence has been seen specially on Hindu customs, on the very minute things of their family, on music, dress, cooking methods, marriage traditions, festivals, fairs and on the institutions and manners of the Maratha, Rajput and Sikh courts. 16. Influence of the British. After the Muslims, the British deeply influenced all aspects of Indian culture. The spread of English language brought hundreds of English words into the Indian languages. The influence of western culture on the prose, novel, one-act plays and poetry, etc in Indian literature can be clearly seen. Western education created a wave of reformation in the whole country. On the one hand, the ideas of equality, freedom and nationality helped in uprooting the social evils like Sati custom, killing of female child, child marriage and prohibition of widow marriage, on the other hand, they created a political awakening in the country. The present form of administration in India is the outcome of the great influence of the British ideology. The present economic organization, joint stock companies, managing agencies, big factories, production through machines, railways, telegraphs, telephone, aeroplanes and other means of conveyance and communication were brought to India from the west. This influence has regularly been on the increase and it is also needed for the country’s progress, although its assimilation is equally necessary. 35 Conclusion 17. India’s culture has been such that it did not develop into a finished form in any period. Throughout her long history, India’s culture has been changing and developing due to internal factors and contacts with other cultures. This process of change and development continues. The culture of India, as of any other country, is not a fixed entity. Many aspects of culture, if they progress, get discarded others are changed, sometimes beyond recognition, some others continue to survive and remain impertinent, while many new elements are added. A remarkable feature of Indian historical and cultural development has been its continuity. This continuity has few parallels in the history of other civilisations. SECTION -2 RELIGIONS AND CUSTOMS OF INDIA Introduction 1. India is a multi religious democratic country. There are six major religions in India with percentage of population as under :- (a) Hindus - 83.5 % (b) Muslims - 10.7 % (c ) Christians - 2.44 % (d) Sikhs - 1.79 % (e) Buddhists - 0.74 % (f) Jains - 0.46 % (g) Others - 0.37 % 2. The historical analysis has proved that religion has played an obstructive role in the rise of nationalism. In ancient and mediaeval time it has worked as a system of exploitation. Under the British rule religion acted as a main barrier against national unity. The creation of Pakistan was final blow rendered by political mobilization on communal lines. The above problem was due to some religion oriented political parties, which is on the decline. Secondly the public has realized the fact that religion is a private affair of an individual and it should not be mixed with political affairs of the state. That is why most of the advanced democratic states have adopted secularism in their constitution, which is a factor for unity in multi-religious societies like ours. 36 Main Religions of India 3. Hinduism. Religion for the Hindu is experience or attitude of mind. It is not an idea but a power, not an intellectual proposition but a life conviction. It is consciousness of ultimate reality. Man becomes aware of God through experience. The source of Hindu thought is the Vedas. The Hindus believe in meditation and yoga. The goal of religious quest is earned by intellectual and moral discipline. The Hindus believe in re- birth, spirit and salvation. Perfection in life as per Hinduism is attained through knowledge of truth. Divinity can be realised in mind and spirit. We must attain an integrated vision, a wholesome life, health and strength of body, alertness of mind through meditation and yoga. The theory of Hinduism lays stress on Bhakti, Karma and Re-birth. 4. Islam. Islam means ‘Submission’ or resignation to Allah (God). The Quran, the highest authority is revealed and created being the eternal word of God incarnate. All the prophets from Adam to Mohammad and the books revealed to them are regarded as religious heritage of Islam. Muslims have to bear witness to the oneness of God and message of Muhammed and have to observe prayer five times daily with a weekly Juma prayer on Friday noon. They have to pay Zakath (religious tax) to the rightful beneficiaries and the minimum is two and half percent of the net annual income. They keep dawn to dusk fast for purity of soul in the ninth month of Ramzan of the Islamic year. The wealthy Muslims and who can afford make pilgrimage to Haj once in life time. Islam has its influence in three continents of Asia, Africa and Europe. It gives right of properties to women also. The Islamic teaching highlights are purity of life, charity to the poor and spread of brotherhood. 5. Christianity. Christianity founded by Jesus Christ, commands the largest following in the world. Christ was born in 4 BC in Judaea. He started preaching about the kingdom of God when he was thirty. His activities roused the opposition of the Jewish high priests who accused him. He was crucified on the orders of Pontius Pilate, the Roman Governor. Christianity preaches charity, love and peace. The massage of Jesus Christ is given in the Holy Bible. Christianity is not a religion but a way of life which guides the actions and life for mental peace and love of humanity. 6. Jainism. Jainism derives its name from Jaina (the Conqueror). Mahavira belonged to a princely family in Vaishali. At the age of 30 he renounced the world and spent 12 years in austerity and meditation in search of truth. At the age of 47, while meditating, he received enlightenment. As per Jainism teachings, anger, pride, deception and greed must be counteracted by the ten best virtues such as forgiveness, humility, straight forwardness, contentment, truthfulness, restraint, austerity, purity, chastity and renunciation. To keep himself steady on path of liberation and to destroy karma, a monk has to bear all the trouble that might cause him pains. The monk has to practice austerity external and internal. It is pure meditation which ultimately leads to liberation. 7. Buddhism. Buddhism was founded by Gautam Buddha who was son of Indian Prince Suddhodan. The sorrow and suffering of the world tormented his heart and he abandoned his house and started pursuit for enlightenment. Gautam found enlightenment while meditating under a Pipal tree at the age of 42. Buddha preached that 37 emancipation from cycle of re-birth i.e Nirvana can be attained by path of self purification, with doctrine of love and mercy. Buddhism is essentially a religion of kindness, humanity and equality. It denounces all claims to superiority on grounds of birth or caste. The status of man in society is determined by his own conduct and actions. 8. Sikhism. God the original Guru, imparted his message to his disciple Nanak , who having absorbed the divine spirit became the Guru himself. The message is known as Gurmat. He who follows the teaching of Gurmat is a pure person and known as Sikh. The same spirit was passed on to the successive Gurus and ultimately the divine spirit has been passed onto the sacred script of ‘Guru Granth Saheb’. The teachings of Sikhism are that God is one. Equality in society and leading a life of purity are important. Man can attain God while leading a normal family life. The institution of Gurudwara and common kitchen (langar ) are noble examples of equality in Sikhism. Customs of India 9. India is a multiracial, multilingual civilization with rich culture heritage and has provided peaceful atmosphere for the development of many religions. Indian culture and customs are influenced by these religions. The customs of India depict very colourful panorama. There are certain customs which are prevalent in a particular religion and some are common to all religions of the country. 10. Indian festivals are famous in the world. Most of the festivals are related to the change of weather and crop harvesting since India is an agro based economy. The most famous Indian festivals are Diwali, Holi, Dussehra and Basant Panchami. There are certain festivals which are prevalent in particular regions only like Bihu in Assam, Baishakhi in Punjab etc. The customs are of various types in relation to local customs, caste customs and family customs. There are different customs of Hindu marriage as compared to a Muslim marriage or a Sikh marriage. Similarly there are different customs of celebrations. All these customs have been protected by law. 11. There are certain religious customs which pertain to particular religion only like Mundan ceremony in Hindus and Naming ceremony in Sikhs. These customs have religious value and are a means of entertainment also. 12. There are certain customs regarding dresses and ornaments of women. These are associated with particular regions which gives a very colorful dimension to Indian customs and traditions, Similarly, all regions have their distinctive ornaments. 13. India being a big country with different races and religions has rich customs related to festivals, religious ceremonies, dresses, marriage, architecture, painting, song, dance and food habits. The customs and traditions of India though varied has binding force in them which ultimately serves as a unifying factor of Secular India. 38  SECTION-3 UNITY IN DIVERSITY Introduction 1. India is a vast country with diversity in caste, religion, customs and traditions where people from different ethnological groups having different languages or dialects, follow different rituals in daily life and work together shoulder to shoulder. Inspite of diversity in physical features and social systems, there is unity in India. It is held together by many ties like territory, language, culture and economic inter-dependence etc. Our history is replete with examples that illustrate the set-backs suffered by us because of our disunity. Mohammad Gauri was able to set his foot on Indian soil because of internal friction and disunity between two Indian rulers. The British too followed the policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ and kept the doors of freedom closed, because they could disunite Indians easily. Importance of National Unity 2. National unity is also essential for social peace and harmony. We can enjoy peace and security, if there is a mutual trust and goodwill among all the sects of people of the country. No progress can be made in the field of art and literature, science and cultural advancement and economic well–being if disruptive tendencies and divisive forces are around to tear asunder the very fabric of national life. Also we can play an effective role in the international field if we can set our own house in order first. Fundamentals of Unity 3. Some of the essentials for National Unity are as given below:- (a) Language. Narrow minded love towards one’s own language and negative feeling towards others is a major hindrance to unity. No country can stand on the pillars of an alien language. A language, instead of dividing, should be a unifying force. A via media acceptable to all would go a long way in bringing about linguistic unity in the country. Alongwith regional languages one national language should be fully developed. Languages of different states should be encouraged in the educational institutions. (b) Casteism. It is felt in offices and colleges, in politics and almost in all walks of life. The feeling of belonging to an upper caste and hatred for the lower caste is not only an offence against mankind it is a threat to India’s unity. The system of casteism and untouchability would eat into the very vitals of a society. Casteism should be tackled with an iron hand. There should be no communal or special constituents. The minority communities should be given their due share of advancement and communal favouritism should be sternly dealt with. (c) Education. In India about half of the total population is illiterate. An illiterate person cannot understand what is good or bad for himself or his 39  country. Literacy is an important ingredient for unity. The pattern of education should be so oriented that it encourages love, brotherhood and unity amongst various communities. There could be exchange of teachers from one state to another and there should be no bar on the students of one state for admission into the universities of other states. It would help to cement the bonds of unity which is an essence of any nation. (d) Communalism. Communalism means discriminatory feelings of an individual against another on the basis of religion or caste. This also endangers the unity of our country. Fundamentalism is the greatest challenge to India’s unity. This has to be sternly dealt with. The politicians who encourage provincialism and regionalism should be debarred from elections as members of legislative bodies. All citizens should regard themselves as Indians first and build unity between different sections of our society. (e) Regionalism. India is a vast country where regional diversities exist. The feeling of loyalty towards one’s own state or region first is also a major hindrance in unity. People from different parts of the diversified subcontinent should meet under a common wing of national consciousness, forgetting the regional differences, sharing the feelings of togetherness and realise the proud feeling in themselves of being part and parcel of a common Indian diaspora. Relevance of NCC in Unifying India 4. NCC creates awareness amongst youth about the diverse heritage of our country and fosters national integration despite linguistic, cultural, religious and geographical barriers. It helps cadets gain experience to live together, co-operate with each other and work in harmony with