Personology PDF

**Personology** - his term for the study of personality, is that personality is rooted in the brain. The individual's cerebral physiology guides and governs every aspect of the personality **idea of tension reduction.** - process of acting to reduce tension that is satisfying, accordi...

**Personology** - his term for the study of personality, is that personality is rooted in the brain. The individual's cerebral physiology guides and governs every aspect of the personality **idea of tension reduction.** - process of acting to reduce tension that is satisfying, according to Murray, rather than the attainment of a condition free of all tension - our goal is not a tension-free state but rather the satisfaction derived from acting to reduce the tension. **individual's personality continues to develop over time** - constructed of all the events that occur during the course of that person's life. **personality changes and progresses; it is not fixed or static.** - uniqueness of each person while recognizing similarities among all people. **Id** - is the repository of all innate impulsive tendencies; d also encompasses innate impulses that society considers acceptable and desirable; tendencies to empathy, imitation, and identification - primitive, amoral, and lustful impulses described by Freud, but it also contains desirable impulses, such as empathy and love. **superego** - is shaped not only by parents and authority figures, but also by the peer group and culture. - the internalization of the culture's values and norms, - substance of the superego is imposed on children at an early age by their parents and other authority figures. - including one's peer group and the culture's literature and mythology **ego-ideal** - which provides us with long-range goals for which to strive. The ego-ideal represents what we could become at our best and is the sum of our ambitions and aspirations. - A component of the superego that contains the moral or ideal behaviors for which a person should strive. **ego** - is the rational governor of the personality; it tries to modify or delay the id's unacceptable impulses - arbiter between the id and the superego and may favor one over the other. - integrate these two aspects of the personality so that what we want to do is in harmony with what society believes we should do **motivation** is the crux of the business and motivation always refers to some thing within the organism" **Abasement** - To accept injury, blame, criti cism, and punishment. **Achievement** -. To overcome obstacles and attain a high standard. **Affiliation** - To adhere and remain loyal to a friend **Aggression** - To fight, attack, injure, or kill another **Autonomy** - To resist coercion and restriction **Counteraction** - To overcome weaknesses and to repress fear. **Defendance** - To defend the self against assault, criticism, and blame. **Deference** - To admire and support a superior other. **Dominance** - To control one's environment. **Exhibition** - To make an impression. To be seen and heard **Harmavoidance** - To avoid pain, physical injury, illness, and death **Infavoidance** To avoid humiliation. **Nurturance** To give sympathy to and gratify the needs of a helpless other **Order** To put things in order. **Play** To act for fun, without further purpose. **Rejection** - To snub or jilt another. **Sentience** - To seek and enjoy sensuous impressions. **Sex** To form and further an erotic relationship **Succorance** - To remain close to a devoted protector. **Understanding** To be inclined to analyze events and to generalize **Primary needs** (viscerogenic needs) a - rise from internal bodily states and include those needs required for survival (such as food, water, air, and harmavoidance), as well as such needs as sex and sentience. **Secondary needs** - (psychogenic needs) arise indirectly from primary needs, in a way Murray did not make clear, but they have no specifiable origin within the body - concerned with mental and emotional satisfaction **Reactive needs** involve a response to something specifi c in the environment and are aroused only when that object appears. **Proactive needs** do not depend on the presence of a particular object. Needs differ in terms of the urgency with which they impel behavior, a characteristic Murray called a **need's prepotency** **The fusion of needs** refers to needs that can be **satisfied by one behavior or set of behaviors** **subsidiation** refers to a situation in which one need is **activated to aid in satisfying another need**. **press** - because an environmental object or event presses or pressures the individual to act a certain way. - pressure, caused by **environmental objects or childhood events**, to behave in a certain way **thema (or unity thema)** - combines personal factors (needs) with the environmental factors that pressure or compel our behavior (presses) - amalgamation of personal factors (needs) and environmental factors (presses). **Complexes** - The personality is then unable to develop **spontaneity and flexibility** **Claustral complexes** - The **secure existence** within the womb **simple claustral complex** - is experienced as a desire to be in small, warm, dark places that are safe and secluded. **anti-claustral or egression**- form of the claustral complex is based on a need to escape from restraining womblike conditions; fear of suffocation and confinement **Oral complexes** - he **sensuous enjoyment of sucking nourishment** while being held **oral succorance complex** - features a combination of mouth activities, passive tendencies, and the need to be supported and protected. **oral aggression complex** - combines oral and aggressive behaviors, including biting, spitting, shouting, and verbal aggression such as sarcasm **Anal complexes** - The **pleasure resulting from defecation** **anal rejection complex**, there is a preoccupation with defecation, anal humor, and feces-like material such as dirt, mud, plaster, and clay **anal retention complex** is manifested in accumulating, saving, and collecting things, and in cleanliness, neatness, and orderliness. **Urethral complex** - The pleasure accompanying urination **Icarus complex**, after the mythical Greek figure that flew so close to the sun that the wax holding his wings melted **Genital or castration complex** - Genital pleasures **castration complex** in narrower and more literal fashion as a boy's fantasy that his penis might be cut off. **The TAT** - consists of a set of ambiguous pictures depicting simple scenes. - the person **projects those feelings onto the characters in the pictures** and thereby reveals his or her troubling thoughts to the researcher or therapist **projection** - a person attributes or **projects disturbing impulses onto someone else**.