BLDG 1200 - Week 01 - Fall 2024 PDF

1 BLDG 1200 – Week 01 Presented by: Trevor Emery, Architectural Technologist AIBC September 4, 2024  2 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Agenda  Housekeeping  Instructor introductions  Course overview  Construction process  Zoning requirements ...

1 BLDG 1200 – Week 01 Presented by: Trevor Emery, Architectural Technologist AIBC September 4, 2024  2 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Agenda  Housekeeping  Instructor introductions  Course overview  Construction process  Zoning requirements  Important building information  Building permits  Homework & Lab preparation  3 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Housekeeping  Attendance – attendance is critical to success  Learning Hub (LH) – for all communication, course content and grades learn.bcit.ca  Type 30472 in the “Search for a course” field and select the following to access BLDG 1200  Principles and Guidelines – general guidelines & student expectations are outlined on the Learning Hub in a file titled “BLDG 1200 Principles and Guidelines”, located under “Content”>“General Course Information”  Take Notes – the volume of information for this course & all other ABT courses will be intense at times so please be organized  4 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Housekeeping  Course Delivery – All lectures & labs will be delivered as per the course schedule. Check the week-by-week schedule found in the course outline on the Learning Hub. Any changes to the course schedule or course material will be announced as “News” posts. Always check for “News” posts on the home page for this course in the Learning Hub.  Lectures (2 hours) – delivered live; ALL students should attend; random pop quizzes may occur; lectures will often present material to prepare students for their next lab session  Labs (4 hours) – delivered live; labs are “set” specific, only students in the scheduled set should attend; random pop quizzes and/or student progress checks may occur; lab assignments may be due at the end of lab; labs are long, students must be prepared to work for the full lab  Course Material – All lecture & lab content (inc. photos) developed by both Trevor Emery & Natasha Djoric u.n.o.  5 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Housekeeping  Course Delivery (continued…)  Lab Assignments – Lab assignments will be delivered as a combination of Lab Exercises and Lab Projects Lab Exercises are smaller Q&A assignments, often due at the end of lab or at the beginning of the following lecture Lab Projects are larger drawing assignments, often worked on over one week or several weeks  Discussions Forums – Use these forums to post questions about any course topic. Forums are a good way to collaborate with students and instructors about course material. Don't hesitate to post questions since other students may be having the same question as you. If you know the answer to someone's question and the instructors have not yet had a chance to respond, feel free to post your own response. Remember to keep things professional. These forums can be viewed by everyone.  6 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Instructors Trevor Emery, Architectural Technologist AIBC Office: NE1 – 332K E: [email protected] (best way to communicate) T: 604.454.2279 (not recommended – all voicemails go directly to email so please communicate using email) Office Hours: As posted on Learning Hub calendar & outside my office Natasha Djoric, M.Arch. Office: NE1 – 332T E: [email protected] (best way to communicate) T: 604.432.8752 (not recommended – all voicemails go directly to email so please communicate using email) Office Hours: Not required  7 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Student Survey To find out a little bit about you, please answer the following poll question when asked to do so by raising your hand. The options listed may not be the exact answer so please select the “best” answer that matches your experience. A. I have little or no experience in the construction industry B. I have briefly worked on a construction site (1 year or less) C. I have two of more years of experience working on a construction site D. I have worked in an office for a firm involved in the construction industry E. I have experience working in an office and on a construction site  8 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Course Overview  Learning Outcomes – this course will introduce students to building technology with a primary focus on wood-frame construction…why wood-frame? Refer to course outline for detailed learning outcomes. Course outline, including the weekly course schedule (subject to change) can be found on the Learning Hub under “Content” > “General Course Information”  Required Textbooks – the following Free publications are found on the Learning Hub under “Content” > “Required Textbooks”  Canadian Wood-Frame House Construction – Revision 2014  PDF file (look for GREEN text in course material)  BC Building Code 2024  online version only; printed version not required (look for BLUE text in course material); plumbing code not required  9 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Course Overview  Optional Textbooks (also listed on course outline)  Graphic Guide to Frame Construction: 4th Ed., Rob Thallon  Building Construction Illustrated: 5th Ed., Francis D. K. Ching  CMHC Publications – posted on Learning Hub under “Content” > “Reference Publications”  Other Reference Material – posted on Learning Hub under “Content” > “Reference Publications” and “Video Resources”; excellent supplemental resource for providing greater insight into course content  Units of Measure  BLDG 1200 (this term) will use a combination of metric SI units (millimetres) and imperial units (feet & inches)  BLDG 2200 (next term) will use imperial units (feet & inches)  10 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Course Overview  Units of Measure (continued…)  Metric: Canada uses SI units (millimetres); for dimensional lumber, the nominal & actual sizes are the same; e.g., a 2x6” in metric is actually 38x140mm, which is also the nominal size (what we call it); therefore, the nominal metric size = actual metric size  Imperial: dimensional lumber has nominal & actual sizes, e.g., the nominal size (what we call it) isn’t the same as the actual size; e.g., a 2x6” (nominal size) is actually 1 1/2” x 5 1/2” (approximate final size after drying and surfacing) Metric W=38mm (nominal & actual) D D=140mm (nominal & actual) D Imperial W=1 1/2” (actual) W D= 5 1/2” (actual) 2x6” lumber W  11 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Course Overview  Units of Measure (cont.)  Soft Conversion vs. Hard Conversion  In addition to knowing the difference between nominal & actual size, conversions from metric to imperial (& vice-versa) may either use soft or hard conversions  Soft Conversion: where the exact dimension does not change. For example: 12” = 304.8mm, or 36” = 914.4mm  Hard Conversion: where the exact dimension does change. For example: 12” = 300mm, or 36” = 900mm  So which conversion method is used? Unfortunately, the answer is…”it depends”. Since the BC Building Code is in metric, hard conversions are often used, especially for on-centre spacing of lumber. The following slides shows lists of common, acceptable, conversion values which can be used when converting metric values from the code into imperial values.  12 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Course Overview  Units of Measure (cont.) Note: u.n.o. = unless noted otherwise Note: “mil” = 1/1000 of an inch  13 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Course Overview  Units of Measure (cont.)  14 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Course Overview  Construction Terminology – Am I learning a new language?  Purlin  Stringer  Strapping; Furring  Balloon framing  Lintel  Header  Trimmer HUH?  Lookouts  Storey  If you discover a word you’re not familiar with, make a note and use the glossaries provided on Learning Hub under “Content”, and/or the glossary provided in the Student Information Package  Note: the BC Building Code also has its own definitions  15 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Course Overview  BLDG 1200 – Wood-frame buildings focusing primarily on single family dwellings Under construction Finished house  16 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Course Overview  BLDG 2200 – Next term will continue to concentrate on wood-frame construction, including an introduction to multi-unit residential buildings (MURB) Under construction 6 storey wood-frame condominiums  17 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Construction Process (Chapter 2) General Overview (Chapter 2) Parties Involved Idea / Public need Owner / Builder / Developer Land acquisition Owner, Financial Institute Design & Permits Consultant team: Architect** or Architectural designer, Engineers, Consultants Construction drawings & specifications Consultant team & Municipal plan checkers Tender (Pricing) General contractor & Trades Construction General contractor & Trades Contract administration Municipal inspectors & Consultant team Occupancy (finished building) Owner / Occupants **When is an architect required for a project? See next slide…  18 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Construction Process  19 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Construction Process (Chapter 2) Land Acquisition Construction Phase Zoning & Permits  20 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Construction Process (Chapter 2)  Primary Stages  Pre-construction Stage  Construction Stage  Post-construction Stage  The following slides will provide more detail on these 3 main stages Source: Canadian Wood-Frame House Construction  21 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Construction Process (Chapter 2) ** Pre-construction stage Construction stage * * Building secure (lock-up) does not mean the building is safe to occupy Source: Canadian Wood-Frame House Construction  22 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Construction Process (Chapter 2) Pre-construction Stage  Design process – Parties Involved  Owner – may be homeowner, builder or developer  Financial Institute – bank or credit union  Consultants – note: the following consultant list can vary depending on the size and scope of the project; for larger multi-unit residential or commercial buildings, a larger consultant team would exist; a smaller project, like a single-family house, would likely not include most of the sub-consultants; small projects would likely only have an architect or architectural designer, a surveyor and a structural engineer; on very rare occasions a structural engineer may not be required  Prime consultant o Architect or architectural designer: building design must comply with current building code & zoning bylaws  23 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Construction Process (Chapter 2) Pre-construction Stage  Design process – Parties Involved  Consultants (continued…)  Sub-consultants o Structural engineer: designs building structure, including elements outside of part 9 of the BC Building Code o Mechanical engineer: designs mechanical systems, including plumbing & HVAC (Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning) systems o Electrical engineer: designs electrical systems o Civil engineer: designs site services o Geotechnical engineer: examines and verifies load bearing capacity of the soil/ground intended to support the building o Surveyor: verifies critical site information such as property boundaries, horizontal control & vertical elevations  24 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Construction Process (Chapter 2) Pre-construction Stage  Design process – Parties Involved  Consultants (continued…)  Sub-consultants o Building envelope consultant: certifies & assists with designing the building’s envelope systems (exterior assemblies) o Energy advisor: designs & verifies the overall energy performance to ensure systems meet specific BC energy step code requirements (requirements vary by municipality) o Landscape architect: designs hard & soft landscaping such as walkways, retaining walls, planting, etc. o Others?: depending on the size & special design requirements for a project, other consultants may be required (e.g., acoustical)  25 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Construction Process (Chapter 2) Pre-construction Stage  Design process – Authorities  Municipal  Municipal / City Planners: o develop zoning bylaws for different types of developments & sites (typ. neighbourhood specific); includes land use requirements for residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural  Board of Variance: o authority that reviews a proposed variance (violation) to the zoning bylaws; the owner or owner’s representative submits a request for review with the intent to get a relaxation of one or more zoning bylaw requirements; board of variance may or may not approve the request; the owner must typically provide adequate reason for requesting a relaxation to the zoning bylaw requirements, i.e., demonstrate a hardship  26 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Construction Process (Chapter 2) Pre-construction Stage  Design process – Authorities  Municipal (continued…)  Building Permits Department: reviews the applications (forms & drawing package) from the owner or owner’s representative to ensure the building complies with zoning bylaws and building code requirements o Plan checkers: perform overall drawing review to ensure compliance with zoning bylaws, building code & energy step code requirements o Engineering department: reviews services o Health department: review septic systems (if applicable) o Inspectors: perform ongoing inspections during construction to ensure conformity of approved building permit drawings for zoning bylaws, building & energy step code requirements  27 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Construction Process (Chapter 2) Pre-construction Stage  Design process – Authorities  Provincial & Federal  Building Codes: In British Columbia, projects will use either the BC Building Code or the Vancouver Building Bylaw (refer to the “ABT Student Information Package Fall 2024” for more detail)  Environmental Protection: Involved where sites have environmental contamination and/or pollution issues. Authority would establish regulations & inspections for dealing with contaminated sites  Department of Fisheries & Oceans (DFO): Where applicable, authority would establish regulations to ensure the protection of fish habitats; this often involves establishing right-of-ways (ROWs) and setbacks from sensitive habitats  28 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Construction Process (Chapter 2) Construction Stage  As the name implies, this stage of the construction process involves physically preparing the building site and constructing the building(s).  General Contractor & Trades: Construct the building as per the drawings (graphic/visual component) and specifications (written component) for the project  Municipal Inspectors: Perform scheduled inspections to the ensure the project complies with all zoning bylaws and building permit (code) requirements. Frequency of inspections depends on the progress, size, type & scope of the project. Larger, more complex designs will typically require more frequent inspections  Consultant Team: Performs scheduled inspections as required to ensure project complies with drawings & specifications  29 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Construction Process (Chapter 2) Post-Construction Stage  In this stage, most of the construction has been completed  This stage involves ensuring all the final requirements are satisfied so the building can be deemed ready for occupancy  Building might not be 100% complete before, or even after, an occupancy permit is granted; e.g., interior painting or exterior landscaping might not be 100% complete but if the building is deemed safe for the users to occupy the building, an occupancy permit can be granted  General Contractor & Trades: Continue to complete any unfinished work or deficiencies, focusing on tasks required to receive an occupancy permit  Municipal Inspectors: Perform final inspections to ensure all code & life safety requirements are met so the building can be occupied  30 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Zoning Requirements (Chapter 2) What is zoning?  Each city, or municipality, establishes its own zoning bylaws to regulate the use of land based on locations within the city  For example, specific locations may be designated for residential use only. Residential use zones are often divided further into more specific residential categories. For example, a neighbourhood may only permit single-family dwellings (individual detached houses), whereas a different neighbourhood may allow multi-unit residential buildings (MURB) such as row townhouses or condominiums. MURBs can be further broken down into low-rise, mid-rise or high- rise residential.  City planning creates zones, or neighbourhoods, that permit only certain types of occupancies. For example, this ensures that a liquor store is not permitted to be built next to an elementary school.  31 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Zoning Requirements (Chapter 2) Zoning bylaw compliance is verified during the pre-construction stage (permit review process) and during the construction stage (on-site inspections). Zoning bylaws typically regulate the following:  Permitted Land Use (residential, commercial, industrial…)  Minimum Site Area & Frontage  Site Coverage (building footprint)  Off Street Parking  FAR (Floor Area Ratio) or FSR (Floor Space Ratio, Vanc.)  Setbacks (required yards)  Building Height & Envelope Other specific restrictions & terminology to be aware of (also see next slide):  Covenants, Easements, Right-of-Way  Eminent Domain (do owners “really” own their land?)  32 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Zoning Requirements (Chapter 2) Landowners should be aware of any of the following restrictions which will be documented on the land title for any given property  Covenant: aka restrictive covenant, a contract that places limitations on what can be done on a property, over and above what a zoning bylaw may stipulate; e.g., a subdivision may have a restrictive covenant preventing the storage of boats and/or motorhomes in the driveway  Easement: different types exist but an easement is a “right of use” over the property of another; e.g., a utility provider (like BC Hydro) may have an easement in place on a property for maintenance purposes  Right-of-Way (ROW): like an easement (the two terms are often used synonymously), a ROW allows access to someone (e.g., utility workers, neighbour) through your property to access an adjacent property  33 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Important Building Info Building Codes, Standards & Practices  NBC – National Building Code of Canada, nrc.canada.ca  BCBC – British Columbia Building Code, bccodes.ca  VBBL – Vancouver Building Bylaw, bccodes.ca  BC Energy Step Code, energystepcode.ca  NRC – National Research Council of Canada, nrc.canada.ca  ULC – Underwriters’ Laboratories of Canada, canada.ul.com  CSA – Canadian Standards Association, csagroup.org  CMHC – Canadian Mortgage & Housing Corporation, cmhc- schl.gc.ca  CHBA – Canadian Home Builders’ Association, chba.ca  WorkSafeBC – Workers’ Safety Board (formerly WCB), worksafebc.com  34 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Important Building Info Building Codes, Standards & Practices  NBC – National Building Code of Canada, nrc.canada.ca  BCBC – British Columbia Building Code, bccodes.ca  VBBL – Vancouver Building Bylaw, bccodes.ca  BC Energy Step Code, energystepcode.ca  NRC – National Research Council of Canada, nrc.canada.ca  ULC – Underwriters’ Laboratories of Canada, canada.ul.com  CSA – Canadian Standards Association, csagroup.org  CMHC – Canadian Mortgage & Housing Corporation, cmhc- schl.gc.ca  CHBA – Canadian Home Builders’ Association, chba.ca  WorkSafeBC – Workers’ Safety Board (formerly WCB), worksafebc.com  35 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Building Permits (Chapter 2) Buildings Requiring a Permit  All new construction projects will require a building permit to legally proceed with construction. This includes additions & renovations to existing buildings. Essentially any project involving the relocation and/or installation of services (electrical & plumbing) will typically require a building permit.  If you are unsure if a building permit is required, always check with the local “Authority Having Jurisdiction” (AHJ) from the municipality’s building permits department. Municipalities will provide guidelines for documentation requirements (forms & drawings) depending on the scope of the project.  The following slide outlines which projects require a building permit in the Township of Langley  36 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Building Permits (Chapter 2) Buildings Requiring a Permit – Township of Langley  37 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Building Permits (Chapter 2) Buildings Requiring a Permit  Building permit applications are reviewed for compliance with current building codes to ensure:  Structural safety  Fire safety  Health standards  Energy compliance  Application: The homeowner, or the owner’s representative, may apply for a building permit. The owner’s representative may be the builder or the designer. As previously mentioned, the extent of the documentation required for a building permit may vary depending on the size/scope of the project, and the municipality. The following slides outline what may be required for a typical building permit.  38 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Building Permits (Chapter 2) Buildings Permit Requirements  Drawings: Typically include the following.  Site Plan  Floor Plans Drawings to be reviewed  Building Elevations in more detail during labs  Building Section(s)  Details, & if required, additional drawings such as roof plans  Other Information & Fees:  Legal description & civic address  Contact information for the owner or owner’s representative  Homeowner protection office (HPO) form  Septic approval (where required)  Fees – permit, engineering & health department  Letter(s) of assurance – e.g., structural & geotechnical  39 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Building Permits (Chapter 2) Buildings Permit Requirements – Using the city of Burnaby as an example, the links below list the requirements for documentation & drawings for new and major additions to single- & two-family dwellings.  Building Permit Application Form: https://www.burnaby.ca/sites/default/files/acquiadam/2021-07/Building-Permit-Application-for-Single-and- Two-Family-Dwellings.pdf  Building Permit Inspection Fees: https://www.burnaby.ca/sites/default/files/acquiadam/2021-07/Building-Permit-and-Inspection-Fees.pdf  Building Permit General Information: (this page lists multiple links relating to requirements for single- & two-family dwellings) https://www.burnaby.ca/services-and-payments/construction-and-renovation/general-building-information  Note: even though the proposed building may completely fall within Part 9 or BCBC 2024, Burnaby, along with almost all other municipalities, will require structural drawings certified by a structural engineer as part of the BP application.  40 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Building Permits (Chapter 2) Buildings Permit Process  After a building permit application has been submitted, the process involves a series of reviews & inspections  Review: reviews are performed by the various municipal departments to ensure documents meet both building code and local municipal bylaws (zoning) requirements. The time to perform this process can vary depending on the size/scope/complexity of the project, and on how busy the permit departments are at the time of application. Municipalities may offer fast-track processing for an additional fee, often when the project uses a registered architect or certified professional (CP). Providing a complete BP application package, as outlined by the municipality, will also speed up the review process. Incomplete or inaccurate applications will result in increased review times, potentially delaying the project schedule…remember, time is money.  41 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Building Permits (Chapter 2) Buildings Permit Process  Inspections: Upon receipt of a building permit, construction may proceed. Typical inspections performed during the construction stage are as follows (additional inspections may be required):  Formwork – non-encroachment certificate(s)  Service Connection – sewer & water lines  Pre-backfill – foundation moisture protection & drainage  Rough plumbing – involves water pressure test  Rough electrical – wiring & electric panel  Rough framing – before & after services are installed  Insulation & vapour control – includes all critical barriers  Final building / occupancy – ensures completion of all critical safety / code requirements for users to occupy the building  42 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Homework & Lab Preparation All the following material is posted under “Content” on the Learning Hub for this course  Reading  Preface, Chapters 1 & 2 from “Canadian Wood-Frame House Construction-Revision 2014” (found under “Required Textbooks”)  “CMHC-62966-About Your House” (found under “Reference Publications”)  “BLDG 1200 Principles and Guidelines” (found under “General Course Information”)  “ABT Student Information Package Fall 2024”  Reading (Optional)  CMHC publications “Poster Details of House” and “Glossary of Housing Terms” (all found under “Reference Publications”)  43 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 01 Homework & Lab Preparation  Lab Preparation  This week’s lab assignment will be done during the lab  Assignments will be accessed & submitted through Learning Hub  Students should bring their laptop/tablet to all labs u.n.o.  Assignment material will be delivered in PDF format or via the quiz tool on Learning Hub; students should have PDF viewing & editing software installed on their laptop/tablet prior to the first lab; free software is available via BCIT’s AppsAnywhere portal; links have been provided under “Content”>”General Course Information” on Learning Hub  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 1 of 12 Week # 1 Lab #1 – Building Permit Drawing Review – Part 1 Introduction & Learning Outcomes: The objective of this lab is to familiarize students with a set of drawings prepared for building permit application. The general purpose of building permit drawings, as well as how to read a set of architectural drawings, will be covered. How to understand and interpret important zoning, building code, construction and drawing conventions will also be reviewed. This exercise will help students become better prepared for future topics and assignments for this course. This handout will provide “some” drawing examples but not everything. A more thorough review of a set of drawings will be done during the lab. Based on the examples provided, and the drawing package review, students will then be asked to complete a quiz assignment based on a set of building permit drawings to further reinforce their learning of the topics covered in this lab. Being able to correctly read drawings will greatly help students with all future assignments in this course. Instructions: After reviewing this handout during the lab, go to the Learning Hub and launch the quiz titled “Lab Assignment #1 - B.P. Drawing Review - Part 1” under “Activities”>”Quizzes”. Additional File: Refer to the provided set of drawings titled BLDG 1200 Arch Dwgs 123 Fake Street.pdf under “Content”>”Lecture & Lab Material”>”Week 01” to answer the questions in the quiz. The due date (deadline) for the quiz will be announced during the lab. Deadline due dates will be set specific, so please pay close attention to the instructions provided during the lab. Procedure (to be discussed & demonstrated during the lab): 1. Review the main purpose of drawings and specifications 2. Review overall drawing organization 3. Reading title block information 4. Understanding units of measure 5. Understanding floor plans, elevations & sections 6. Reading a site plan 7. Reading floor plans 8. Reading building elevations 9. Reading building sections and detail sections 10. Reading annotations: dimensions, notes, symbols 11. Complete drawing reading assignment 1. Purpose of Drawings and Specifications Purpose Architectural drawings are used by architects, consultants, municipal plan checkers, builders and others for many purposes. Drawings are a graphic (visual) representation of the project and are used in all the construction stages discussed in the first lecture. Pre-construction stage: drawings are used to develop the design, and to communicate the design concepts to the client/owner. Drawings are also used by municipalities to verify that building code and  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 2 of 12 Week # 1 zoning bylaw requirements are satisfied. The goal is to create accurate and complete drawings, so all the required permits are obtained. Drawings are also used for estimating the costs involved for the proposed project. This is part of the “tender” process (students will learn more about the tender process in other ABT courses). Construction stage: drawings are used by the builder and trades to physically construct the project. During this stage, drawings may be revised/updated as necessary to reflect any changes that occur during construction. It’s important to keep a record of all changes to the original design, both for the owner and for the municipality. Sets of drawings are often broken into two categories, making up the two primary phases for the drawings. These categories are “Permit Drawings” and “Construction Drawings”. Permit Drawings Permit drawing packages, or building permit drawings, are prepared to show compliance with all building code and zoning bylaw requirements for the specific project. Although you may discover similarities among drawing packages for different projects, no two drawing packages are ever the same. Even if the exact same house design is used on two different sites, there will be differences. Building permit drawings must include everything listed on the checklists provided by the municipality, clearly showing that all requirements are satisfied. Examples of building permit checklists were provided during the first lecture. Construction Drawings In addition to all the permit drawing requirements, construction drawing packages include any additional information required by the builder to fully construct the project. When necessary, construction drawings will often have additional information, like project specific details, to help the builder accurately construct the project. The construction drawings are the main contract documents between the owner/client and the builder. Regardless of the drawing package (permit or construction), it’s important that drawings are always accurate, clear (legible) and complete. Errors and omissions can result in mistakes and delays during construction, resulting in unnecessary additional costs to the project. A builder should never have to guess or interpret information when reading drawings. Specifications Unlike drawings which represent the project graphically, specifications are written documents used in conjunction with the construction drawings. Specifications detail the scope of work, materials to be used, installation methods, material quality and warranties. Anything that graphic drawings cannot represent on the drawings, can be found in a project’s specifications in written form. Smaller projects likely won’t have separate written specifications in the form of a separate booklet. On smaller projects, specifications still exist, but they are often included directly on the drawings. A separate written specification booklet used on larger projects is like a written “recipe” for the project, providing additional information that cannot be shown on the construction drawings. Specifications will be mentioned occasionally in this course, but they will be covered in more detail in other ABT courses.  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 3 of 12 Week # 1 2. Drawing Organization (refer to sample drawing set included in this assignment) This course will primarily focus on architectural drawings, with an introductory review of structural drawings later in the term. The organization and the order (sequence) of drawings may vary, but the list below outlines what a typical architectural drawing set would contain for a single-family dwelling. The extent and quantity of drawings will also depend on municipal checklist requirements, and the size and complexity of the project. Larger and/or more complicated projects will typically require more drawings, usually in the category of building sections, wall sections and detail sections. Each drawing sheet in an architectural drawing package will be assigned a unique sheet number or designation. Architectural drawing sheet numbers typically use the letter “A” as a prefix. If other consultant drawings are required, they too will also use a letter prefix. For example, “S” for structural, “M” for mechanical, “E” for electrical, etc. Possible Architectural Drawing List Sheet Title (description) A-0 Cover sheet (optional, not always used/required) A-1 Site Plan (shows entire site and a portion of the adjacent surroundings) A-2 Floor Plans (basement and/or crawl space plan; main floor plan) A-3 Floor Plans (upper floor plan; roof plan) A-4 Elevations (two building elevations, e.g., front & rear or north & south) A-5 Elevations (two building elevations, e.g., side elevations or east & west) A-6 Building Sections & Details (building cross/longitudinal section & required detail sections) 3. Title Block Information (refer to sample drawing set included in this assignment) A drawing sheet’s title block contains important information. There isn’t an industry standard for a title block’s design, so the appearance may vary depending on who prepares the drawing package. Regardless of the title block design, the following information is typically included. Sheet number (e.g., A-1) Project title (e.g., Proposed Single Family Residence. Civic address may also be included here) Sheet title (e.g., Site Plan) Date (e.g., day, month & year the drawing was issued; note: format may vary but the month should always be represented as letters; e.g., the drawing’s date shouldn’t be written as 05-06- 21 for the 5th of June, 2021. 05-06-21 could be interpreted as May 6th, or the 5th of June. To be clear, it’s best to write 05-JUN-2021.  This is very clear and cannot be incorrectly interpreted as a different date) Scale (e.g., 1:50 for metric or 1/4” = 1’-0” for imperial) Issue / Revisions (e.g., list of critical issue dates for drawing submissions such as building permit) Drawn by (e.g., name of the draftsperson who created the drawing) Designed by (e.g., name of designer or name of the architectural firm if applicable)  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 4 of 12 Week # 1 4. Understanding Units of Measure As mentioned during the first lecture, BLDG 1200 will use both metric and imperial units of measure. Imperial units, or feet and inches, are widely used for wood-frame projects. In Canada, when using metric units, lengths are represented as millmetres. Surveyors will typically use metres. The BC Building Code, since it’s based on the federal National Building Code or Canada, uses metric units. This mixture of units can be confusing and frustrating at first but it’s something students will have to get used to. Learning about the “scale” of a drawing will be covered in more detail in other ABT courses. 5. Understanding Floor Plans, Elevations & Sections Before we start reviewing specific drawing sheets found in an architectural drawing package, it’s important to fully understand the basics of what the main categories are. Floor Plans What exactly is a “Plan”? A plan is essentially a horizontal view of a building. Buildings are obviously three dimensional (3-D) objects and drawings are two dimensional (2-D) representations of those 3-D buildings. To communicate 3-D building information in a 2-D drawing, buildings can be viewed by “slicing” through the building to create a flattened 2-D view of where that “slice” occurs. For example, let’s use a three storey (a storey is another term for floor or level) house with a basement level, a main floor level and an upper floor level. Plan views can be used to represent each level as a two-dimensional horizontal slice through the building. For floor plan views, this “slice” location is typically taken 4 feet, or 1.2 metres, above the floor. A floor plan drawing represents what the floor looks like below (or looking down) that horizontal slice location. Floor plan drawings use solid (continuous) lines to show the location of walls, windows, doors, stairs and all other objects / information that is deemed important (plumbing fixtures, kitchen layouts, etc.). These solid lines are used to represent objects in contact with the horizontal cutting plane, or slice, through the building. Objects obscured from view, like a roof overhang above, or a concrete footing beneath the soil can be represented by using hidden (dashed) lines. Objects below the cutting plane that are still fully visible, like kitchen counters, can be represented with thinner continuous lines. What about reflected ceiling plans? Reflected ceiling plans are not a common occurrence in drawing packages but are necessary for specific projects where a plan view of the ceiling is required. Like a floor plan view, a reflected ceiling plan represents a 2-D drawing view based on a horizontal cutting plan, but the plan view is looking up from that cutting plane, not looking down. Reflected ceiling plans are used to show the location of ceiling finishes, lighting, vents, sprinklers, etc. Reflected ceiling plans will not be covered in this course since they are rarely required for smaller wood-frame housing projects. The graphics on the following page provide simple 3-D illustrations of how a 2-D drawing represents a 3-D building.  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 5 of 12 Week # 1 (source: www.pearsonhighered.com)  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 6 of 12 Week # 1 Elevations A building elevation is a 2-D drawing that represents one side of the exterior of the building (façade). Naming conventions for elevations can be front, rear, side, or elevations can represent the building face relative to orientation of the building. For example, the north elevation would be the building face on the north side of the building. (source: www.pearsonhighered.com) Sections Think of a section as the opposite of a floor plan. Sections represent a 2-D drawing of a slice through the 3-D building, but the cutting plane is vertical, not horizontal like it is for a floor plan. A full building section will represent and show all the levels of the building. Objects in contact with the vertical cutting plane are represented by solid lines. If necessary, objects in the distance (background) may be represented as thinner continuous lines, or hidden (dashed) lines if those objects are obscured from view. Objects in the foreground may be represented as hidden (dashed) lines. Unlike floor plans that typically have their horizontal cutting plane taken at a specific location above the floor level, the vertical cutting plane location for a building section can vary but should be chosen wisely. It’s recommended to strategically choose a cutting plane location that illustrates the most critical information for the building. The cutting plane can also change direction if the change in direction shows more important information. Full building sections: Sections that slice through the entire width or length of the building. For building permit submission, it’s worth noting that local municipalities will require a full section taken through the main stair that connects all the levels of the building. Wall sections: Sections that only show a portion of the overall building section, usually focusing on the exterior of the building at a particular location. Wall sections show the relationship between the foundation, exterior wall and roof assemblies. To show more detail, wall sections are typically drawn at a larger scale compared to building sections.  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 7 of 12 Week # 1 Detail sections: Large scale section drawings that show very specific detail at a particular location of the building. Detail sections are critical to a project as they clearly illustrate how an assembly should be constructed at that specific location. Builders rely heavily on detail sections to ensure the building is constructed in accordance with the building code and project specifications. Details that are inaccurate, unclear, or lacking information can result in mistakes and/or delays during construction. 6. Reading a Site Plan (refer to sample drawing set included in this assignment) The level of detail found on a site plan can vary, depending on the complexity of the project. A site plan includes critical property boundary information and illustrates how the proposed building(s) will be located on the property. The building is usually represented as a footprint (exterior building perimeter outline where it contacts the ground). Students will be generating a site services plan as part of a drawing assignment in a few weeks. For now, the intent is to get familiar with some of the most common information that can be found on a site plan, such as the following: Property lines (aka lot lines) with lengths & bearings Building(s) footprint(s), accurately located Required setbacks, also called required yards Topographic information, contours and spot elevations Elevations, refers to known or proposed heights, not a drawing of a building façade Service connections, sewers, water, gas, electric & communication Right-of-ways (ROW), easements, registered covenants Other important information, driveways, parking, patios, walkways, retaining walls, existing trees and/or buildings, etc. 7. Reading Floor Plans (refer to sample drawing set included in this assignment) Builders and municipal plan checkers often find the floor plan drawings to be the most important part of the set of drawings. Floor plans show the location of the majority of the building’s components, including exterior & interior walls, windows, doors, stairs, kitchen & bathroom layouts, plumbing & mechanical equipment, etc. Floor plans may also show critical structural components such as the foundation system, wood-frame structural system for floors, walls & roofs, beams & lintels, etc. All these components will be discussed in further detail throughout this course. For now, the intent is to become familiar with how to read and identify typical items found on floor plan drawings. 8. Reading Building Elevations (refer to sample drawing set included in this assignment) Building elevations illustrate the views of the building from the exterior sides, showing the overall external appearance. A side of the building is also called the façade, or the face of the building. For most buildings, and for building permit application, four building elevation drawings are required. More building elevations may be necessary, depending on the shape and/or complexity of the building design. Building elevation drawings typical show the following information: Exterior walls, including the exterior finishes (cladding) Exterior doors and windows, including “head” height locations Roof finishes (cladding) and roof slopes Floor elevations and often ceiling elevations Important exterior grade elevations (new & existing grade lines and/or spot elevations) Property lines Top or roof (ridge) elevation, typically to show compliance with zoning bylaw requirements  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 8 of 12 Week # 1 9. Reading Building Sections & Details (refer to sample drawing set included in this assignment) Full building sections illustrate how the different levels of the building relate to one another. They are also used to identify locations where important detail sections exist. These detail sections are drawn at a larger scale to help builders and plan checkers get a better understanding of how critical components are to be constructed. Unlike building elevations that just show the exterior side of a building face, sections reveal what the construction assemblies look like by using a view that is “sliced” through the components of the assemblies. Full building sections will show less detail than detail sections. A lot of the information provided on a building section is similar to the information found on building elevations, with some variations as per the following list: Exterior assemblies drawn in section view, including foundations, walls, floors & roofs Exterior doors and windows, including “head” height locations Location of insulation to show continuity throughout the exterior building envelope Roof slopes Floor elevations Stairs (if applicable) Important exterior grade elevations (new & existing grade lines and/or spot elevations) Property lines Top or roof (ridge) elevation, typically to show compliance with zoning bylaw requirements Symbols showing detail section locations Symbols referencing typical construction assemblies for foundations, walls, floors & roofs Building Sections The cutting plane location can be in various locations but should be strategically chosen to show the most information for all parties required to read the drawings. Full building sections can fall into two categories, longitudinal and transverse. Longitudinal Section: a section taken where the cutting plane is parallel to the long axis of the structure / building. For wood-frame structures, this means the cutting plane is typically perpendicular to the direction of the floor & roof framing members so those members should be drawn accordingly. Transverse Section: a section taken where the cutting plane is parallel to the short axis of the structure / building. This is also often referred to as a cross section. For wood-frame structures, this means the cutting plane is typically parallel to the direction of the floor & roof framing members so those members should be drawn accordingly. The following image illustrates two examples of full building sections.  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 9 of 12 Week # 1 Source: Print Reading for Architecture and Construction Technology, 3rd Edition Wall Sections Wall sections show the details of a wall (typically an exterior wall) from the foundation system all the way up to the roof system. They help illustrate the relationship among the different assemblies along the full height of the wall. They can also show where to find other details for critical locations along the wall section. Detail section reference symbols are used to communicate this information. Wall sections are printed at a larger scale than full building sections to clearly show all the materials along the wall and to fit on the page. Wall sections are printed at a smaller scale than detail section drawings. BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 10 of 12 Week # 1 Detail section symbol showing where the reader can find the detail at this location printed at a larger scale; see next page for detail 1.03 Example Wall Section  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 11 of 12 Week # 1 Detail Sections Detail sections, as the name implies, are detailed drawings showing specific locations of the building. Details are printed at a large scale in order to clearly show all the materials at that location. Students will be required to draw many details later on in this course, especially next term in BLDG 2200. For now, the intent is to be able to identify what they are and why they are necessary. Notice the complexity and sequencing of materials that can only be clearly shown/identified on a large scale detail section.  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 12 of 12 Week # 1 10. Reading Annotations (refer to sample drawing set included in this assignment) Drawings use a series of lines to represent the design intent of the building, but lines on their own cannot fully describe the design and how the building is to be constructed. Builders and plan checkers rely heavily on annotations to provide more detailed information. These annotations primarily consist of dimensions, notes and symbols. Dimensions Dimensions are critical to every project as they locate building components using a graphic that indicates the length (distance) or angle, from one point to another. They can be found on all drawings such as plans, elevation and sections. Dimensions are relied on heavily to enable the builder to construct the building. They are also used to show compliance with building code and zoning bylaw requirements. Providing adequate and accurate dimensioning is crucial to every project. Errors or omissions can result in very costly construction mistakes and delays. Conventions may vary, but most dimensioning systems for wood-frame construction use a few “string” dimensions to locate building components such as walls, windows, doors, floors, roofs, etc. Notes Notes are essentially written text used on drawings to communicate information to the reader. Notes can be brief (one or a few words) or more elaborate (describing something in greater detail). Notes can be located anywhere on a drawing but are typically organized as either in-place notes found directly on/near the building, or somewhere else on the sheet as general notes, schedules and legends. Notes will often include leader arrows to pinpoint exactly what they are describing. Symbols Architectural symbols are also used to communicate information on the drawings. Standards for the style and shape of symbols will vary, depending on who prepares the drawings. This term, students will learn more about creating an architectural symbol library in other ABT courses. BLDG 1200 will rely on these other courses to ensure consistent symbols are used for this course and other courses in the ABT program. Symbols are used to reference other items in the drawing package like details and schedules. It’s important to understand how to navigate through a drawing package to find all the required information. Symbols play an important role in communicating this information. 11. Complete the Drawing Reading Assignment After going through the procedure for this lab, the lab assignment for this week can be worked on and completed. If necessary, refer to this lab handout to assist you with this week’s lab assignment. Carefully follow the instructions provided at the beginning of this lab document.  1 BLDG 1200 – Week 02 Presented by: Trevor Emery, Architectural Technologist AIBC September 11, 2024  2 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Agenda  Introduction to Wood-frame Construction  Platform Framing  Balloon Framing  Advanced Framing  BC Building Code https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/construction- industry/building-codes-standards/bc-codes/2024-bc-codes#Access-the-codes  Introduction to Survey Documentation  3 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Intro to Wood-Frame (Chapters 8, 10)  The following slides will only outline the basics of light wood- frame construction, focusing on the overall systems, methods & sequence of construction.  Light frame construction uses closely spaced lumber (joists, studs, rafters) as the primary material for floors, walls & roofs.  Next term, BLDG 2200 will introduce students to heavy timber construction, also called post & beam construction.  As the course progresses, specific requirements for framing will be covered in more detail, focusing on both construction & code requirements.  4 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Platform Framing (Chapters 8, 10)  Most common wood framing method, also called western frame  Familiar with trades  Floor platform means little or no need for scaffolding (see next slide for example of scaffolding)  Cost effective: longer studs only used for plates, not every stud location. Price increases exponentially with increased stud length  Uses double top plates at top of walls  Plates at floor intersection automatically provide fire blocking as required by code  More susceptible to vertical wood shrinkage (more on this in BLDG 2051)  5 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Platform Framing (Chapters 8, 10) Example of scaffolding used to access exterior of the building. Scaffolding may be required during the rough framing stage, especially if balloon framing is used since there isn’t a platform in place to work on.  6 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Platform Framing (Chapters 8, 10) Source: Canadian Wood- Frame House Construction  7 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Platform Framing (Chapters 8, 10) 4. Sequence repeats as necessary up to roof 3. Second floor (platform) constructed 2. Walls constructed on top of first floor (platform) 1. First floor (platform) anchored to foundation system Source: Building Construction, Principles, Materials and Systems  8 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Platform Framing (Chapters 8, 10) Interior view illustrating: roof structure (engineered trusses) interior walls upper floor (platform)  9 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Platform Framing (Chapters 8, 10) 1 2 Can you identify some of the various components of 3 platform framing? 1. _________________ 2. _________________ 4 3. _________________ 5 4. _________________ 6 5. _________________ 6. _________________ 7 7. _________________ 8 8. _________________ 9. _________________ 9 10. _________________ 10  10 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Balloon Framing (Chapters 8, 10)  Less popular (uncommon) wood framing method  Uses longer wall stud lengths that run 1.5 to 2 storeys (floors/levels); longer studs increase costs  Like platform framing, uses double top plates at top of walls  Floor joists need separate structural support since joists do not rest directly on stud walls  Scaffolding will likely be required…extra cost  Additional fire blocks required at floor location to prevent vertical spread of fire in wall stud cavities; see 9.10.16.2.  Less susceptible to vertical wood shrinkage (more on this in BLDG 2051)  11 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Balloon Framing (Chapters 8, 10) To satisfy 9.10.16.2. Source: Canadian Wood-Frame House Construction  12 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Balloon Framing (Chapters 8, 10) Plywood 2. Second floor or OSB constructed after long sheathing wall studs are in place. in lieu of Various floor support plank options exist. Additional subfloor fire blocks are required. Long wall studs run continuously up to roof (not interrupted by second floor) 1. Walls & first floor constructed first over foundation system Source: Building Construction, Principles, Materials and Systems  13 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Balloon Framing (Chapters 8, 10)  14 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Framing Comparison (Chapters 8, 10) Dimension also reflects Note graphics: location continuous lumber susceptible vs. blocking to shrinkage Extra fire blocks req’d. Plates already provide fire blocking Atypical sill plate detail Source: Building Wall Sections Construction, Principles, Materials and Systems  15 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Framing Comparison (Chapters 8, 10) Fire blocking to satisfy 9.10.16.2. Source: NBC  16 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Advanced Framing (Chapters 8, 10)  Uncommon wood framing method, also called Advanced Framing Technique (AFT)  Overall, similar to platform framing but uses less lumber to save on material & improve thermal efficiency  All framing lumber (walls, floors, roofs) spaced at 2’-0” o.c. which is the maximum allowable by Part 9 of the BCBC  Often uses only one top plate at top of walls, instead of two; saves on lumber but requires metal hardware and structural alignment of lumber; coordinate with structural engineer  Using fewer wall studs at wall intersections also triggers the need for additional finishing hardware for interior wall finishes like gypsum wallboard (drywall)  Plates at floor intersection provide fire blocking as per 9.10.16.2.  More susceptible to vertical wood shrinkage (more on this in BLDG 2051)  17 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Advanced Framing (Chapters 8, 10) Due to reduced lumber & alignment of loadbearing elements, a structural engineer will be required to certify the design Source: buildingscience.com  18 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Framing Summary (Chapters 8, 10) Comparisons Platform Balloon Advanced 1 Number of top plates 2 2 (sometimes 2) Typical on centre lumber spacing 16” (~400mm) 16” (~400mm) 24” (~600mm) Yes (if only 1 top Additional plate hardware required No No plate is used) Additional fire blocking needed No Yes No Yes (if only 1 top Loadbearing lumber must align vertically No No plate is used) Platform (floor) available to construct Yes No Yes walls Floors support exterior walls above Yes No Yes Yes (extra fire blocking Yes (if only 1 top Impacts interior finishes No needed at plate is used) floors)  19 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Framing Summary (Chapters 8, 10) On your own…The following YouTube videos (times listed in brackets mm:ss) summarize the various framing techniques. House framing explained (12:31): https://youtu.be/3fP0LZMEV5w?si=0OASNfn0wgLNlbyB Platform framing overview (17:02): https://youtu.be/y8W7KbJTg7A Platform framing (6:38): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMvKHw4F7MU How to frame a wall (10:04): https://youtu.be/pqhyYFtCjMw Platform vs. advanced framing (6:19): https://youtu.be/aYqgdLB10pE Balloon framing overview (5:18): https://youtu.be/pbCk5HzStb0 Advanced framing for designers (2:17): https://youtu.be/Dyxb1oT8twM Advanced framing for framers (3:29): https://youtu.be/5wCAJjBM9_Y For greater detail in platform framing, search YouTube for videos by Larry Haun  20 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 BC Building Code  Students must know how to use the BC Building Code (BCBC) for this course & other courses in the ABT program.  The current version of the BCBC is 2024, access using current link posted on Learning Hub  BLDG 1200 & 2200 will primarily focus on Division B - Part 9  On your own: refer to the BCBC section in the “ABT Student Information Package 2024” (found under “Content” on LH); this section briefly outlines the purpose & intent of the BCBC  This week’s lab assignment will give students an opportunity to navigate through the code to find, verify, & extract necessary information relating to framing, design, & other code related requirements  To assist with navigating through the code, the course material will reference sections & articles from the code in blue text; for example, Section 9.23 covers Wood-Frame Construction  21 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 BC Building Code The following sections from the BCBC will be covered in more detail throughout this course. Students can use this list as a reference for assignments. For now, a brief overview will be provided. Division A – Part 1 – Compliance 1.3.3.3. Application of Part 9; e.g., will building fall within Part 9 1.4.1.2. Defined Terms; glossary defining italicized words / terms Division B – Part 9 9.3. Materials, Systems and Equipment; e.g., concrete, lumber, decay prevention, etc. 9.4. Structural Requirements; e.g., roof (snow) loads 9.5. Design of Areas and Spaces; e.g., ceiling heights, hallway widths, door sizes 9.7. Windows, Doors and Skylights; e.g., requirements for performance, safety and security  22 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 BC Building Code Division B – Part 9 (continued) 9.8. Stairs, Ramps, Landings, Handrails and Guardrails 9.10. Fire Protection 9.12. Excavation; e.g., removing soil where the foundation will be 9.13. Dampproofing, Waterproofing and Soil Gas Control 9.14. Drainage; e.g., surface & sub-surface drainage requirements 9.15. Footings and Foundations; e.g., size & configuration of concrete foundation systems 9.16. Floors-on-Ground; often called “slab-on-grade” or “slab-on- ground” in the industry 9.18. Crawl Spaces; e.g., access, clearance & venting requirements 9.19. Roof Spaces; e.g., venting & access requirements 9.23. Wood-Frame Construction; one of the largest sections, covering a multitude of wood-frame code requirements  23 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 BC Building Code Division B – Part 9 (continued) 9.25. Heat Transfer, Air Leakage and Condensation Control; e.g., thermal insulation, air barrier systems & vapour barriers 9.26. Roofing; e.g., slopes & cladding material requirements 9.27. Cladding; e.g., exterior wall cladding requirements (excluding stucco), including some basic building science requirements 9.28. Stucco; e.g., cladding requirements specific to stucco 9.29. Interior Wall and Ceiling Finishes; e.g., material & installation requirements 9.32. Ventilation; e.g., general space & equipment ventilation requirements, as well as carbon monoxide alarm requirements 9.35. Garages and Carports; e.g., construction & drainage requirements  24 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 BC Building Code Division B – Part 9 (continued) 9.36. Energy Efficiency; e.g., minimum thermal (insulation), air tightness & equipment efficiency requirements for various “zones” throughout the BC; coordinate design with certified energy advisor (CEA) Division B – Notes to Part 9 (Rev2) This section provides further clarification in written form (& sometimes with graphics) of sections within Part 9; e.g., for a clarification of section 9.8.4. Step Dimensions, refer to A-9.8.4. in Division B – Notes to Part 9 (Rev2) From “Part 9” From “Notes to Part 9”  25 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 BC Building Code Division B – Span Tables  This “used” to be a very important section of the code for this course, providing tables showing the structural span limits for joists, lintels & beams  Even though almost all projects require a structural engineer to design & approve the structural system, students will be asked to practice sizing the load-bearing (structural) components of a building. This will give students a better understanding of how a structural system works in a wood-frame building and how the structural system (components) may impact the architectural design.  Even though buildings are constructed from the ground up to the roof, the structural design is done in reverse, designed from the roof down to the foundation…why?  26 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 BC Building Code Division B – Span Tables  When designing a project that will have a structural engineer, it’s good to know some basic design limitations before the engineer is involved Section View  27 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 BC Building Code Division B – Appendix C Climate and Seismic Information for Building Design in British Columbia (Rev2)  This division provides climatic data for locations all over the province  Given a specific location, students will use this section to extract data regarding snow loads, wind loads, heating requirements (all from Table C-2), and seismic requirements (from Table C-3)  Location data will be used to determine the following for a building:  Snow (roof) load  Thermal insulation requirements  Anchoring requirements for the wood-framing to the concrete foundation  Roof sheathing requirements  28 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 BC Building Code Reading, Navigating & Understanding the Code  BCBC is a legal document that can be used in court during lawsuits  The code isn’t written in the most user-friendly context  Students will become more comfortable with the code over time  When live links aren’t available, it’s highly recommended to use the search/find option (ctrl+f) to quickly find sections & articles Be mindful of: “and” – “or”  The code often lists conditions that trigger requirements for a particular article. It’s important to carefully read those lists & always pay close attention to the wording used. For example, a list that uses the key word “and” means all conditions in the list must be satisfied to trigger the requirement. A list using the key word “or” means that if any one of the conditions in the list is true, the requirement will be triggered. The following slide shows examples.  29 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 BC Building Code Reading, Navigating & Understanding the Code “and” example Conditions (a) thru (d) must all be true to enable (2) “or” example Condition (a), (b), (c) or (d) will enable (1)  30 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 BC Building Code Reading, Navigating & Understanding the Code The code is organized using a hierarchy system. Most of our focus will be within Division B – Acceptable Solutions > Part 9 – Housing & Small Buildings. All Parts of the code are organized in “Sections”, “Sub- sections”, “Articles” & “Sentences” (see example below) “Section” (two digits) “Sub-section” (three digits) “Article” (four digits) “Sentence” (five or more digits)  31 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 BC Building Code Reading, Navigating & Understanding the Code When asked to provide answers from the code, be sure to quote the specific article or sentence accordingly. Do not simply quote the “Section”. Be sure to state the specific article or sentence that provides the applicable information. For example, if asked to provide the required blocking size for supporting non-loadbearing walls, the correct answer is “not less than 38mm by 89mm lumber as per sentence 9.23.9.8.(2)(a)”. Only stating 9.23.9.8. is incorrect since it’s too vague.  32 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Survey Documentation  A survey plan is a critical part of a project, but it is not a site plan  Survey plans are generated by registered professional surveyors  Survey plans are used by other consultants (architect or architectural designer) to assist with generating a site plan for the project  Survey plans include precise, critical information to accurately locate the following (not all plans will include the following):  Property boundaries & north direction  Adjacent roads, properties  Existing buildings, trees, retaining walls, easements, ROWs, etc.  Topography (slopes & general lay of the land)  Existing utilities / services (sewers, water, power, gas)  Vertical (elevations) & horizontal (distances) measurements  Survey plans may also include other critical information (more about this next week)  33 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Survey Documentation  All properties (sites) in British Columbia are registered through “BC Land Title & Survey” www.ltsa.ca  Different types of survey plans exist. Different projects may require more, or less, survey information depending on the property characteristics.  The most common types of survey plans include:  Subdivision Plan (shows multiple properties on one plan)  Posting Plan (basic survey plan showing lot boundaries)  Topographical Plan (shows land surface using contour lines)  Arial Photos (optional, if necessary)  Non-Encroachment Certificate Concrete Forms More on these Concrete Foundations types next week  Mortgage Certificate  34 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Survey Documentation Site Registration (BC Land Title & Survey) www.ltsa.ca  Civic address: The building’s address. This may change over time. Used for mail/parcel delivery & emergency vehicles.  Legal Description: A unique identifier for each parcel of land in the province. A text description that may include lot number, plan number, survey system identifiers (Range, Block, Township, District Lot, District, etc.)  Land Title Office: Located in Victoria, New Westminster & Kamloops. Holds document records against a property such as financial (mortgage paid/current), restrictive covenants, right-of-ways (R.O.W.), easements.  Always verify the existence of any local restrictions that may not be on record at the BC Land Title Office, e.g., a local municipal drainage covenant.  35 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Survey Documentation Land Title Search www.ltsa.ca  As a potential buyer for a property, obtaining a land title search for that property will provide all the relevant information about that property, typically going back only 1 year. The fee is approximately $10.  Remember, local municipalities may have other restrictions on a given property that are not listed at the land title office, e.g., special drainage requirements, underground streams, etc.  If a buyer is interested in purchasing a property, the buyer should always do their due diligence. Not knowing everything about a property may result in extra costs in the future.  36 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Survey Documentation Distances & Bearings All properties are measured & recorded by a registered professional BC land surveyor. Each property line (property boundary line, also called lot line) is accurately located by:  distance (measured horizontally, ignoring the slope of the land)  bearing (angle relative to “north”); north can be either magnetic or astronomic. Horizontal Control: involves establishing property line boundaries, location of building(s) & other important site information; property line boundaries are marked using survey markers called “posts” or “pins” Vertical Control: investigation of the topography of a building site Horizontal & vertical control will be covered in more detail next week  37 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Survey Documentation Survey Markers (source: https://www.berntsen.com/Customer-Service/About-Us) Note: markers may be found on the surface, or buried below the surface  38 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Survey Documentation Things to Consider…  Existing survey plans on record may be not be current & therefore no longer accurate. Inaccurate survey data can result in costly mistakes. Always work on a current survey plan. Many municipalities (e.g., Vancouver) will not accept a survey plan older than 6 months.  Request “appropriate” survey data based on the property, e.g., no need for a topographic (contours) survey on a flat parcel of land. Also, try to obtain all necessary survey data in one visit whenever possible to save on costs.  Only registered professional BC surveyors can “set” pins/posts. You and I can find pins, but we cannot set them or move them as it’s illegal to do so.  Existing pins, or posts, may not always be at the intersection of property lines. Sometimes a “witness post” is used (more on this next week)  39 BLDG 1200 – Fall 2024 – Week 02 Homework & Lab Preparation All the following material is posted under “Content” on the Learning Hub for this course  Reading  Chapters 8 & 10 from “Canadian Wood-Frame House Construction-Revision 2014” (found under “Required Textbooks”)  Reading (Optional)  Practice navigating through various Division B – Part 9 sections from the online version of the BCBC 2024. Labs this week will involve answering code related questions.  Reminder  All lab material & assignments will be in digital format (paperless); please bring your laptop (or equivalent) to every lab u.n.o. (unless noted otherwise)  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 1 of 13 Week # 2 Lab #2 – Building Permit Drawing Review – Part 2 Introduction & Learning Outcomes: The objective of this lab is for students to continue to develop their drawing reading skills. This week’s lab will focus more on reading floor plans. Students will also use the BC Building Code 2024 (BCBC) to find, extract, and verify information. This handout will provide “some” drawing examples but not everything. A more thorough review of a set of drawings will be done during the lab. Based on the examples provided, and the drawing set review, students will then be asked to complete a quiz assignment based on a set of building permit (BP) drawings to further reinforce their learning of the topics covered in this lab. Being able to correctly read drawings will greatly help students with all future assignments in this course. Instructions: After reviewing this handout during the lab, go to the Learning Hub and launch the quiz titled “Lab Assignment #2 - B.P. Drawing Review - Part 2” under “Activities”>”Quizzes”. Additional File: Refer to the provided set of drawings titled BLDG 1200 Arch Dwgs 123 Fake Street.pdf under “Content”>”Lecture & Lab Material”>”Week 01” to answer the questions in the quiz. The due date (deadline) for the quiz will be announced during the lab. Deadline due dates will be set specific, so please pay close attention to the instructions provided during the lab. Procedure (to be discussed & demonstrated during the lab): 1. Review floor plan wall types 2. Review door styles and drawing conventions 3. Review window styles and drawing conventions 4. Using the BC Building Code 5. Complete drawing reading assignment 1. Reading Floor Plan Wall Types As mentioned in lab 1, floor plans show most of the required information needed to construct a building. Floor plans are used heavily by everyone involved in a project. Being able to correctly recognize and identify all the various components on floor plans is very important. Line types and line weights Graphically, floor plans use various line types (continuous, dashed, centre, etc.) to represent different components. Different line weights (thicknesses) are also used to make the object lines easier to differentiate from one another. For a wall, the number of lines used to represent the wall will depend on the drawing scale. For example, a common floor plan scale is 1/4”=1’-0” (1:50 in metric). At this scale, typically only two lines are used to represent a wall, usually a line on each side to represent the outermost sides of the wall. For a larger scale plan detail, drawn at a scale of 1 1/2”=1’-0” (~1:10 in metric), more lines would be used since more detail can be shown. Lines may be used to represent every material that makes up a wall assembly in a plan or section detail. Some floor plans will use a solid black infill to represent walls. This approach is commonly used for marketing or real estate purposes. This course will not use this approach since infilled walls will cover dimension lines and other information that may be necessary to show within the wall cavity.  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 2 of 13 Week # 2 Walls make up most of the critical assemblies found on a floor plan. How exterior and interior walls are framed will be covered in more detail as the course progresses (also refer to week 2 lecture slides). For now, here is a breakdown of the various walls that should be readily identified on a floor plan. Exterior walls Exterior walls essentially make up the perimeter of the building. They all have the following characteristics and code requirements: Loadbearing: almost always loadbearing (structural); on rare occasions they may only act as infill non-loadbearing walls if there are beams above transferring loads from the floor(s) and roof above; all live and dead loads must be transferred down to the foundation system. Insulation 9.25.2.1.: insulation requirements depend on the climate zone and the current municipal requirements based on the BC Energy Step Code. Where required (almost always), the certified energy advisor will provide thermal resistance requirements for exterior wall assemblies. The location and type of insulation used depends on the preferred overall assembly. Air Control 9.25.3.: a durable and continuous air barrier system must be provided around the entire building envelope for all exterior wall, roof and foundation assemblies; the materials used, and the location of the air barrier in the assembly, may vary. Vapour Control 9.25.4.: a vapour barrier (also called vapour retarder) system must be provided around the entire building envelope for all exterior wall, roof and foundation assemblies; the materials used may vary; Important Tip: the vapour barrier in the assembly must always be above the dew point temperature, meaning it must always be located on the warm side of the assembly. Cladding & Moisture Control 9.27.: the exterior finish on exterior walls is called cladding; cladding materials may vary throughout the building depending on the architectural design; common cladding materials include stucco, brick, stone, siding (vinyl, wood, cement fibre) etc.; this code section stipulates the requirements for moisture protection, drainage, venting and the installation of the cladding materials and the overall exterior wall assemblies. 9.28. covers specific requirements for stucco cladding. NOTE: It is important to hopefully know the cladding material early in the design. Be mindful of the total exterior wall assembly thickness around the building perimeter. The outermost face of the cladding must not encroach into the required building setbacks (required yards) based on the local zoning bylaw. For example, an exterior wall with a brick veneer finish will have a much thicker assembly compared to one with vinyl siding. Interior walls Interior walls, also called partition walls, divide spaces within the building. Interior walls may be loadbearing (structural) or non-loadbearing. The most common interior walls are assembled with 2x4” (38x89mm) wood studs at 16” (~400mm) O.C. with 1/2” (12.7mm) gypsum wallboard (GWB) on both sides. Loadbearing: support roof, ceiling or floor loads above; like exterior loadbearing walls, loads must be transferred down to the foundation system; studs may be 2x4”s (38x89mm) or 2x6” (38x140mm), depending on service requirements (see service walls below); code requirements for framing and transferring loads for interior walls can be found throughout 9.23.  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 3 of 13 Week # 2 Non-loadbearing: typical interior partition walls; can be removed/relocated without compromising the structural integrity of the building; although these walls are non-loadbearing, they still require specific framing requirements at floors, refer to 9.23. Service: interior partition framed with 2x6” (38x140mm) studs to provide more space in the stud cavity for services, primarily for plumbing drain lines; can be loadbearing or non-loadbearing; must be mindful of framing at floor joist locations to ensure service lines are not blocked / interrupted. Framing requirements under 9.23. vary depending on whether service walls run parallel or perpendicular to the floor joist below. Note: avoid running plumbing service lines in exterior walls. Plumbing lines may potentially freeze during winter months. Plumbing lines also take up space where insulation would be, reducing the thermal performance of the wall. The following sketches illustrate some typical exterior and interior wall assemblies drawn in plan view. As previously mentioned, the number of lines drawn to represent the wall will depend on the scale of the drawing. Notations in BLUE discuss typical line type and line weight conventions, and notations in GREEN label items that do not typically get labeled on a floor plan. Note: a common convention to show the exterior side of a building is to use the minus (-) sign, and a plus (+) sign to show the interior side. Partial Exterior Wall Plans (print is n.t.s.)  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 4 of 13 Week # 2 Partial Interior Wall Plans (print is n.t.s.) The following partial sample floor plans illustrate some of the line-work used to represent other various components found on floor plans. Notations in BLUE discuss typical line type and line weight conventions, and notations in GREEN label items that do not typically get labeled on a floor plan. Partial Floor Plan Layout (print is n.t.s.)  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 5 of 13 Week # 2 Partial Floor Plan Layout (print is n.t.s.) 2. Door Styles & Drawing Conventions (Chapter 15) Doors come in a variety of styles and sizes. The code lists requirements for doors under sections 9.5. and 9.7. The code has minimum door size requirements based on a door’s location (excluding standard closets, e.g., closets intended for storing items, not intended to be occupied). For now, the focus will be on being able to correctly identify different door styles on architectural floor plans. Later in the course, students will be required to verify that all doors satisfy code requirements. Additional information on doors is outlined in Chapter 15 and will be discussed further in BLDG 2051 next term. When stating a door’s size, the size is based on what the reader sees first in plan view. A door size should always state the door width first, followed by the door height. For example, an entry door should be described as 3’-0” x 6’-8”, or width by height (W x H). Smaller projects, like a single-family dwelling, will typically state the door sizes directly on the floor plans. For example, a 3’-0” x 6’-8” would be stated as 3068. Larger projects may include a door schedule. In addition to size, door schedules provide more information about doors such as material, lockset, finish, fire protection rating, etc.  BCIT - Architectural & Building Technology Fall 2024 BLDG 1200 – Building Construction 1 Page 6 of 13 Week # 2 Common Door Styles (see following pages for illustrations) Swing Door: the most common style used for exterior and interior locations; doors swing on hinges around a vertical axis. Double Swing Door: essentially two swing doors side by side; note: although similar, a double swing door is not the same as French doors. The style of double swing doors can be solid, with or without “lites” (panes of glass), and bot