Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the diameter of the outer ring of Stonehenge?
What is the diameter of the outer ring of Stonehenge?
Which of the following is NOT a constructive principle mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a constructive principle mentioned?
Which structure is a type of earthen mound used for burials?
Which structure is a type of earthen mound used for burials?
What is a Caryatid?
What is a Caryatid?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is considered a basic form of classical supports?
Which of the following is considered a basic form of classical supports?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a classification of early known types of architecture?
Which of the following is NOT a classification of early known types of architecture?
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes the period known for the development of agriculture and polished stone implements?
What term describes the period known for the development of agriculture and polished stone implements?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is considered the earliest form of dwellings?
Which of the following is considered the earliest form of dwellings?
Signup and view all the answers
The Cro-Magnon peoples are associated with which of the following characteristics?
The Cro-Magnon peoples are associated with which of the following characteristics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary material used to construct early huts?
What is the primary material used to construct early huts?
Signup and view all the answers
The Mesolithic period is characterized by the appearance of which type of tools?
The Mesolithic period is characterized by the appearance of which type of tools?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main characteristic distinguishing the Neolithic period from others?
What is the main characteristic distinguishing the Neolithic period from others?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these influences is NOT related to the development of architecture?
Which of these influences is NOT related to the development of architecture?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a menhir primarily known for?
What is a menhir primarily known for?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure consists of two or more upright stones supporting a horizontal slab?
Which structure consists of two or more upright stones supporting a horizontal slab?
Signup and view all the answers
In which classification does Stonehenge fall?
In which classification does Stonehenge fall?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of a cromlech?
What is the main purpose of a cromlech?
Signup and view all the answers
What notable structural feature is common in the architectural system of early human constructions?
What notable structural feature is common in the architectural system of early human constructions?
Signup and view all the answers
How is a stone circle primarily defined?
How is a stone circle primarily defined?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'post and lintel' refer to in construction?
What does the term 'post and lintel' refer to in construction?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the primary function of megalithic structures in prehistoric times?
What was the primary function of megalithic structures in prehistoric times?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
History of Architecture
- Traces the evolution of architecture through various traditions, regions, styles, and historical periods.
Influences on Architectural Development
- Geographical: Location and its impact on materials and construction methods.
- Geological: Availability of stone, wood, and other natural resources.
- Climatic: Adaptation to weather patterns, including heat, cold, rain, and wind.
- Religious: Influence of beliefs and rituals in sacred spaces.
- Socio-political: Changes in society and power structures shaping architecture.
- Historical: Continuity and innovations over time.
Pre-historic Structures
- Earliest structures categorized into dwellings, religious monuments, and burial mounds.
Dwellings
- Earliest forms were rock caves.
- Natural cave: Unmodified, existing caves.
- Artificial cave: Modified caves with openings and features.
- Cave above the ground: Structures resembling caves built above the ground.
- Tents and Huts: Constructed using materials like tree bark, animal skins, and plant leaves.
Dwellings: Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)
- Cro-Magnon: Tall erect hominids, creating bone and antler tools with animal imagery and cave paintings.
- Structures: Typically oval huts made of branches, hides, or bone, with central hearths.
- Larger huts: Multiple fire pits and internal space division for different tasks.
Dwellings: Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)
- Characterized by microlithic tools, weapons, and changes in settlement patterns.
Dwellings: Neolithic (New Stone Age)
- Marked by development of agriculture and polished stone implements.
- Increased human collaboration and complex architectural systems.
- Structures made of flat stones stacked without mortar, forming corbelled structural systems.
Religious Monuments
- Monolith: Isolated, upright stone known as a menhir, possibly symbolizing victory.
- Menhirs: Found individually or in groups, with varying sizes and uneven, squared shapes, often tapering upwards.
- Prototypes for Egyptian pyramids.
Religious Monuments - Megalithic
- "Megalithic" refers to several stones.
-
Dolmen: Two or more upright stones supporting a horizontal slab.
- Derived from the Breton "taol maen," meaning "stone table."
- Constructed using nearby stones
- Structures resembling a "table".
-
Cromlech: A megalithic tomb with a large flat stone supported by upright stones.
- Indicates a site for religious rites.
- Stone Circle or Stone Row: Consists of three thousand stones.
-
Stonehenge: A group of standing stones on Salisbury Plain in England, dating to 2200-1800 BC.
- Contains concentric rings, including an outer ring, isolated blue stone, inner circle, and smaller blue stone.
- May have served as a religious center and astronomical observatory.
Burial Mounds
- Tumuli or "Barrows": Earthen mounds used for burying individuals or groups.
- Prototypes for Egyptian pyramids and beehive huts.
Historic Architecture: Constructive Principles
- Post and Lintel (Trabeated): Strong horizontal elements supported by vertical elements, creating large open spaces (e.g., ancient Greek temples).
- Corbel or Cantilevered: Overlapping stones projecting horizontally, creating a shelf-like structure (e.g., Mayan temples).
- Arch and Vault: Curved structures distributing weight laterally (e.g., Roman arches and aqueducts).
- Trussed: Triangular framework for stability and load distribution (e.g., timber-framed houses).
Elements of Classical Supports
-
Basic Forms:
- Pier: A sturdy vertical element, often square or rectangular.
- Pilaster: A flattened column projecting from a wall.
- Engaged Column: A column partially embedded in a wall.
- Column: A freestanding vertical element supporting an entablature.
- Pedestal: A base supporting a column or statue.
- Baluster: A small, usually decorative, vertical support.
-
Special Forms:
- Caryatids: Draped female figures, without hands, supporting an entablature.
- Canephorae: Similar to Caryatids, but carrying a basket on their heads.
- Atlas or Atlantes: Male figures, in kneeling position, supporting the world.
- Telamon or Telamones: Male figures, in standing position, substituting for a column.
- Anta Column: A pier or pilaster formed by thickening at the end of a wall.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
null
