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Questions and Answers
What is the diameter of the outer ring of Stonehenge?
Which of the following is NOT a constructive principle mentioned?
Which structure is a type of earthen mound used for burials?
What is a Caryatid?
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Which of the following is considered a basic form of classical supports?
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Which of the following is NOT a classification of early known types of architecture?
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What term describes the period known for the development of agriculture and polished stone implements?
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Which of the following is considered the earliest form of dwellings?
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The Cro-Magnon peoples are associated with which of the following characteristics?
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What is the primary material used to construct early huts?
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The Mesolithic period is characterized by the appearance of which type of tools?
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What is the main characteristic distinguishing the Neolithic period from others?
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Which of these influences is NOT related to the development of architecture?
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What is a menhir primarily known for?
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Which structure consists of two or more upright stones supporting a horizontal slab?
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In which classification does Stonehenge fall?
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What is the main purpose of a cromlech?
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What notable structural feature is common in the architectural system of early human constructions?
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How is a stone circle primarily defined?
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What does the term 'post and lintel' refer to in construction?
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What was the primary function of megalithic structures in prehistoric times?
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Study Notes
History of Architecture
- Traces the evolution of architecture through various traditions, regions, styles, and historical periods.
Influences on Architectural Development
- Geographical: Location and its impact on materials and construction methods.
- Geological: Availability of stone, wood, and other natural resources.
- Climatic: Adaptation to weather patterns, including heat, cold, rain, and wind.
- Religious: Influence of beliefs and rituals in sacred spaces.
- Socio-political: Changes in society and power structures shaping architecture.
- Historical: Continuity and innovations over time.
Pre-historic Structures
- Earliest structures categorized into dwellings, religious monuments, and burial mounds.
Dwellings
- Earliest forms were rock caves.
- Natural cave: Unmodified, existing caves.
- Artificial cave: Modified caves with openings and features.
- Cave above the ground: Structures resembling caves built above the ground.
- Tents and Huts: Constructed using materials like tree bark, animal skins, and plant leaves.
Dwellings: Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)
- Cro-Magnon: Tall erect hominids, creating bone and antler tools with animal imagery and cave paintings.
- Structures: Typically oval huts made of branches, hides, or bone, with central hearths.
- Larger huts: Multiple fire pits and internal space division for different tasks.
Dwellings: Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)
- Characterized by microlithic tools, weapons, and changes in settlement patterns.
Dwellings: Neolithic (New Stone Age)
- Marked by development of agriculture and polished stone implements.
- Increased human collaboration and complex architectural systems.
- Structures made of flat stones stacked without mortar, forming corbelled structural systems.
Religious Monuments
- Monolith: Isolated, upright stone known as a menhir, possibly symbolizing victory.
- Menhirs: Found individually or in groups, with varying sizes and uneven, squared shapes, often tapering upwards.
- Prototypes for Egyptian pyramids.
Religious Monuments - Megalithic
- "Megalithic" refers to several stones.
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Dolmen: Two or more upright stones supporting a horizontal slab.
- Derived from the Breton "taol maen," meaning "stone table."
- Constructed using nearby stones
- Structures resembling a "table".
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Cromlech: A megalithic tomb with a large flat stone supported by upright stones.
- Indicates a site for religious rites.
- Stone Circle or Stone Row: Consists of three thousand stones.
-
Stonehenge: A group of standing stones on Salisbury Plain in England, dating to 2200-1800 BC.
- Contains concentric rings, including an outer ring, isolated blue stone, inner circle, and smaller blue stone.
- May have served as a religious center and astronomical observatory.
Burial Mounds
- Tumuli or "Barrows": Earthen mounds used for burying individuals or groups.
- Prototypes for Egyptian pyramids and beehive huts.
Historic Architecture: Constructive Principles
- Post and Lintel (Trabeated): Strong horizontal elements supported by vertical elements, creating large open spaces (e.g., ancient Greek temples).
- Corbel or Cantilevered: Overlapping stones projecting horizontally, creating a shelf-like structure (e.g., Mayan temples).
- Arch and Vault: Curved structures distributing weight laterally (e.g., Roman arches and aqueducts).
- Trussed: Triangular framework for stability and load distribution (e.g., timber-framed houses).
Elements of Classical Supports
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Basic Forms:
- Pier: A sturdy vertical element, often square or rectangular.
- Pilaster: A flattened column projecting from a wall.
- Engaged Column: A column partially embedded in a wall.
- Column: A freestanding vertical element supporting an entablature.
- Pedestal: A base supporting a column or statue.
- Baluster: A small, usually decorative, vertical support.
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Special Forms:
- Caryatids: Draped female figures, without hands, supporting an entablature.
- Canephorae: Similar to Caryatids, but carrying a basket on their heads.
- Atlas or Atlantes: Male figures, in kneeling position, supporting the world.
- Telamon or Telamones: Male figures, in standing position, substituting for a column.
- Anta Column: A pier or pilaster formed by thickening at the end of a wall.
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