Module 2. Tutorial - Introduction to microorganisms - Tagged.pdf

Unit: Bioscience 2 Tutorial Module 2 Student Guide Bioscience 2 Introduction to Micro-organisms 1  Unit: Bioscience 2 Important note To prepare for this module please first watch the rec...

Unit: Bioscience 2 Tutorial Module 2 Student Guide Bioscience 2 Introduction to Micro-organisms 1  Unit: Bioscience 2 Important note To prepare for this module please first watch the recorded lectures and other learning material for this module on Bioscience 2 vUWS site. Then try to complete this tutorial by answering the following questions. It is essential that you participate in class discussions, and this is a requirement for active attendance. Tutors will often ask you to share your answer to a question as a way of engaging in class discussions. Text Reference: Please note, these are not readings, just references. Lee, G., & Bishop, P. (2016). Microbiology and infection control for health professionals (6th ed.). Melbourne, Victoria: Pearson Australia. Chapters 1 (pp 2-24), 3 (pp 44-52), 5 (pp 86-92). Objectives: 1. Discuss the importance of microbiology in nursing care. 2. Identify some useful roles microorganisms play in the environment and industry. 3. List elements of major discoveries in microbiology and discuss their contribution to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. 4. Describe, compare, and discuss structural differences between cells of various microorganisms and human cells. 5. Name and describe the process of reproduction undertaken by bacteria and viruses. 6. Understand and be able to identify the causes of some common infectious diseases. 1. Microbiology and Nursing Why does a nurse need to have knowledge of microbiology? Come up with 4 reasons why nurses need to have knowledge of microbiology. (See academic presentation, introduction to microorganisms) 2. Functions of Micro-organisms. Microorganisms are typically known for causing infectious diseases. However, micro-organisms also have a range of useful functions. Using the internet or Lee & Bishop (2016) textbook (chapter 1), identify some useful roles micro- organisms play in the environment and industry. 2  Unit: Bioscience 2 3. Structure of Microbial Cells Micro-organisms are living organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. They include viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi. These micro-organisms possess structural features that differ to each other as well as to human cells. Use the internet or Lee & Bishop (2016) to research each micro-organism listed in the table to assist in completing the table. Micro- Structural similarities to human cells Structural differences to human cells organism Bacteria Fungus Virus Protozoa Prion 4. Bacteria a. Name and describe the process of reproduction undertaken by bacteria. b. What is the function of the following extracellular bacterial structures: see page 47 (Lee & Bishop, 2016) i. Glycocalyx- ii. Flagella- iii. Fimbriae- 3  Unit: Bioscience 2 5. Review the academic presentation slides or the summary notes and complete the following table about some characteristics of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In what ways do gram- positive and gram-negative bacteria differ in regard to the presence of the following bacterial components? Bacterial component Gram-positive Gram-negative Peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) Plasma membrane Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 6. Bacteria come in a range of shapes and sizes. The followings are the major shapes of bacteria. Can you describe each shape, provide an example of a bacterium for that shape, and mention the disease it causes? a. Coccus (plural: cocci) a. Staphylococci b. Streptococci b. Bacillus (plural: bacilli) c. Vibrios d. Spirilla 4 Unit: Bioscience 2 7. Viruses: a. Describe the general structure of a virus. See page 86 (Lee & Bishop, 2016) b. How do viruses reproduce? 8. Prions: Read "Prions" (Lee & Bishop, 2016, page 88, and pages 539-42) a. What is a prion? b. What diseases have been caused by prions? 5  Unit: Bioscience 2 9. Historical Perspectives of Microbiology. p 7-13 (Lee & Bishop, 2016) Match the scientist to the discovery Scientist Achievement Leeuwenhoek Introduced fermentation & pasteurisation Hooke Antiseptic surgical procedures Pasteur Antibody response during immune system response Semmelweiss Observed cork using a microscope and used the term "cell" Lister Understanding of immune response to viral infections Koch Discovered Helicobacter pylori caused gastric ulcers Fleming Observed microbes under a simple microscope Florey & Chain Contributed to development of cervical cancer vaccine Macfarlane Burnet Discovered penicillin Doherty & Zinkernagel Proposed germ theory of disease Warren & Marshall Hand hygiene and disease transmission Frazer Introduced penicillin as a therapeutic agent in World War II 10. Nomenclature of Micro-organisms- Micro-organisms typically have two names. The first name is the Genus and the second name is the species (Where the first letter of the Genus is upper-case, and both are written in italics). For example, Escherichia coli which can also be abbreviated as E. coli. Read "Naming of micro-organisms" (Lee & Bishop, 2016, page 4)  What are names typically based on when giving a bacterium its scientific name?  Suggest reasons for the following bacterial names: (See Table 1.3 on page 10)  Escherichia coli  Streptococcus pneumoniae  Neisseria gonorrhoeae  Bordetella pertussis 6