Bioscience 2: Mod2 Microbial Roles and Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of a prion in biological systems?

  • Induce abnormal folding of proteins (correct)
  • Enhance immune response against viruses
  • Reproduce independently outside a host
  • Act as a genetic information carrier

    • Which scientist is correctly matched with their discovery?

  • Koch - Developed cervical cancer vaccine
  • Pasteur - Introduced fermentation & pasteurisation (correct)
  • Fleming - Discovered Helicobacter pylori
  • Leeuwenhoek - Proposed germ theory of disease

    • What distinguishes viruses from other microorganisms?

  • They contain ribosomes for protein synthesis
  • They can reproduce independently
  • They consist of a single cellular structure
  • They require a host cell to reproduce (correct)

    • What is the correct format for naming microorganisms?

    <p>Genus in upper-case, species in italics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which discovery is NOT attributed to Robert Koch?

    <p>Discovered penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is linked to prion activity?

    <p>Mad Cow Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major contribution is Louis Pasteur known for in microbiology?

    <p>Proving that microorganisms cause fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair is NOT correctly matched?

    <p>Hooke - Introduced fermentation and pasteurisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microorganism is typically named using a two-part Latin name?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these achievements is attributed to Alexander Fleming?

    <p>Discovered penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant structural difference between bacteria and human cells?

    <p>Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the structure of a virus?

    <p>Viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the glycocalyx in bacteria?

    <p>Protecting against desiccation and aiding in adhesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria differ in their peptidoglycan layer?

    <p>Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial shape is characterized by a spherical form?

    <p>Coccus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does fimbriae play in bacterial function?

    <p>Attachment to surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of gram-negative bacteria regarding their outer structure?

    <p>Presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their outer membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microorganism is primarily composed of RNA or DNA and lacks cellular structure?

    <p>Virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a prion?

    <p>A protein that can induce abnormal folding of other proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial structure aids in movement through a whip-like motion?

    <p>Flagella.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one important reason for nurses to have knowledge of microbiology?

    <p>To prevent and control infections in patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a useful role of microorganisms in the environment?

    <p>Decomposing organic materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major discovery in microbiology that has contributed to infection control?

    <p>The invention of vaccines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly compares microorganisms and human cells?

    <p>Microorganisms lack a nucleus, whereas human cells have one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method of reproduction that bacteria use?

    <p>Binary fission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of infectious diseases?

    <p>Contact with infected individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do viruses reproduce?

    <p>By using the host's cellular machinery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a reason for the importance of microbiology in nursing care?

    <p>It serves as a knowledge base for culinary arts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a beneficial effect of microorganisms in industry?

    <p>Contributing to the creation of antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is primarily known for causing infectious diseases?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best highlights the importance of microbiology in nursing care?

    <p>Preventing and controlling infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roles do microorganisms play in the environment?

    <p>Performing photosynthesis and nutrient cycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical way that knowledge of microbiology impacts nursing practice?

    <p>Enabling nurses to sanitize equipment effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is commonly used by bacteria for reproduction?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key contribution to microbiology is significant for the treatment of infectious diseases?

    <p>Development of vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the structural differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in terms of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer?

    <p>Gram-negative bacteria have a prominent LPS layer, while gram-positive bacteria do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which extracellular structure of bacteria is primarily responsible for adherence to surfaces?

    <p>Fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic feature distinguishes protozoa from bacteria?

    <p>Protozoa possess membrane-bound organelles, which bacteria lack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shape describes bacteria that are rod-shaped?

    <p>Bacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do bacteria primarily use for reproduction?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function attributed to the germ theory of disease?

    <p>Linking specific microorganisms to specific diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist contributed to the development of cervical cancer vaccine?

    <p>Florey &amp; Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which discovery is attributed to Robert Koch?

    <p>Established the link between Helicobacter pylori and gastric ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the naming convention for microorganisms?

    <p>The genus name is capitalized and both names are italicized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is known for introducing the concept of hand hygiene to reduce disease transmission?

    <p>Semmelweiss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbiology and Nursing

    • Nurses require microbiology knowledge to effectively prevent and control infections.
    • Understanding microorganisms aids in accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning.
    • Knowing the mechanisms of disease transmission promotes safer patient care practices.
    • Microbiology knowledge helps nurses educate patients on hygiene and infection prevention measures.

    Functions of Micro-organisms

    • Micro-organisms play critical roles in nutrient cycling, decomposing organic material.
    • They contribute to food production through fermentation processes in products like yogurt and cheese.
    • Microbial processes enhance agricultural practices, such as nitrogen fixation.
    • They are utilized in biotechnology for the production of antibiotics and vaccines.

    Structure of Microbial Cells

    • Micro-organisms include bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and prions, each with distinct structures.
    • Bacteria are unicellular and possess a cell wall, while fungi have a chitin-based cell wall.
    • Viruses are acellular, consisting of genetic material encased in a protein coat.
    • Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes, often motile and capable of complex behaviors.
    • Prions are infectious proteins that lack nucleic acids and are associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

    Bacterial Reproduction and Structures

    • Bacteria primarily reproduce asexually through binary fission, where one cell divides into two.
    • Glycocalyx serves as a protective layer allowing adherence to surfaces.
    • Flagella facilitate movement, enabling bacteria to swim toward nutrients or away from toxins.
    • Fimbriae are hair-like projections that help bacteria attach to host tissues.

    Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Bacteria

    • Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, while Gram-negative have a thin layer and an outer membrane.
    • The plasma membrane is present in both, but Gram-negative bacteria possess lipopolysaccharides (LPS), contributing to their virulence.

    Shapes of Bacteria

    • Coccus: spherical bacteria; examples include Staphylococcus (causes skin infections) and Streptococcus (causes strep throat).
    • Bacillus: rod-shaped bacteria, such as Bacillus anthracis (causes anthrax).
    • Vibrios: comma-shaped bacteria; an example is Vibrio cholerae (causes cholera).
    • Spirilla: spiral-shaped bacteria, notably Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis).

    Viruses

    • Viruses consist of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat; they may have an outer lipid envelope.
    • Viruses reproduce by infecting host cells and hijacking the cell's machinery for replication.

    Prions

    • Prions are misfolded proteins that induce abnormal folding of normal proteins in the brain.
    • Prions are responsible for diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and mad cow disease.

    Historical Perspectives of Microbiology

    • Leeuwenhoek: First to observe microorganisms using a simple microscope.
    • Hooke: Coined the term "cell" after observing cork.
    • Pasteur: Developed fermentation and pasteurization techniques.
    • Semmelweiss: Advocated for hand hygiene to reduce disease transmission.
    • Lister: Introduced antiseptic procedures in surgery for infection control.
    • Koch: Identified Helicobacter pylori as the cause of gastric ulcers.
    • Fleming: Discovered penicillin, leading to its therapeutic use.
    • Warren and Marshall: Demonstrated the link between H. pylori and ulcers.
    • Burnet, Doherty, and Zinkernagel contributed to understanding immune responses.

    Nomenclature of Micro-organisms

    • Micro-organisms are named using a binomial system, comprising a genus name (capitalized) and a species name (lowercase), both italicized (e.g., Escherichia coli).

    Microbiology and Nursing

    • Nurses require microbiology knowledge to effectively prevent and control infections.
    • Understanding microorganisms aids in accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning.
    • Knowing the mechanisms of disease transmission promotes safer patient care practices.
    • Microbiology knowledge helps nurses educate patients on hygiene and infection prevention measures.

    Functions of Micro-organisms

    • Micro-organisms play critical roles in nutrient cycling, decomposing organic material.
    • They contribute to food production through fermentation processes in products like yogurt and cheese.
    • Microbial processes enhance agricultural practices, such as nitrogen fixation.
    • They are utilized in biotechnology for the production of antibiotics and vaccines.

    Structure of Microbial Cells

    • Micro-organisms include bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and prions, each with distinct structures.
    • Bacteria are unicellular and possess a cell wall, while fungi have a chitin-based cell wall.
    • Viruses are acellular, consisting of genetic material encased in a protein coat.
    • Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes, often motile and capable of complex behaviors.
    • Prions are infectious proteins that lack nucleic acids and are associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

    Bacterial Reproduction and Structures

    • Bacteria primarily reproduce asexually through binary fission, where one cell divides into two.
    • Glycocalyx serves as a protective layer allowing adherence to surfaces.
    • Flagella facilitate movement, enabling bacteria to swim toward nutrients or away from toxins.
    • Fimbriae are hair-like projections that help bacteria attach to host tissues.

    Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Bacteria

    • Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, while Gram-negative have a thin layer and an outer membrane.
    • The plasma membrane is present in both, but Gram-negative bacteria possess lipopolysaccharides (LPS), contributing to their virulence.

    Shapes of Bacteria

    • Coccus: spherical bacteria; examples include Staphylococcus (causes skin infections) and Streptococcus (causes strep throat).
    • Bacillus: rod-shaped bacteria, such as Bacillus anthracis (causes anthrax).
    • Vibrios: comma-shaped bacteria; an example is Vibrio cholerae (causes cholera).
    • Spirilla: spiral-shaped bacteria, notably Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis).

    Viruses

    • Viruses consist of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat; they may have an outer lipid envelope.
    • Viruses reproduce by infecting host cells and hijacking the cell's machinery for replication.

    Prions

    • Prions are misfolded proteins that induce abnormal folding of normal proteins in the brain.
    • Prions are responsible for diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and mad cow disease.

    Historical Perspectives of Microbiology

    • Leeuwenhoek: First to observe microorganisms using a simple microscope.
    • Hooke: Coined the term "cell" after observing cork.
    • Pasteur: Developed fermentation and pasteurization techniques.
    • Semmelweiss: Advocated for hand hygiene to reduce disease transmission.
    • Lister: Introduced antiseptic procedures in surgery for infection control.
    • Koch: Identified Helicobacter pylori as the cause of gastric ulcers.
    • Fleming: Discovered penicillin, leading to its therapeutic use.
    • Warren and Marshall: Demonstrated the link between H. pylori and ulcers.
    • Burnet, Doherty, and Zinkernagel contributed to understanding immune responses.

    Nomenclature of Micro-organisms

    • Micro-organisms are named using a binomial system, comprising a genus name (capitalized) and a species name (lowercase), both italicized (e.g., Escherichia coli).

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    Related Documents

    Bioscience 2 Tutorial Module 2 PDF
    Bioscience 2 Tutorial Module 2 Student Guide PDF

    Description

    Explore the important roles that micro-organisms play in both the environment and industry through this quiz, referencing the Lee & Bishop (2016) textbook. Additionally, learn about the structural features of various micro-organisms and how they compare to human cells.

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