MODULE 1.pdf

1. Name the four main purposes of the UN. 1. To maintain international peace and security 2. To develop friendly relations among nations 3. To cooperate in solving international problems 4. To harmonize nations’ actions in reaching these common ends 2. Explain how the UN Charter is the guidi...

1. Name the four main purposes of the UN. 1. To maintain international peace and security 2. To develop friendly relations among nations 3. To cooperate in solving international problems 4. To harmonize nations’ actions in reaching these common ends 2. Explain how the UN Charter is the guiding document for the UN. 1. Defines the main purposes and principles of the UN 2. Is an international treaty which binds all Member States 3. The Charter created the six main organs of the UN and guides its work 3-The UN Charter set up six “organs”. Name all six and identify the three most involved in peacekeeping. 1. General Assembly: the main forum for Member States to make decisions, including decisions on PK. 2. Security Council: has lead responsibility under the UN Charter to maintain international peace and security. It may investigate and recommend measures to resolve disputes between states. 3.Secretariat: carries out the day-to-day work of the UN, including PKMs through DPO *Field Services and Political Affairs which lead in different aspects of peacekeeping. *The Secretary-General is the “Chief Administrative Officer” of the UN overall. 4. Economic and Social Council 5. Trusteeship Council 6. International Court of Justice 4-Name the three Departments in the UN Secretariat active in day-to-day peacekeeping 1. Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPO). 2. Department of Operational Support (DOS) 3. Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs (DPPA) 5. Name three important tasks of the USG-DPO. Advises the Secretary-General on planning, establishment and conduct of all UN PKOs Directs and controls UN peacekeeping operations Serves as a focal point of contact between the Secretariat and Member States who seek information on UN peacekeeping. 6. Describe the important task of the USG-DOS. USG For DFS delivers support in areas of: Finance, Personnel, Administration, Logistics Information and communications technology. 7. Describe some priority activities of DPPA (Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs). DPPA is lead UN department for peacemaking and preventive diplomacy, active in conflict prevention, provides direction to SPMs, gives analysis and advice to the Secretary-General, supports the Secretary- General’s political role in providing “good offices”., collaborates on elections in post-conflict countries. The Electoral Assistance Division supports needs assessments, policy guidance and specialized personnel. * SPMs may be political field offices, special envoys, panels or experts to monitor sanctions. *Good offices use the position of the UN to resolve disputes between States. 8. DPPA is the lead UN department for (a) Peacemaking and Preventive diplomacy. 9. DPPA supports elections in post conflict countries. True. The Electoral Assistance Division supports needs assessments, policy guidance and specialized personnel, Elections are often a benchmark for peacekeeping operation withdrawal, DPA collaborates on elections in post-conflict countries. 10. Name and explain the three levels of decision-making (or authority, command and control) in UN peacekeeping / There are three levels of authority for decision-making in UN peacekeeping. 1. Strategic: high-level political decision-making and management of a UNPK operation at UNHQ. 2. Operational: field-based management of a UN peacekeeping operation at mission HQs. 3. Tactical: management of day-to-day military work. Military, police and civilian below the level of mission HQ including supervision of individual personnel. 11. The UN is twenty-five years old. False. The UN was founded in 1945. 12. Members of the UN are “Member States”. True. Currently, a total of 193 of 195 recognized states are members of the UN. 13. One main purpose of the UN is to maintain international peace and security. True. The first article of the Charter of the UN sets out four main purposes. 14. The strategic level operates below mission HQ. False. Strategic level is high-level political decision-making and management of a UN peacekeeping operation at UNHQ. The tactical level refers to management of military, police and civilian operations below Mission HQ, including supervision of individual personnel. 15. As UN peacekeeping personnel you represent your country. False. As UN peacekeeping personnel, you represent the UN. 16. The UN’s founding document is UN Charter It sets out purpose and main parts. 17. A mandate is an authorization and directive to take specific action. The peacekeeping mandate in a Security Council resolution is the legal basis for all actions or tasks of the peacekeeping operation, including the use of force. 18. Resolutions are formal expressions of positions of UN principal organs. 19. The UN System is the name given to the six principal parts of the UN named in the Charter and the UN’s specialized agencies, funds and programs. 20. The Secretary General of the UN leads the Secretariat and called the administrative arm of the UN. 21. The USG-DOS delivers Specific support provided (Finance, Personnel, Administration, Logistics, Information and communications technology) to UN field missions. 22. The Operational level of UN peacekeeping refers to field-based management. Field-based management of a peacekeeping operation at mission headquarters. The operational level takes high-level political direction from the strategic level and guides the tactical level. 23. Specialized agencies, funds and programs, include? ILO → International Labor Organization. WFP → World Food Program. FAO → Food and Agriculture Organization. UNESCO → UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. UNICEF → UN Children's Emergency Fund. UNHCR → UN High Commissioner for Refugees. UNDP → UN Development Program. UNDOC → UN Office on Drugs Crime UNFPA → UN Population Fund. UNEP → UN Environment Program. UN Women → UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. 24. The three principal organs active in UN peacekeeping are the GA, SC and the Secretariat. 25. The GA is the main forum for Member States to make decisions, with representatives of all the Member States of the UN. Related to (DPPA) *Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (C-34): -Reviews and recommends actions on peacekeeping, reports to the General Assembly (GA) through the Fourth Committee, includes representatives from organizations like the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Interpol, the African Union (AU), and the European Union (EU). -Works with (DPO) and (DOS) through: First Committee: disarmament and international Security Second: Economic and financial. Third: Social, humanitarian, and cultural. Fourth: Special political and decolonization. Fifth: Administrative and budgetary. Sixth: Legal) 26. Any peacekeeping operation must have a Security Council resolution contain mandates for PKOs. 27. The Secretariat carries out the day-to-day work of the organization. 28. The three departments directly involved in UN peacekeeping are DPO, DOS, DPPA. 29. An (USG) heads each department and reports to the Secretary-General. The Secretary-General delegates certain responsibilities and tasks to each USG. 30. DPO is responsible for the executive direction of peacekeeping operations. Contain Three main offices: Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions Office of Military Affairs Policy, Evaluation and Training Division Through DPO in New York, the USG DPO (Jean Pierre Lacroix) does the following: Advises the Secretary-General on planning, establishment and conduct of all UN PKOs. Directs and controls UN PKOs. Serves as a focal point of contact between the Secretariat and Member States who seek information on UN peacekeeping 31. DOS DEPARTMENR OF FIELD SUPPORT delivers support in (finance, personnel, administration, information and communications technology and Logistical services include supplying fuel, water, accommodation, food, offices and equipment, transport and medical. 1-Office of Support Operations (OSO) 2-Office of Supply Chain Management (OSCM) 3-Office of Information and Communication technology 4-Division of special activities 5-Division of Administration *DOS delivers support to all UN field missions, including PKOs and special political missions (SPMs) 32. DPPA (department of political & Peacebuilding affairs) plays a central role in UN efforts to prevent and resolve deadly conflict around the world and collaborates on elections in post-conflict countries through The Electoral Assistance Division. 33. Good Offices are provided when the UN uses its position to resolve disputes between States. 34. Interstate conflict is conflict between countries. 35. Peacekeeping is an approach designed to preserve the peace where violent conflict has ended. 36. Who drafted the Principles and Guidelines on UN Peacekeeping Operations (also known as the Capstone Doctrine)? Were specialized agencies involved in the drafting? DPO (specifically the Division of Policy, Evaluation and Training) drafted the Principles and Guidelines on UNPK after holding intense high-level consultations with stakeholders globally, including Member States, UN Agencies and NGOs. The consultations were held for more than a year in all the continents. 37. Who else can make decisions related to Peace and Security if the permanent members of the Security Council make use of their veto? The General Assembly can authorize peacekeeping operations in rare cases when the Security Council's permanent members use their veto power, Regional organizations like NATO or the AU may take action, but usually seek Security Council authorization under Chapter 8 of the UN Charter to ensure legitimacy. 38. Can the UN Security Council intervene in a conflict in a country that is not a Member of the UN? The Security Council is responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security. * The veto power of the Council's five permanent members can lead to deadlocks. * The General Assembly can interfere in such cases under Resolution 377(V), This resolution allows the General Assembly to take action when the Security Council fails to act due to lack of unanimity, the "Uniting for Peace" resolution demonstrates the adaptability of the UN system in addressing global conflicts. * The First United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I) was established during the Suez Crisis under this resolution. 39. How are UN peacekeeping operations funded? UN PKOs are funded through assessed contributions from all Member States. The amount each state contributes is determined by the General Assembly, which considers the economic wealth of each country. Permanent members of the Security Council bear a larger share of the costs, reflecting their significant role in maintaining global peace and security. Lesson 1.2: Peace and Security Activities 1.The Spectrum of Peace and Security Activities: It takes appropriate peace and security actions to: * Prevent disputes from escalating into violent conflict. * Prevent a relapse to conflict. * Help restore peace when conflict does break out. * Build a lasting or sustainable peace. 2. Out of the five types of peace and security activities, only two may involve use of force peacekeeping and peace enforcement. 3. Conflict prevention happens before a conflict starts, or when there is a risk of relapse into conflict. It includes diplomatic measures, negotiation, dialogue, mediation, enquiries into sources of disagreement and confidence-building. 4. Peacebuilding to deal with existing conflicts. is the complex and long-term process of creating the necessary conditions for lasting peace. The conditions for lasting peace are created by working on the root causes of violent conflict. 5. Peacemaking involves measures to deal with existing conflicts. It usually involves diplomatic action aimed at bringing hostile parties to a negotiated peace agreement. 6. Peace enforcement involves measures to deal with existing conflicts. Peace enforcement may involve coercive measures, such as sanctions or blockades. The Security Council may authorize use of armed force as a last resort. 7. The UN does not usually engage in peace enforcement itself. The Security Council may use regional organizations for peace enforcement action, under Chapter VIII of the UN Charter. Regional organizations only undertake peace enforcement when authorized by the Security Council. 8. Robust peacekeeping involves the use of force at the field level ONLY, and requires the consent of the host country parties to the conflict. “Force” means armed force only. 9. The Security Council has authorized robust peacekeeping mandates to: Protect civilians under immediate threat of attack 10. Regional organizations or coalitions have carried out an increasing number of peace enforcement operations like (NATO), the European Union (EU) and African Union (AU). 11. The UN responds with appropriate peace and security activities when? Before, During, After conflict 12. Peace process is normally used to refer to the process of achieving a peace agreement. 13.Peace agreement is normally used to refer to an agreement intended to end violent conflict. It contributes towards building a more durable/lasting and final political settlement (political solution). 14. Multidimensional peacekeeping missions create a secure and stable environment, while supporting implementation of a Peace agreement. 15. Intra-state conflicts are conflicts (a) within/between states 16. The UN Security Council authorizes all UN peace and security activities. 17. Peacekeeping operations with a mix of military, police and civilian personnel to carry out diverse mandated tasks are: Multi-dimensional missions 18. A cease-fire agreement is a type of peace agreement. A cease-fire agreement refers to a temporary stoppage of war or any armed conflict for an agreed-upon timeframe or within a limited area. These agreements are military in nature and are basically designed to stop warring parties from continuing military actions while political negotiations are conducted to find a more durable solution. 19. Political process can refer to the process of achieving a more durable/lasting and final political settlement (political solution) to end conflict or maintain peace. 20. The Cold War refers to the economic, political and military tension between two world powers – the United States and the Soviet Union. The length of the Cold War was from 1945 to 1991. The Cold War divided the world into two ideological blocks – the Western Bloc (the United States, NATO allies and others) and the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies in the Warsaw Pact). Rivalry between the two world powers meant that proxy wars were fought by other states on their behalf 21. Does peacekeeping usually take place when conflict has ended? Yes. Peacekeeping usually takes place where conflict has ended. Peacekeeping is an approach designed to “keep” the peace and help implement peace agreements. Parties to a conflict have to agree on ceasefire agreement or peace process. 22. Are peacekeeping and peacebuilding the same? No. Peacekeeping usually happens after fighting has ended, authorized with consent of parties to a conflict. It preserves the peace and helps implement peace agreements. Peacebuilding, carried out in the aftermath of violent conflict, works on root causes of conflict to create conditions for lasting peace. It is long-term. Peacebuilding measures reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into violent conflict. 23. Do peacekeeping personnel and their work contribute to conflict prevention, peacemaking, peace enforcement and peacebuilding? Yes, each peace and security activity contribute to and reinforces other measures. Progress on other measures affects peacekeeping. Peacekeeping work influences conditions for success of other measures. 24. Does the Security Council use peaceful measures to resolve violent conflicts? Yes. Peace and security activities include peaceful measures, AND coercive measures. Coercive measures use force (including the use of armed force as a last resort), and are authorized by the Security Council when other peaceful measures have failed. Peacekeeping and peace enforcement involve coercive measures. 25. Does the Security Council use three main types of peace and security activities No. The spectrum of peace and security activities includes five types of peace and security activities: conflict prevention, peace enforcement, peacemaking, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding. 26. Can peace enforcement be authorized without consent of parties to the conflict? Yes. The Security Council authorizes coercive measures when other peaceful measures have failed. Peace enforcement involves coercive measures such as sanctions, blockades, and the use of armed force. However, consent of parties to the conflict is not required. 27. Do both peace enforcement and robust peacekeeping require the Security Council to authorize use of force? Yes, Peace enforcement and peacekeeping involve the use of force at the international level WITH different countries, and without the consent of the parties to a conflict. “Force” may include sanctions, blockades or armed force, as a last resort 28. What is the timeline for when multidimensional Peacekeeping operations replaced traditional peacekeeping operations? The decision by the UN Security Council to deploy a traditional or multidimensional peacekeeping operation relates to the nature of the conflict rather than any timeline. Multidimensional peacekeeping operations have not replaced traditional peacekeeping operations as such, rather since the end of the Cold War internal armed conflicts constitute the vast majority of today's wars and therefore the deployment of multidimensional peacekeeping operations. For example, the UN Security Council reacted to the war between Ethiopia and Eritrea by deploying a traditional peacekeeping operation (UNMEE) in 2000, long after the end of the Cold War.  Peace Enforcement Robust Peacekeeping International level Field level Without consent of the parties With consent Force: sanctions, blockades or armed force Force: armed force Traditional PKO Complex (multi-dimensional) PKO Is mandated under chapter 6 Is mandated under chapter 6 and chapter 7 Is restricted to the military component and care The multidimensional model for the military aspects (Military tasks) has a mix of military, civilian and police capabilities The main objective of the T PKO is to occupy an The objectives include: interposition buffer zone between the 2 warring * Provision of humanitarian aid. states to conduct specific tasks which are: *organization and protection of elections. *Monitoring of Border or demilitarized zone. *Caring for POC, Child protection and DDR. *Monitoring of a Cease-fire or truce * supervision of government functions. *Supervision of the withdrawal of forces. * repatriation and rehabilitation of refugees. * No direct role in political efforts * Direct role in political efforts. Example: UN Military Observers Group in India Example: UN Mission in Mali and Pakistan Conflict BEFORE conflict, involves the use of diplomatic measures or other tools to prevent Prevention intra state tensions (between states) from turning into violent conflict. to deal with existing conflicts. It usually involves diplomatic action to bring hostile Peacemaking parties to a negotiated agreement. involves use of coercive measures CHPTER 8, such as sanctions or blockades. Peace Military force may be authorized, with existing conflicts OR as a last resort. The Enforcement Security Council authorizes all use of coercive measures. a technique designed to preserve the peace, where fighting has ended, and to assist in implementing agreements achieved by the peacemakers. Peacekeeping deployed in situations where the main parties to a conflict have shown their commitment to a cease-fire or a peace process. involves a range of measures aimed at reducing the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict. The national capacity to manage conflict and build a foundation for Peace-building sustainable peace and development are strengthened at all levels. … a complex, long-term process of creating the necessary conditions for lasting peace. deployed as an interim (temporary) measure to help manage a conflict. It also Traditional creates safer conditions for other actors to work on peacemaking activities. … do Peacekeeping not normally play a direct role in political efforts to resolve the conflict. 1.3 Principles of United Nations Peacekeeping: 1. Non-use of force, except in (a Self-defense and (b Defence of the mandate 2. All UN peacekeeping operations deploy with Consent of the main parties to a conflict. 3. Impartiality for UN peacekeeping operations means that mandates are implemented with No favor or prejudice to any parties to the conflict. 4. The Security Council authorizes use of force in UN peacekeeping. 5. Legitimacy, credibility and promotion of national and local ownership are Success factors or factors that influence success or essential or critical for peacekeeping. 6. Credibility is affected by how capable and effective the mission is at managing and meeting the expectations of the international and local communities. 7. The quality and Conduct of military, police and civilian peacekeeping personnel can directly affect perceived legitimacy. The UN expects all peacekeepers to act and behave to the Highest standards. 8. All peacekeeping personnel must make every effort to promote National and local ownership. 9. The credibility of a UN peacekeeping operation depends on the belief that the mission can achieve its Mandate. 10. A UN peacekeeping operation has international Legitimacy because it is based on the UN Charter and international law, and popularly accepted by Member States. 11. National and local ownership is grounded in the belief that building sustainable peace requires active engagement of Local actors at all levels. 12. What are the three basic principles of UN peacekeeping which have remained the same since 1945? 1. Consent 2. Impartiality 3. Non-use of force, except in self-defense or defense of the mandate 13. Coercive measures include sanctions, blockades, and military force as a last resort. 14. robust peacekeeping is deployed with consent of the host country and with a strong mandate to use force at the tactical level 15. peace enforcement, uses force at a strategic level, without the consent of the parties to a conflict. 16. To be legitimate means to be lawful, permitted or valid. 17. To be credible means that the UN is believable, worthy of confidence and trust. neutrality means not taking sides 18. Sovereignty refers to supreme power or authority. A “sovereign state” is one that is “completely and independently controlled by its own government.” 19. Why is consent critical for peacekeeping missions? Consent ensures a mission has political and physical freedom of action and support needed to carry out mandated tasks. Without consent, a UN peacekeeping operation risks becoming a party to the conflict. Security Council action without the consent of the parties is typically a peace enforcement mission, not a peacekeeping mission. 20. What does impartiality mean in UN peacekeeping? Impartiality means not taking sides. UN peacekeepers implement mandates with no favor or prejudice to any parties to the conflict. Impartiality means even-handed and unbiased contact with all parties to a conflict by a UN peacekeeping operation 21. What affects the credibility of the mission? Credibility is affected by how capable and effective the mission is at managing and meeting the expectations of the international and local communities. The mission and all personnel must work to implement the mandate, and must always maintain a confident, capable and unified posture. The mission must also be able to manage the expectations of the local population. 22. Give specific examples of behavior or conduct contributing to the perceived legitimacy of a peacekeeping operation. 1. high standards in implementing the mandate 2. how the peacekeeping operation uses force, 3. zero tolerance for any kind of sexual exploitation and abuse, and other forms of serious misconduct 4. the discipline imposed on personnel, 5. the respect shown to local customs, cultural artefacts, institutions, laws, and the environment. 6. the decency with which local people are treated. 23. What does “managing expectations” mean, in a peacekeeping operation? “Managing expectations” means each peacekeeping personnel must be careful to avoid making false promises to local communities. People expect a lot from a peacekeeping mission. A perceived failure to meet expectations may lead to dissatisfaction or active opposition. 24. Why is promoting national and local ownership so essential to peacekeeping success? Because It reinforces the perceived legitimacy of an operation; It is critical to successful implementation of a peace process or peace agreement, which the mission mandate supports. It helps ensure the sustainability of peacebuilding after the mission has withdrawn. In other words, that there is a lasting or sustainable peace. 25. Explain where international legitimacy comes from for UN peacekeeping operations. because it is based on the UN Charter and international law, and is popularly accepted by Member States. 26. What actions can peacekeeping personnel take to promote national and local ownership? Name at least three that you see as high priorities. * Be aware of and respect national sovereignty. *Work to support and build national capacity. *Build trust and cooperation with local and national actors. *Be sensitive to local needs and perspectives. *Be in touch with a wide range of contacts. *Talk to people in all parts of society, including marginal groups. *Make sure no group is or feels left out. 27. The three basic principles of UN peacekeeping only apply to peacekeeping operations in the field. False. The basic principles apply to everyone involved in UN peacekeeping – in the field and at headquarters. 28. The three basic principles of UN peacekeeping only apply to military personnel. False. The basic principles apply to all peacekeeping personnel, and to all aspects of UN peacekeeping. 29 Impartiality means equal treatment of parties to a conflict, at all times. False. Impartiality is not equal treatment of all parties at all times. This would be appeasement. In some cases, local parties are obvious aggressors and/or victims. Their actions may contradict agreements and Charter principles, as well as mission standards. 30. The aim of use of force in peacekeeping is military defeat. False. The aim of use of force is to influence and deter spoilers working against a peace process or trying to harm civilians, UN staff or property. The aim is not military defeat. Minimum use of force is to be applied to achieve the desired tactical result, still sustaining consent for the mission and its mandate. 31. How peacekeeping personnel (military, police, civilians) act can influence a peacekeeping mission’s perceived legitimacy. True. The perceived legitimacy of UN peacekeeping is affected by the quality and conduct of its personnel - police, military and civilians. The UN expects all peacekeeping personnel to act and behave to the highest standards. 32. Partnership between a peacekeeping operation and national and local actors is not a priority until near the end of a mission’s life. False. Promoting national and local ownership is a high priority, developing these partnerships is critical from the beginning of a peacekeeping operation, this helps a country reemerge quickly from conflict. 33. Part of the UN’s effort to promote national and local ownership includes reinforcing existing and building national and local capacity. True. The mission must allow national and local capacity to lead critical processes and state functions, such as military and police functions for security and public order. National and local capacity is what will carry on beyond the end of a peacekeeping mission and ensure lasting peace and development. 34. What is humanitarian work? Humanitarian work or “assistance” is generally accepted to mean the aid and action designed to save lives, alleviate suffering and maintain and protect human dignity. Humanitarian assistance includes basic supplies of drinking water and food, shelter and medical care. 35. What is the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement? The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a large global network of humanitarians. One goal is to reduce or “alleviate” human suffering. This is particularly important during armed conflict and other emergencies. The “Movement” is made up of the following components: 1. the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 2. the National Red Cross or Red Crescent Societies, 3. the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 36. How do armed peacekeepers know whether they can use force? The Rules of Engagement (for military) and Directive on the Use of Force (for police) will indicate where and when force can justifiably be used, and the graduated levels of force that are appropriate for different situations. 37. What is the difference between impartiality and neutrality? Impartiality, as a principle of UN peacekeeping, means that the peacekeeping operation deals with all parties to a conflict in an unbiased and evenhanded manner, and its actions are focused on implementing its mandate fairly. neutrality means to take no sides in hostilities or engage, any time, in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature. 38. What is the difference between the humanitarian principle of impartiality and the principle of neutrality? Is that different than the basic principle of impartiality in peacekeeping? The humanitarian principle of neutrality means that humanitarian assistance is provided to those persons in need without considering whether the political views of that group, their political leaders or government are considered to be “right” or “wrong” in any way The humanitarian principle of impartiality means that humanitarian assistance should be equally accessible to all who need it, regardless of their ethnic origin, gender, nationality, political opinion, race or religion The peacekeeping principle of impartiality is slightly different because it aims to keep the peace process moving forward by ensuring that the UN does not show bias or prejudice to any one party. 39. How long have the Basic Principles and Guidelines on UN Peacekeeping Operations been applicable? They have been applicable since the beginning of peacekeeping operations, however, the recent publication confirmed their validity and added improvements. 1.4 Legal Framework for United Nations Peacekeeping Summary 1. The legal framework for UN peacekeeping operations includes. 1-International Law, UN Charter, IHRL, IHL, International Refugee Law and International Criminal Law. 2-Security Council mandates 3- National law of the host country 4-MOU between the UN and the TCCs/PCCs o SOMA or SOFA 5-Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations of 1946 6-UN Internal Rules, Regulations and Guidance 7-Rules of Engagement (ROE) and Directive on the Use of Force (DUF) 2. Human rights are universal “Human rights” are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible. 3. Examples of human rights include “civil and political rights” 1-Life, not to held in slavery. 2- Freedom from torture 3-Protection from discrimination. 5- A fair trial 4-Freedom of expression 4. Examples of economic, social and cultural rights 1- the right to Join a trade union. 2-Food 3-Equal pay for equal work 4-Education 5-Social security and work 6-Housing and medical care 5. SOMA means Status of Mission Agreement. It is between the UN and a host country, and covers non- armed UN peacekeeping missions 6. SOFA means Status of Force Agreement. It is between the UN and a host country, and covers armed UN peacekeeping missions. 7. Under Chapter VIII on Regional Arrangements of the UN Charter, the Security Council may authorize deployment of peace operations led by a regional organization. 8. “Human rights” are rights We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language or any other status. Inherent. 9. The right to life, to freedom of expression, to be protected from discrimination, to education, food, equal pay for equal right are examples of Human rights. Specifically, the right to life, to freedom of expression, to be protected from discrimination are examples of civil and political rights 10. Vulnerable groups whose rights are protected with special measures in international human rights law include (name at least three Refugees, internally displaced persons, minorities, detainees, persons with disabilities, migrant workers, women children and the elderly. 11. Law of war or law of armed conflict is known as International humanitarian law. Its goal is to limit negative impact of armed conflict and lessen suffering during war. 12. International humanitarian law (IHL) protects those who do not engage in hostilities, or who are no longer doing so. 13. The Secretary-General’s Bulletin on the Observance by United Nations Forces of International Humanitarian Law of 6 August 1999 (ST/SGB/1999/13). IHL is complex. This bulletin clarifies what applies to peacekeepers. sets our fundamental rules of international humanitarian law applicable to all UN peacekeeping personnel. 14. International Refugee Law covers the obligations of states to protect refugees living in their territory. 15. The Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the UN of 1946 gives legal status to the UN and provides certain privileges and immunities to the UN and its officials. 16. The Rules of Engagement (ROE) guide use of force for the military component guides use of force for the military in peacekeeping. Directive on the Use of Force (DUF) guides use of force for police, where Formed Police Units (FPUs) are armed guides use of force for police. 17. International law is the body of rules governing the relationships between states and between individuals. It grants specific rights to individuals. It imposes duties and obligations on states, individuals, and groups. International law is globally recognized and accepted. 18. Treaties are binding instruments by which governments can be held accountable. International treaties have different designations, such as covenants, charters, protocols, conventions, accords, agreements. A state can become a party to a treaty by ratification, accession or succession. 19. Customary international laws are rules that come from a general practice accepted as law and that exist independent of treaty law. For example, while the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not itself a binding treaty, some of its provisions have the character of customary international law. Slavery, extra- judicial killing, torture, prolonged arbitrary detention, genocide are examples of Customary International Laws that are also covered by formal international laws 20. civilian refers to any person who is not or is no longer directly participating in hostilities or other acts of violence. 21. International human rights law and international humanitarian law cover the same content. False. Both are international law, but: International human rights law protects the fundamental human rights of every individual, in all times of armed conflict and peace. International humanitarian law protects those who do not engage in hostilities, or who are no longer doing in times of armed conflict only. 22. Some specifics of international humanitarian law can be ignored by a UN peacekeeping operation. False. Under no circumstances and in no situation can peacekeeping personnel violate international human rights law or international humanitarian law. 23. International law regulates peacekeeping activities and conduct. True. The list includes: UN Charter, International Human Rights Law, International Humanitarian Law International Refugee Law, International Criminal Law. 24. International law guides peacekeeping personnel in their official functions and their personal lives. True. The UN expects the same high standards in the private behavior of peacekeeping personnel as in professional life. Peacekeeping personnel are expected to follow international law and UN values, rules and regulations 24 hours a day, at work and away from work. Authorities deal with cases of misconduct firmly, fairly and quickly. This includes cases of serious misconduct such as sexual exploitation and abuse. 25. When the Security Council authorizes a peacekeeping mission, it must refer to a specific Chapter of the UN Charter. False. No reference to a Chapter needs to be made. The UN discourages references to traditional missions as Chapter VI missions, and multidimensional missions as Chapter VII. 26. International human rights law applies in times of war and in peace. True. International human rights law protects fundamental human rights of every individual at all times – in times of armed conflict and peace. International humanitarian law applies in times of armed conflict. 27. The UN Charter commits all Member States to promote, respect and follow human rights and fundamental freedoms for all. True. Articles 1 and 55 of the UN Charter binds all Member States with respect to human rights and fundamental freedoms without discrimination. 28. International humanitarian law (IHL) only applies to international conflicts. False. IHL applies in times of armed conflict, both international and non-international (or internal) conflicts. 29. The Geneva Convention of 1949 is a cornerstone of international humanitarian law (IHL). True. The main rules of IHL are in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and two Additional Protocols of 1977. Other rules regulate the means and methods of combat. 30. International Refugee Law identifies rights and guarantees relevant to the protection of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) False. International refugee law guarantees human rights of refugees and spells out State obligations to protect refugees living in a State’s territory. The Guiding Principles on Internally Displaced Persons identify rights and guarantees relevant to protection of IDPs 31. The Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court (ICC) organizes International Criminal Law. True. It defines the most serious crimes of international concern, including war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, and the crime of aggression. 32. Peacekeeping personnel have to follow the national laws of a host country as well as international law. True. Peacekeeping personnel follow national laws in a host country, as well as respect local customs and culture. 33. The Status of Mission Agreement (SOMA) covers how the UN will reimburse governments for troops or loaned equipment. False. The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the UN and the Troop/ Police Contributing Country is the legal agreement that details How the UN will reimburse governments for troops, formed police units or loaned equipment. 34. The Status of Force Agreement (SOFA) is the legal agreement between the UN and Troop Contributing Countries in peacekeeping missions with armed personnel. True. SOFA is one example of the agreement the UN enters into with the host country. The other is the Status of Mission Agreement (SOMA). SOFA applies to missions with armed personnel. SOMA applies to missions without armed personnel. 35. UN peacekeeping personnel are immune from legal process for a) words spoken or written and b) actions taken in an official capacity. True. The Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the UN of 1946 gives legal status to the UN. It also gives certain privileges and immunities to UN officials. This includes immunity from the legal process for words spoken or written and actions taken in an official capacity. It also covers immunity from personal arrest or detention. The Secretary-General can waive the immunity of any official or expert whenever immunity would impede the course of justice. 36. Use of force is guided by the Rules of Engagement (ROE) and Directive on the Use of Force (DUF). True. In addition, the mission’s Concept of Operations (CONOPs) also applies. So, do the UN Charter, and international law. ROE is for the military, and the DUF is for armed police 37. Why is having a legal framework for UN peacekeeping important? Provides legitimacy for the peacekeeping operation It directs the actions or tasks of the peacekeeping operation It guides peacekeeping personnel in their official functions and personal conduct 38. Who does international human rights law protect? Every person is protected by international human rights law – human rights are universal, and indivisible (they apply to everyone, and they cannot be divided). 40. Describe the International Bill of Human Rights. The International Bill of Human Rights is the cornerstone of human rights. It consists of: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) – adopted in 1948 The Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 41. Name at least three of five kinds of international law that apply to UN peacekeeping operations. 1. UN Charter. 2. IHRL 3. IHL 4. International Refugee Law. 5. International Criminal Law. 6.the International Bill of Human Rights. 42. What main parts of the UN Charter give the legal basis for UN peacekeeping? Explain provisions. Chapter 1, which states a main purpose of the UN is “to maintain international peace and security”. Chapter VI: Outlines a range of peaceful measures. Chapter VII: Authorizes the Security Council to “take such action by air, sea or land forces as may be necessary” The legal basis is in the two named chapters, However, when the Security Council authorizes a peacekeeping operation, it does not have to refer to a specific chapter of the UN Charter. Chapter VIII provides UN to involve regional partners in maintaining international peace and security. 43. What are the two reasons the Security Council refers to Chapter VII of the UN Charter in some resolutions for peacekeeping operations? Reference to Chapter VII authorizes coercive measures (e.g. sanctions, blockades). Such references: show the political commitment of the Security Council; reminds UN Member States and parties to a conflict that Security Council resolutions are binding. 44. What are the main legal sources of international human rights law? UN Charter Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with two Covenants Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Specialized human rights treaties (covering many topics: genocide, refugees, torture, racial discrimination, disabilities, children’s rights, trafficking, discrimination against women, disappearances) 45. Who does international humanitarian law (IHL) mainly protect? IHL protects those who do not engage in hostilities, or who are no longer doing so. Civilians Wounded Prisoners Medical personnel Humanitarian workers It upholds fundamental rights of civilians, victims and non-combatants in an armed conflict. 46. What ten essential rules are identified in International Humanitarian Law? 1. Civilian targets cannot be attacked. Attacks are to only be against military objectives. 2. Civilians and others no longer taking part in hostilities must be respected and treated humanely. 3. Anyone who surrenders or stops fighting, or is wounded, cannot be killed. 4. Torture is prohibited at all times and in all circumstances. 5. Captured combatants and civilians must be respected and protected. 6. Weapons or methods of warfare likely to cause excessive injury or unnecessary suffering are prohibited. 7. Wounded and sick must be collected and cared for. 8. Medical personnel and medical establishments, must be respected and protected. 9. The Red Cross, Red Crescent and Red Crystal emblems are signs of protection and must be respected. 10. Prevention and prosecution of war crimes covers actions relating to attacking civilians, recruiting children as soldiers, torturing prisoners and sexual violence. 47. What legal document covers internally displaced persons? The Guiding Principles on Internally Displaced Persons, which is distinct from International Refugee Law. 48. Explain the difference between a refugee and an internally displaced person. A refugee has: Fled his or her country Crossed an international border Lives in a different country and Cannot return home because of probable persecution. An internally displaced person has also fled from home and cannot return, but they have not crossed an international boundary. 49. What is covered by the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the UN and Troop Contributing Countries? This legal agreement specifies: How the UN will reimburse governments for troops, formed police units (FPUs) or equipment loaned to a peacekeeping operation 50. Explain the difference between SOMA and SOFA and the purpose of these agreements. SOMA: in peacekeeping operations without armed personnel, the UN has a SOMA with the host country which applies to all mission personnel. SOFA: in operations with armed personnel, the UN has a SOFA with the host country which applies to all personnel. Both SOFA and SOMA give “functional immunity” to all peacekeeping personnel. They cover military and police who are not UN staff. They detail the legal status and arrangements for: The UN’s use of facilities, transportation and other equipment, communications; Freedom of movement in the country Mechanism to solve disagreements on these issues between the host country and the UN. 51. What mission-specific documents guide use of force in a UN peacekeeping operation? 1. Rules of Engagement (ROE) for military. 2. Directive on Use of Force (DUF) for police, where (FPUs) are authorized to carry arms. 52. What’s the difference between ROE and DUF? A ROE applies to all armed military and units in a mission, A DUF applies to all armed police and units (such as Formed Police Units) in mission 53. Who in a peacekeeping mission needs to know ROE and DUF? Every armed peacekeeping personnel. Mission leadership is responsible for ensuring people know it well. UN Military and Police commanders are responsible for all personnel under their command knowing the ROE or DUF. 54. What do the red cross, red crescent and red crystal emblems represent? The Red Cross, Red Crescent, and Red Crystal emblems are powerful symbols of neutrality and aid in times of armed conflict. They serve as protective markers for medical services and facilities, ensuring that help reaches those in need, regardless of their side in a conflict. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, which encompasses various national societies and federations, as well as the ICRC, operates under the principles of impartiality and humanity. The introduction of the Red Crystal emblem in 2005 aimed to provide a neutral symbol without religious connotations, furthering the movement's universal reach and acceptance. 55. What is the difference between a Chapter VI and a Chapter VII peacekeeping mission? Chapter VI of the UN Charter deals with the "Pacific Settlement of Disputes" Chapter VII contains provisions related to "Actions with Respect to Peace, Breaches of the Peace and Acts of Aggression". United Nations peacekeeping operations have traditionally been associated with Chapter VI of the Charter. However, the Security Council does not need to refer to a specific chapter of the Charter when passing a resolution that authorizes the deployment of a UN peacekeeping operation. Only once has it named Chapter VI in a resolution authorizing a mission - for the UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), in Resolution 1495 (2003). 56. Is the International Criminal Court (ICC) part of the United Nations? No. The International Criminal Court is an independent international organization and it is not part of the United Nations system. Its seat is at The Hague in the Netherlands. Although the Court’s expenses are funded primarily by States Parties to the Rome Statute, it also receives voluntary contributions from governments, international organizations, individuals, corporations and other entities 57. How is the ICC different from the international criminal tribunals set up for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia? The International Criminal Court is the product of a multilateral treaty, whereas the Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda were created by the United Nations Security Council. These tribunals were created in response to specific situations and will be in existence for a limited time period. 58. What is the difference between the ICC and the International Court of Justice? ICJ does not have criminal jurisdiction to prosecute individuals. It is a civil tribunal that deals primarily with disputes between States. The ICJ is the principle judicial organ of the United Nations. whereas the ICC is independent of the UN. SOMA Status of Mission Agreement SOFA Status of Force Agreement IHRL International Human Rights Law IHL International Humanitarian Law UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights IDP Internally Displaced Persons ICC International Criminal Court TCC Troop Contributing Country PCC Police Contributing Country MoU Memorandum of Understanding (between the UN and TCCs/PCCs) FPUs Formed Police Units. 1.5: Security Council Mandates in Practice 1. Mandate means official order, directive or authorization to take specific action. 2. The UN Security Council gives the mandate for a UN peacekeeping operation. 3. Two types of assessment done before the Secretary-General recommends peacekeeping action to the Security Council are Strategic Assessment and Technical Assessment Mission (TAM) *Strategic Assessment: a UN systemwide analysis of the conflict situation. It brings together UN political, security, development, humanitarian and human rights entities – including UN Country Team (UNCT) in the country of interest – to: Develop a shared understanding of the conflict or post-conflict situation. *Technical Assessment Mission (TAM): goes to the country or territory recommended for a peacekeeping operation. The TAM involves the UNCT and may have people from the wider UN system to: Develop a shared understanding of the conflict or post-conflict situation Assess and analyze circumstances on the ground (overall security, political, humanitarian, human rights and military situation) Considers the implications of a possible UN peacekeeping operation 4. The Operational Framework is the detailed plan which puts the Security Council’s mandate into action. These planning documents clarify the roles and responsibilities of military, civilian and police personnel. *Operational Framework A Security Council mandate is a strategic decision *Establishment to set up. * Operationalization to put into action 5. The Mission Concept contains the vision and focus of the mission, and gives a roadmap for organizing the mission’s work. 6. The Concept of Operations (CONOPs). Outlines: key security objectives, requirements, tasks for military and police components. 7. The Results-based budget (RBB) is a mission planning tool which aims to achieve results. The UN uses RBB in two ways: 1. to get resources for peacekeeping; 2. to measure performance. 8. The Security Council monitors the implementation of the mandate through Regular reports. The Security Council requires regular reports from the Secretary-General on a country’s situation. Peacekeeping operations provide daily, weekly and monthly reports to Headquarters. USG - DPO prepares summary reports. The Security Council can adjust or change the mandate of the peacekeeping operation, based on these reports. The Security Council uses the reports to assess when an operation has completed its mandate, and decide when an operation should transition or withdraw. 9. A change in mandate for a peacekeeping operation requires a new Security Council resolution. 1. All peacekeeping personnel carry out the mandate of a peacekeeping operation. True. That is why it is critical for peacekeeping personnel to know the current mandate of their mission. The Security Council may update mandates, in new resolutions. 2. The Security Council only gives one mandate for any peacekeeping operation. False. As circumstances change, the Security Council may change the mandate, issuing a new resolution. 3. The UN expects peacekeeping personnel to keep confidential a Security Council resolution with a mission’s mandate. False. Security Council resolutions with mandates are public documents. The UN expects PK personnel to memorize the mandate so they can share and explain it to local people. 4. A Strategic Assessment brings together UN political, security, development and human rights parts to analyze the conflict situation. True. The main purposes of the strategic assessment are to: develop a shared understanding of a conflict or post-conflict situation. The Strategic Assessment is followed by a Technical Assessment Mission (TAM) to the country or territory recommended for a peacekeeping operation. Both the Strategic Assessment and the TAM involve representatives from different parts of the UN system. 5. A Security Council mandate gives detailed instructions for managing a UN peacekeeping operation. False. A Security Council mandate gives high-level strategic direction. It does not give details or specific instructions to guide how a mission implements the mandate. The “operational framework” contains key planning documents which guide how a mission implements a Security Council mandate. 6. The Operational Framework is one document. False. At least six key planning documents are part of an operational framework: 1. Integrated Strategic Framework (ISF). 2. ROE 3. DUF. 4. RBB. 5. Mission Concept. 6. Concept of Operations CONOPs. 7. The Integrated Strategic Framework (ISF) is a strategic plan for the peacekeeping operation only. False. The ISF is a strategic plan for the peacekeeping mission and other UN actors in the host country (UNCT). The UN takes an integrated approach for better results. “Integrated Assessment and Planning” ensures one common UN vision and strategy. 8. Police and military components in a peacekeeping mission have their own CONOPs. True. “Military Strategic Concept of Operations”, and “Police Concept of Operations”. 9. Every mandate for UN peacekeeping is adapted to a particular conflict and existing peace agreement. True. UN peacekeeping operations are deployed to support implementation of a cease-fire or peace agreement. There must be “peace to keep”. The type and content of peace agreements reached by parties to a conflict influence Security Council mandates. 1. Why must peacekeeping personnel know the mandate of their peacekeeping operation? 1. The mandate sets the tasks of the peacekeeping mission. 2. UN peacekeeping personnel are deployed to carry out or “implement” the tasks set in the mandate. 3. UN peacekeeping personnel must explain why the PKOs is in a country and what it does. 2. List the key partners DPO and DOS consult with in a strategic assessment of a crisis situation. 1. UN system, including the UNCT 2. host government, national authorities 3. civil society, local representatives 4. regional, sub-regional organizations 5. international financial institutions (IFIs) such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund 6. key members states (potential troop and police contributing countries 3. What relationship exists between the Mission Concept and the Concept of Operations (CONOPs)? The Mission Concept is developed from the mandate; The CONOPS is prepared from the Mission Concept. 4. What are reasons for the UN to revise the Mission Concept? Any change in conditions may require development or revision of a Mission Concept. For example: change in mission mandate reconfiguration of the mission or UN presence key milestones in the mission’s lifecycle (such as completion of DDR programs, or a successful election) 6. What are regular reports from the Secretariat (USG of DPO) and Secretary-General to the Security Council used for? Regular reports are used by the Security Council to monitor the implementation of the mandate. The Security Council uses the reports to: Assess when an operation has completed its mandate Decide when an operation should transition or withdraw 7. When has a peacekeeping mission successfully completed its mandate? Peacekeeping missions are Consider successful when they achieve the benchmarks set for their specific context, which are custom-made to reach the root causes and dynamics of the conflict. These benchmarks can include a range of indicators such as the cessation of violence, the protection of human rights, the establishment of stable political institutions, and the conduct of free elections. The United Nations determines these benchmarks based on detailed reports and resolutions, and they are designed to be flexible to adapt to the changing realities on the ground. Do contingent commanders and/or sector commanders receive a copy of the military CONOPS, or do they draft their own CONOPS for their area of responsibility? The CONOPS applies only to the Head of the Military Component (HOMC). The HOMC uses the CONOPS to draft his/her Operational Order (or Plan) which applies to contingent and sector commanders, who are then required to draft their own plans for their area of responsibility based on the HOMC’s Operations Order (or Plan). Do military and police always have separate CONOPs? Yes. Although both the police and military CONOPs are drafted at DPKO Headquarters in NY, they are separate documents handed over to the Head of the Police Component (HOPC) and Head of the Military Component (HOMC) respectively. Why is the use of force by military and police governed by two different legal documents? Military and police use force for different purposes in peacekeeping operations. The military uses force to deter or remove a security threat from armed forces or groups, while the police use force to arrest civilians and address criminal behavior. The use of force by military and police are therefore also governed by different sources of law (the military is governed by humanitarian law and the police by human rights and domestic criminal law). Who drafts the Rules of Engagement and/or Directive on the Use of Force? The ROE is drafted by the Office of Military Affairs. DOF is drafted by Police Division in DPO in New York, and approved by the UN’s Office of Legal Affairs Where is it clarified whether UN Police are armed or not? This is specified in the Directive on the Use of Force specific to the particular mission and its mandate. What are “key milestones in the mission’s life cycle”? Key milestones in a mission's life cycle are critical stages that mark significant phases of progression. These include the initial setup where the mission works towards operational readiness, the implementation phase where the mission executes its mandate, and the transition phase which involves the strategic withdrawal and transfer of responsibilities. Each milestone is pivotal, ensuring that the mission's objectives align with the overarching goals set by the governing body, such as the United Nations Security Council, and are crucial for the mission's success and eventual conclusion. 1.6: How Peacekeeping Operations Work HOM Head of Mission SRSG Special Representative of the Secretary-General COS Chief of Staff DMS/CMS Director/Chief of Mission Support HOMC Head of Military Component HOPC Head of Police Component DSRSG Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General Principal DSRSG Principal Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General RC Resident Coordinator DSRSG/RC/HC Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General, Resident Coordinator, Humanitarian Coordinator (“triple-hatted”) HC Humanitarian Coordinator HCT Humanitarian Country Team OIC Officer-in-Charge CAS Chief Administrative Officer CISS Chief Integrated Support Services DOA/CAO Director of Administration / Administrative Officer MLT Mission Leadership Team SMG Senior Management Group ISS Integrated Support Services MSC Mission Support Centre JOC Joint Operations Centre JMAC Joint Mission Analysis Centre JLOC Joint Logistics Operation Centre 1. How does the UN define “operational authority”? Member States delegate operational capabilities of their military and police to the UN for PKMs. and retain national responsibilities like pay and promotions for their military and police personnel. The Secretary-General, under the Security Council's authority, holds operational authority over these forces. Tactical planning and decisions are overseen by the UN's Military and Police Component. Conduct and discipline are regulated by both national and UN standards for military and police in peacekeeping roles. 2. Name six main positions of authority in UN peacekeeping operations. 1- Head of Mission/Special Representative of the Secretary-general (HOM/SRSG) 2- Deputy SRSG / Resident Coordinator (DSRSG/RC) 3- Chief of Staff (COS). 4- Director/Chief of Mission Support (DMS/CMS) 5- Head of Military Component (HOMC). 6- Head of Police Component (HOPC) 3. Describe the responsibilities of the Head of Mission/ Special Representative of the Secretary-general (HOM/SRSG)? The HOM/SRSG has two main areas of responsibility: 1. the peacekeeping mission – provides strategic vision, guidance, management and has authority over all 2. political dialogue and good offices – to keep the peace process alive, lessen tensions, manage potential relapse to violence 4. Explain the “triple-hatted” Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General (DSRSG). When the same person is serves as the DSRSG, the Resident Coordinator (RC) and the Humanitarian Coordinator (HC). 1- DSRSG in the mission supporting the SRSG. 2- RC leading the UN Country Team (UNCT). 3- HC leading the Humanitarian Country Team (HCT). 5. Who is the most senior UN official in a peacekeeping mission authorized to spend UN funds from mission budget? The Director or Chief of Mission Support (DMS/CMS), authorized spending of UN funds from mission budget. 6. Joint and integrated structures exist for support and substantive components. Name two for each. 1- 1- Integrated Support Services (ISS). 2- Mission Support Centre (MSC). 3- Substantive Joint Operations Centre (JOC). 4- Joint Mission Analysis Centre (JMAC) 7. What is the main role of the Mission Support Centre (MSC)? The MSC is a single point of coordination for all logistics support in a mission area, UN and non-UN. 8. How are the Joint Operations Centre (JOC) and the Joint Mission Analysis Centre (JMAC) the same? How are they different? The same – similar functions The JOC and JMAC integrate information from different sources into clear reports. They both gather information, manage and respond to information, and support crisis management responses. Different – different functions, especially in emergencies Separate functions are: JOC consolidates information from across the Mission and UNCT about developments. It is the mission’s information hub: consolidates information daily, updates mission wide and reports to headquarters. During a crisis, the JOC becomes the HOM’s crisis management center. JMAC analyzes information and patterns of incidents, anticipates threats and risks. It informs medium and long-term decision-making by mission leadership. JMAC does opportunity and threat analysis. It also contributes to a mission’s early warning efforts through predictive analysis. In a crisis, JMAC has a role to: a) anticipate potential and emerging crises, b) identify possible outcomes and implications the structures work closely together and with HOM. Where possible, they collocate. 9. What structure in a mission analyzes and anticipates threats, risks and patterns of incidents? The Joint Mission Analysis Centre (JMAC) 10. What structure in a mission consolidates information about developments? The Joint Operations Centre (JOC) 1. The UN has Operational Authority over everyone in a UN peacekeeping operation, including military and police. This authority has been given to the HOM by the Secretary-General and USGs DPO and DOS. 2. Substantive components of a peacekeeping mission implement tasks which assist Mandate beneficiaries, those who receive mission services according to the mandate. These include national partners and local people and institutions. 3. In the mission, the (HOM/SRSG) exercises “operational authority” over all civilian, military and police personnel in a peacekeeping operation. “Operational authority” involves ultimate authority at field level to direct all mission components The Secretary-General delegates this operational authority to the HOM/SRSG. 4. Most multidimensional peacekeeping missions have Two Deputy Special Representatives of the Secretary General (DSRSGs). Name them. 1. The Principal DSRSG – responsible for political, operational, rule of law aspects of the mission. Also, delegated responsibility for management of the mission operations. 2. The Resident Coordinator (RC) DSRSG – leads the UN Country Team, coordinates work of UN agencies, funds and programs. In contexts where there is a humanitarian emergency, this second DSRSG may also be appointed Humanitarian Coordinator (HC). 5. The Director/Chief of Mission Support (DMS/CMS) is the authority figure responsible for ensuring necessary logistical and administrative support to the mission. 6. The Head of Mission/Special Representative of the Secretary General (HOM/SRSG) only exercises authority over military and police personnel through Heads of the military and police components: Head of Military Component (HOMC), Head of Police Component (HOPC). This line of authority maintains the integrity of military and police chains of command. 7. The MLT and SMG are the two senior management structures in a peacekeeping mission. The MLT is the mission’s executive decision-making forum, with senior decision-makers from components. 8. Military, civilian, police are substantive components in UN multidimensional peacekeeping operations. They work together on tasks according to the mandate. They are substantive components because they work on “substantive” or essential tasks outlined in the mandate. 9. The JMAC contributes to a mission’s early warning efforts through predictive analysis. 1. The mission structure supports mandate implementation. True. Mission structures suit the mandates authorized by the Security Council. These differ because mandates respond to particular conflicts. 2. The tactical overlaps with strategic and operational levels of authority in peacekeeping. False. The operational overlaps with the strategic level above, tactical below the tactical level only overlaps with the operational level, not directly with the strategic level. 3. Troop and police contributing countries (Member States) can adjust tactical plans and decisions. False. Member States are not permitted to adjust plans, decisions or operations. The UN’s “operational authority” includes authority over all military and police personnel in UN peacekeeping operations. 4. The support component is responsible for administration, communication, and the resources for substantive component. True. The support component provides logistics, communication, and administration for substantive components. Substantive components directly assist local, national people and institutions. 5. The SRSG in multi-dimensional peacekeeping operations is usually a senior Military officer. False. SRSG in multidimensional peacekeeping is usually a civilian. The SRSG may be the Head of Military Component (HOPC) in traditional peacekeeping – in other words, a senior Military officer 6. The Chief of Staff (COS) works closely with the HOM/SRSG. The COS is generally responsible for the effective and integrated management of all the mission's activities in line with the strategic vision and guidance from the HOM. The Chief of Staff also coordinates mission policy and planning activities among the various components of the mission, True. The COS performs a senior level staff and advisory function for the HOM and mission senior management. S/he guides integrated work. ** Heads of Military and Police Components may have internal Chiefs of Staff with similar responsibilities. These COSs work closely with HOMC/HOPC. 7. The HOMC and HOPC report to the HOM and have technical reporting lines to UN headquarters. True. HOMC has a technical reporting link to the UN Military Adviser, HOPC to the UN Police Adviser. This serves two purposes. 1) It ensures technical aspects of field operations follow UN policies and standards. 2) It helps UN headquarters in official contact with Member States about military and police work. 8. Joint and integrated structures bring together civilian, military and police specialists to ensure effective coordination and good use of resources. True. Joint and integrated structures ensure good coordination and use of resources. They exist for support and substantive work. They combine civilian and military services. They are all headed by civilians. 9. Only peacekeeping personnel in the JOC and JMAC work with information and reports. False. Everyone in a peacekeeping mission has a role in gathering information and feeding it into the mission’s joint structures for reporting, analysis and response. 10. Information from the UN Country Team is part of the information stream for JOC and JMAC. True. The JOC and JMAC gather information from sources across a mission and from partners outside it, particularly those in the UN. They manage and respond to that information, helping ensure cohesion across the UN. 11. The JOC plays a key role during times of crisis. True. During times of crisis, JOCs may play a key role so that a crisis is managed in an integrated way. They may facilitate a coordinated response among mission components. When a crisis occurs, senior management need to convene in a known venue, such as JOC. The JOC becomes the HOM/SRSG’s crisis management center. 1. Peacekeeping personnel need to know how peacekeeping operations work because: (a) peacekeeping operations are not like other organizations (b) peacekeeping operations are complex, with many aspects (c) levels of authority may be ambiguous, not clear-cut (d) units need to work together efficiently 2. Member States Retain national responsibility for pay, allowances and promotions. This applies to military and police personnel deployed to a UN peacekeeping operation, not to civilians. 3. A typical UN peacekeeping mission structure includes: (a) main positions of authority (b) substantive components (c) support components (d) integrated, joint structures 4. The Head of Mission/Special Representative of the Secretary General (HOM/SRSG) is Responsible for strategic vision and guidance of a peacekeeping mission. 5. Integrated Support Services (ISS): TRUE: (a) supports logistics (b) covers regions or sectors NOT TRUE: (c) – ISS does not cover combat aviation units, or any other combat units, (d) – civilians head ISS and other integrated management structures. 6. Each peacekeeping mission has a Unique or different structure 1.7: Working as One in the Mission 1. Why does it matter if different components of peacekeeping missions work together? Everyone contributes to achieving the mandate. The work of each component affects the tasks of other components. UN peacekeeping operations have complex mandates and operate in difficult environments. Peacekeeping personnel must know how to help each other. 2. What is “institutional culture”? How does it affect peacekeeping? Institutional culture is how people in an organization or institution act and behave, based on shared assumptions and values. It is what is “normal” for a particular group. UN peacekeeping brings together people from different institutional cultures. Differences challenge smooth cooperation. Peacekeeping personnel need to learn enough about the institutional culture of other mission components to work well across the differences. 3. What significant differences exist between military, civilian and police cultures? Short answer: The military has a system of hierarchy. There are clear lines of authority. The police have similar lines of authority to the military. They are not the same. The military and police often minimize ambiguity by making informed assumptions within a strong planning culture. Civilian organizations and government departments tolerate more ambiguity and uncertainty than military ones. They usually also have more flexible management models. Individuals may be used to autonomy and independence, not used to following authority. 4. What is military’s primary function in UN peacekeeping? The primary function of the military component is to create a secure and stable environment. At the same time, UN military personnel strengthen the State’s ability to provide security, with full respect for rule of law and human rights. These points cover the main function or role. Specific tasks are more varied. You may wish to ask participants to detail some military tasks. 5. Name the three main categories of military personnel in UN peacekeeping and give at least one example of each. 1. formed military units, contingents: companies, battalions, brigades 2. military experts on mission: military observers, military liaison officers, military advisors, arms monitor. 3. staff officers: specialized functions at mission force HQ or in joint mission structures 6. Name the three main categories of police personnel in UN peacekeeping and describe each. 1. individual police officers (IPOs) – seconded by Governments of Member States to the UN, usually for six months 2. formed police units (FPUs) – standalone unit of police officers deployed from the same country; Each FPU is about 140 officers with a main task of public order 3. specialized police teams (SPTs) – a group of experts with particular specialization, e.g. sexual violence, child protection, forensic services 1. The civilian component brings technical expertise for substantive and support work. True. The civilian component brings technical expertise for substantive and support work. For each mission the types of substantive civilian component units present depends on the mandate. Most multidimensional peacekeeping operations have these units: Political affairs Civil affairs Human rights Gender Public Information The support civilian component covers necessary mission logistics and administrative support. 2. Police from different countries may have different legal systems. True. Legal systems and the role of the police vary between countries, especially between two legal codes – common law, and civil law. Police in peacekeeping may have to adjust to different policing cultures within UNPOL as well as different institutional cultures that apply in military and civilian components. 1. The primary function of the military component is to Create a secure and stable environment This function enables the UN to implement other parts of peace agreements (human rights monitoring, humanitarian assistance). 2. For each mission the types of substantive civilian component units present depends on the mandate. 3. Police have two core functions in peacekeeping, 1. Operational support or interim executive policing and other law enforcement and 2. Support for reform, restructuring and rebuilding of host State police 1. Misunderstanding about the police role in UN peacekeeping missions is common because: check all that apply APPLY (b) countries have different legal systems and police structures (e) countries train policer officers in different ways DO NOT APPLY (a) roles in national police services are completely different from roles in a UN peacekeeping mission (c) joint work with other components is unique (d) elections are conducted differently (f) protecting civilians is complicated 2. Civilian components in UN peacekeeping: check all that apply. (a) – work in both support and substantive components, in a variety of roles. (b) – have national and international civilian experts. (d) – have limited roles in traditional peacekeeping. DO NOT APPLY (c) – civilians do not just concentrate on peacebuilding: their work spans many mandated task areas (e) – civilians deploy as individuals, not as part of specialist groups, as police may be Civilian Units Political Affairs does early assessments of a mission’s political environment, has a critical role supporting the SRSG/HOM and senior leadership Public Information communicates for the mission; targets priority audiences; manages media relations and crisis communications Civil Affairs works at local (sub-national) political levels to support peacekeeping measures, strengthen conditions and structures for sustainable peace Electoral Assistance assists the national electoral authority Human Rights protects human rights, empowers people in the host country to assert and claim their human rights; enables state institutions to fulfil human rights responsibilities Justice assists national authorities with judicial and legal systems (reestablishing, strengthening and reforming them) Corrections transfers knowledge and skills to support national staff to develop and manage a prison system to international standards (safe and secure, gender sensitive, humane, free of human rights violations) Security Sector Reform assesses security sector needs; provides policy for security provision and governance Mine Action deals with Explosive Remnants of War (ERW); gathers information on ERW threats, impact, mitigation Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration supports national partners as they implement DDR programs for ex-combatants Child Protection mainstreams child protection through mandate implementation Gender promotes and supports gender sensitive approaches to mandate implementation HIV/AIDS mainstreams HIV, as a crosscutting issue, into mission mandates Mission Support manages aviation, supply, engineering, transport, communications and information technology, property management, movement control  UNMO United Nations Military Observer MLO Military Liaison Officer MILAD Military Adviser AM Arms Monitor HOMC Head of Military Component Chief Military Observer – HOMC title in smaller missions with only unarmed CMO personnel CMLO Chief Military Liaison Officer JMAC Joint Mission Analysis Centre (from MONUSCO example) UNPOL UN Police IPO Individual Police Officer SPT Specialized Police Teams FPU Formed Police Unit HOPC Head of Police Component IT Information technology SS Integrated Support Services MSC Mission Support Centre DMS/CMS Director or Chief of Mission Support Lesson 1.8: Mission Partners 1. The UN Country Team. “Internal” refers to the UN System, not just internal to the mission is a UN peacekeeping mission’s most important internal partner. Some participants may name humanitarians. Humanitarian partners are mostly external. Stress the necessary separation between humanitarian actors and peacekeepers. Some may name national partners. Explain that “internal” means in the UN, reinforcing the importance of national partners to lasting peace. 2. National partners: host government, ministries, key institutions, military, police, civil society groups are key partners because they will be impacted by the mandate, and also have an impact on achieving the mandate. 3. The Integrated approach means the UN peacekeeping operation and the UNCT all work towards the “same” or “common” strategic vision for multi-dimensional peacekeeping operations, the UN takes an “integrated approach” for all parts of the UN system active in the country (the UNCT). Cooperation amplifies and sustains impact. This is the benefit of the “integrated approach”. The UN takes an integrated approach for better results. A host country’s peace consolidation needs are better met when the mission and UNCT work on agreed priorities. 4. Partnerships with state actors in the host country include All levels of the host government. Also, state security, such as national military and police. 5. The UN’s external partners in peacekeeping include ______________. International financial institutions (WB, IMF) Donors International NGOs, e.g. OXFAM, Save the Children, Concern (other humanitarian NGOs) Individual Member States (diplomats, non-UN led military formations deployed nationally, contractors working for donors) Inter-governmental organizations – regional and sub-regional ICRC – International Committee of the Red Cross *** ICRC is not part of the UN. Neither is it an NGO. ICRC has a unique international legal status, recognized in international humanitarian law. 6. Although not an international or intergovernmental organization, The International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC has a mandate to protect and assist victims of armed conflict. It has an "international legal personality" or international legal status of its own. Its mandate is: 1. specified in international humanitarian law; 2. recognized by all States. ICRC is not part of the UN. It has a recognized role in humanitarian aid. 1. The World Bank and International Monetary Fund are not part of the UN. True. They are not strictly UN agencies, but they are part of the “UN family”. 2. UN involvement with a host country usually begins with a peacekeeping mission. False. UN agencies, funds and programs in a country (which make up the UN Country Team) already have relationships and programs in a country. Their work continues after the mission leaves. 3. State actors such as Government, ministries, military and police are the only national partners for peacekeeping missions. False. National partners include nonstate actors – civil society, nongovernmental organizations, the private sector – as well as state actors. Sometimes state actors do not consider needs of all citizens. This may be a root cause of violent conflict. Sometimes state actors contribute to conflict. The UN commits to inclusive, democratic processes. These rely on a strong civil society. 1. Who are the mission’s UN partners? All the UN agencies, funds and programs in a country. These are the UN Country Team (UNCT). 2. What does an “integrated approach” mean for the UN in a country? An “integrated approach” means the UN peacekeeping operation and the UNCT all work towards the “same” or “common” strategic vision. For multi-dimensional peacekeeping operations, the UN takes an “integrated approach” for all parts of the UN system active in the country (the UNCT). 3. What benefits does an integrated approach bring? Cooperation amplifies and sustains impact. This is the benefit of the “integrated approach”. The UN takes an integrated approach for better results. A host country’s peace consolidation needs are better met when the mission and UNCT work on agreed priorities. 1. The UNCT is important to a UN peacekeeping operation because: check all that apply. APPLY (a) – The UNCT has a track record, history in the host country, relationships, knowledge and networks. It is an information source and internal partner for peacekeeping operations. (c) – gives continuity to relationships between a host country and the UN. Members are long-term partners of the host state DO NOT APPLY (b) – All UN entities in a country belong to the UNCT. (d) – UN agencies, funds and programs that are part of the UNCT report to different governing bodies and executive boards, not the Security Council. (e) Resident Coordinator (RC) chairs the UNCT. The RC is usually also the RR, Resident Representative for UNDP. During insecure times when a peacekeeping mission is present, one of two DSRSGs may serve as RC. 2. Civil society is an important peacekeeping partner, and includes: check all that apply (a) political parties _____(b) national NGOs _____(c) citizen associations _____(d) private sector (f) a group of citizens linked by common interests, not organized formally DOES NOT APPLY (e) – the national police force or service is part of the security sector in the host country, not a civilian organization or part of civil society 3. National partners are key partners for UN peacekeeping operations because: check all that apply. APPLY (b) – they are “mission mandate beneficiaries” or “UN clients” (d) – they have an impact on achieving the mandate (e) – they will be impacted by the mandate DO NOT APPLY (a) they follow the UN priorities and not their own (c) follow their own independent agendas 4. Check all the intergovernmental organizations INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (a) African Union (AU) (d) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (e) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) (g) European Union (EU) NOT INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (a) International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) – has an “international legal personality” status of its own (c) OXFAM International (OXFAM) – an international NGO (f) Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) – is a part of the UN organization An “integrated approach” means the UN peacekeeping operation and the UN Country Team all work towards the same strategic vision. What is the difference between a mission component and a mission partner? A mission component refers to an office, unit or section within the mission that reports to the Head of Mission. A mission partner refers to organizations or institutions that are external to the peacekeeping mission offices, sections or units. These can be UN partners, like the UN agencies, funds and programs, or national partners, like the government or local NGOs etc. How are the UN peacekeeping, humanitarian and development budget cycles different? UN peacekeeping operations are funded by the General Assembly, which seeks “assessed contributions” from all Member States. This budget cycle works on a one-year basis. Does UNICEF only focus on children’s education? UNICEF is the UN International Children’s Education Fund. UNICEF works to improve the lives of children. The name suggests that UNICEF only focuses on Education, but it also has programs on children’s health and human rights. UNICEF does not handle child protection, in the way a peacekeeping mission does. It has a continuous presence in a country, and a clear development focus. What kind of work is carried out by national NGOs? How is it relevant to peacekeeping? Different NGOs do different work, for example: Give humanitarian aid Demine Work on root causes of conflict, peacebuilding Represent the needs and interests of their members (women, youth, elderly, disabled, ethnic or religious groups) Support development projects or development goals including equality, non-discrimination, access to services Advocate for public good Bring public concerns to the government Monitor policies and programs Encourage civil society at all levels to engage in public processes