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MODULE 1 Republic Act 1425 (RIZAL LAW) of June 12, 1956 Sen Claro M Recto – Main promoter of the Rizal bill Jose P Laurel – Sponsor of the said Bill. Ramon Magsaysay – President that signed the Bill Historical Process: First Attempt was Senate Bill No. 438 On April 3, 1956. Presented on...

MODULE 1 Republic Act 1425 (RIZAL LAW) of June 12, 1956 Sen Claro M Recto – Main promoter of the Rizal bill Jose P Laurel – Sponsor of the said Bill. Ramon Magsaysay – President that signed the Bill Historical Process: First Attempt was Senate Bill No. 438 On April 3, 1956. Presented on April 17, 1956 Debates on Senate Bill No. 438 began on April 23, 1956 - three people who opposed the were Senators Mariano J. Cuenco, Francisco Rodrigo and Decoroso Rosales, all of them identified as devoted Catholics. Fr. Jesus Cavanna, a constant oppositionist of the bill, argued that the novels belonged to the past and that teaching them would misrepresent the current conditions of the Philippines One remarkable action taken by the Catholic Church to oppose the passing of the bill into law was publishing a pastoral letter written by then Archbishop of Manila, Rufino Santos. A similar bill (House Bill No. 5561) was filed by Congressman Jacobo Z. Gonzales in the House of Representatives on April 19, 1956. It was in this context that Senator Laurel proposed a substitute bill on May 9, 1956. With this, on May 12, 1956, Senate Bill No. 438 was unanimously approved on second reading. The Lower House imitated the Senate and on May 14, 1956, the bill was approved unanimously in the House of Representatives On May 17, 1956, the Senate and House version were approved. The approved version were transmitted to Malacanang and on June 12, 1956, President Ramon Magsaysay signed the bill to make it a law, thus giving birth to Republic Act 1425 also known as the RIZAL LAW MODULE 2 Nation (People/Community) - group of people that shares a common culture, history, language, and other practices like religion or belief system, kinship to a place, etc. State (Territory) - is a political entity that has sovereignty over a defined territory. Have laws, taxation, government, and bureaucracy— basically, the means of regulating life within the territory. Nation-state - a combination of the elements of the nation (people/community) and the state (territory). Nationalism is a set of systems—political, social, and economic witch is characterized by promoting the interests of one nation attached on the aim to achieve and maintain self-governance or total sovereignty. Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a nation; especially: a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others o It embraces that a particular nation should govern itself and should be free from external interference. o It is oriented towards developing and maintaining a national identity based on shared characteristics such as culture, language, race, and religion.  o It seeks to preserve and reshape a nation's culture.  Benedict Anderson a prominent historian and political scientist who study the origins of nationalism described the nation as a creation. For him, nation "is an imagined community. Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed) emerged as the establishing texts of Philippine nationalism. These novels exposed the ills of the Spanish colonial government and the evils prevailing in the Philippine society by presenting a narrative that contextualizes the country in terms of politics, economy, and culture. MODULE 3 - RIZAL IN THE 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES Economic and Political Situation of the Philippines The brief occupation of Manila by British forces in 1762-1764 and the rapid development of economies in Europe made Spanish administrators in the colony rethink their policies. Notable reforms were the abolition of the Galleon trade and the opening of the Philippines to world trade in 1830. This allowed the entry of foreign ideas mostly through the form of books and other printed media during that time. Industrial Revolution refers to the transition to new manufacturing processes that made use of steam- powered, special-purpose machinery, factories, and mass production in Europe. The end of Spain's wars with the Dutch and the British, as well as the nullification of the slave raiding activities of the Moro, also led to the development of agricultural lands and the discovery of new frontiers in the Philippines. With the principalias and mestizos (local elites) benefitting from these changes, Jose Rizal's family was considered to be one of the local elites in the province of Calamba since they were leasing large blocks of lands from friar estates Those developments however did not help in bridging the rich and poor. The gap led to different revolts such as the Basi Revolts in Ilocos Sur and Ilocos Norte during the early 19th century. They were directed not only against the Spanish authorities but also to the babaknangs or elites in the two provinces. The implementation of the Cadiz Constitution in 1812 also Provided a brief legal justification for the clamor for equality since it was stated in the document that all citizens of Spain, including those in the colonies, were equal under the law. Brigandage and tulisanes in Southern Tagalog increased their robbing, kidnapping, and plundering activities, prompting the colonial government to create the Guardia Civil in 1868. Education and the Rise of the Ilustrados Travelling to Europe during that time was also made easier with the opening of the Suez Canal in 1859. Suez Canal was the first infrastructure that paved the way for the importation of books, magazines, and newspapers with liberal ideas from Europe and America. In the case of Rizal, he was able to read various European literatures such as Alexander Dumas' The Count of Monte Cristo and the Three Musketeers. Ilustrados, eventually formed the core of a new emerging movement that asked the colonial government for much needed reforms in the Philippines. During leadership of Gov. Gen. Carlos Ma. Dela Torre (1869—1871) gave Rizal, the reformists, and the Filipinos an example of democratic rule. At the time of leadership of Dela Torre, media censorship  became relaxed and limited secularization of education began. He gave amnesty to rebels including Casimiro Camerino, the leader of the bandits of Cavite, and established the Guardia Civil. But he was replaced by Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo (1871- 1873) who was exactly the opposite of Dela Torre's liberal-minded rule. This led to the Cavite Mutiny on January 20, 1872 that was staged by about 200 military personnel of the San Felipe Arsenal in Cavite. However, was “interpreted” by the Spanish administrators and friars as an attempt to overthrow the government leading to massive breakdowns made against students along with some local elites in the country in 1872 The Cavite Mutiny was a failed uprising against the Spaniards. Those who were suspected to be involved in the mutiny were also arrested and executed. The Spanish authorities and the friars used the mutiny to implicate the three secular priests—Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, collectively known as Gomburza—and proclaimed that they were the instigators of the said mutiny. The priests were executed by garote at Bagumbayan on February 15, 1872. This event had a personal impact on Rizal and his family since Burgos was a personal friend of his brother, Paciano. The martyrdom of the three priests awakened the desire for independence among many Filipinos. In fact, Rizal dedicated his El Filibusterismo to them The liberal and progressive ideas of Rizal, together with the other reformists, stirred the national consciousness of natives which eventually led to the Philippine Revolution of 1896. Rizal's contribution to the decline of the Spanish rule in the 19th century is recognized until today MODULE 4 - THE ASCENDANCE OF THE CHINESE MESTIZO In the early 16th century, the Chinese were already in the Philippine archipelago. Some historians stated that it was during the pre-colonial period that the Chinese first arrived in the country as merchants between the coasts of Manila and China. During the height of the Galleon Trade, it was also Chinese products that comprised most the goods being traded. Only during the Spanish colonial period that Chinese immigrants became prominent in Philippine society. In 1594, the Spanish Governor Luis Perez Dasmariñas created Binondo as a permanent settlement for Chinese mestizos who converted to Catholicism. In this part of Manila, Chinese merchants and traders were free to do their business. Binondo also became the place of intermarriages between Chinese immigrants and Filipino natives, thus the emergence of Chinese mestizo Aside from Binondo, Chinese mestizo communities emerged in many other parts of the archipelago. Notable communities were Santa Cruz and Tondo in Manila. During the Spanish colonial period until 1740, the residents of the Philippines were classified into three: Spaniards, Indios, and Chinese. It was only in 1741 that their legal status was officially established when the whole population of the Philippines was reclassified into four according to tax payment or tribute. These classes are the (l) Spaniards and Spanish mestizos = were not required to pay tribute or tax (2) Indios (3) Chinese (4) Chinese mestizos.  By 1800s, Chinese mestizos in the provinces began to form opinions regarding the Spanish colonial rule. The most vibrant manifestation of the growing sense of Filipino nationalism appeared in the late 1870s in the writings of Pedro Paterno and Gregorio Sanciano, who were both Chinese mestizos. Paterno and Sancianco wrote about the essence of being a Filipino, defended the dignity of the Filipinos, and explained the supposed indolence of the Indios. Their writings were nurtured by Jose Rizal, a known pride of the Malay race but also a Chinese mestizo. Rizal descended from a pure Chinese ancestor and a long line of Chinese mestizos and mestizas. Jose Rizal is a fifth-generation Chinese mestizo. However, he and his father were considered as Indios. MODULE 5 - FAMILY, CHILDHOOD, AND EARLY EDUCATION OF RIZAL José Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna Three days later José was christened in the town's church by Father Rufino Collantes His mother, Doña Todora Alonso y Realonda, a firm Catholic, chose "José" since she was a devotee of San Jose, the patron saint of workers. His father, Don Francisco Mercado y Alejandro, gave the second name "Protasio" as near to "protesto" as he thought wise to spell it o Francisco's earliest ancestors were: Siang-co and Zun-nio, who later gave birth to Lam-co. o Lam-Co is said to have come from the district of Fujian in southern China and migrated to the Philippines in the late 1600s. In 1697, he was baptized in Binondo, adopting "Domingo" as his first name. He married Ines de la Rosa of a known entrepreneurial family in Binondo. Domingo and Ines later settled in the estate of San Isidro Labrador, owned by the Dominicans. o In 1731, they had a son whom they named Francisco Mercado. The surname "Mercado,” which means “market" was a common surname adopted by many Chinese merchants. He was active in politics and was elected as capitan del pueblo in 1783. o He had a son named Juan Mercado who was also elected as capitan del pueblo in 1808, 1813, and 1823 (Reyno, 2012). o Juan Mercado married Cirila Alejandra, a native of Bihan. They had 13 children, including Francisco Engracio, the father of José Rizal. o Following Governor Narciso Claveria's decree 1849, Francisco Engracio Mercado added the surname "Rizal," from the word "ricial" meaning "green field," as he later settled in the town of Calamba as a farmer growing sugar cane, rice, and indigo. o Being in a privileged family, Francisco Engracio (1818—1898) had a good education that started in a Latin school in Biñan. Afterwards, he attended the College of San Jose in Manila. o In 1848, Francisco married Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826—1911) who belonged to one of the wealthiest families in Manila. Teodora, whose father was a member of the Spanish Cortes, was educated at the College of Sta. Rosa. o She was described by Rizal as "a woman of more than ordinary culture" and that she is "a mathematician and has read many books". Rizal was affectionate to all his siblings. However, his relation with his only brother, Paciano, was more than that of an older brother. Paciano became Rizal's second father. Rizal highly respected him and valued all his advice. It was Paciano who accompanied Rizal when he first went to school in Biñan. It was also him who convinced Rizal to pursue his studies in Europe.  Like Rizal, Paciano had his college education in Manila but later decided to join the Katipunan and fight for independence. After the revolution, Paciano retired to his home in Los Bafios and led a quiet life until his death in 1930 CHILDHOOD José was presented by his father of a donkey named "Alipato" and a dog named "Usman". These pets and the garden made him closer to nature over which he developed deep sense of prudence and affection. Jose Rizal's first teacher was his mother. By three years old, Jose already able to recite the alphabet because of his mother's guidance. As Rizal grew older, his parents employed private tutors to give him lessons at home. The first was Maestro Celestino and the second, Maestro Lucas Padua. Later, an old man named Leon Monroy, a former classmate of Rizal's father. Aside from Monroy, Jose was also taught by his Uncle Manuel Alberto and Uncle Gregorio. The former was concerned with the physical development of Jose and instilled in him the love for nature while the latter taught him the value of education. After a Monroy's death, the hero's parents decided to send their gifted son to a private school in Biñan. Jose's first teacher in Biñan was Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz whom he described as tall, thin, long- necked, sharp-nosed with a body slightly bent forward. Juancho, was another name or maestro who taught Rizal painting and the very reason why he excelled also in drawing as well as sketches. After receiving a letter from his sister, Saturnina, Rizal returned to Calamba on December 17, 1870 after one-and a-half year of schooling in Biñan. He went home on board the steamship Talim and was accompanied by Arturo Camps, a Frenchman and friend of his father. INFLUENCE Francisco his father, Rizal learned the value of self-respect, love for work, and independent thinking. His greatest influence was his mother, Teodora. It was from her that Jose got his religiosity, a high sense of self-sacrifice, and love for the arts. His love for freedom and justice was inculcated in him by Paciano His sisters taught him to be respectful and kind to women. He got his love for books and his being hardworking from his Uncle Gregorio. His Uncle Jose encouraged him to develop his skills in painting, sketching, and sculpting. MODULE 6 - HIGHER EDUCATION OF RIZAL As a Student of Ateneo (1872-1877) At first, Francisco Mercado wanted Jose to study at Colegio de San Juan de Letran but Paciano convinced him to let Jose study instead at Ateneo Municipal de Manila (formerly Escuela de Pia, a charity school for the boys) With the help of Manuel Xerez Burgos, the nephew of the priest Jose Burgos, Rizal was admitted to Ateneo despite objections from some school administrators  At first, Father Magin Ferrando, who was college registrar, refused to admit him for two reasons: (1) he was late for registrar and (2) he was sickly and undersized for his age. Rizal was then eleven years old. Helped by Manuel Xeres Burgos. In the first two terms at Ateneo, classes were divided into groups of interns and externs On June 16, 1875, he became an interno in Ateneo. One of his professors this time was Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez. He became an admirer and friend of the small Calambala, whose Go-given genius he saw and recognized. On his part, Rizal had the highest affection and respect for Fr. Sanchez, whom he considered his best professor in the Ateneo. In his student memoirs, Rizal wrote of Father Sanchez in glowing terms, showing his affection and gratitude. He described this Jesuit professor as "model of uprightness, earnestness, and love for his pupils On March 14, 1877, he passed the oral examination and on March 23, 1877 he obtained the degree Bachiller en Artes and was awarded sobresaliente (outstanding). in April 1877 Rizal who was nearly 16 years old, went on to attend the University of Santo Tomas (UST) to study Philosophy.