Modern World Module PDF

11/28/23 1 International Politics & Events 1870 - 1940 2 How Did Industrialization Alter Everything? • Industrialization in certain world regions drastically altered power dynamics globally. • Some societies and states grew to have more power than others. • • Some historians refer to this period...

11/28/23 1 International Politics & Events 1870 - 1940 2 How Did Industrialization Alter Everything? • Industrialization in certain world regions drastically altered power dynamics globally. • Some societies and states grew to have more power than others. • • Some historians refer to this period beginning in the 1450s and continuing onward as the “Ascendency of Europe” • • 3 The Modern Era is Characterized by “Isms” • Historians and Social Scientists often refer to a collection of concepts that emerge in this period as “isms.” These isms include: • Imperialism • Colonialism • Nationalism 4 Nationalism • Nationalism: exaltation of characteristics within a community as a form of solidarity. • Shared language, culture, ethnicity, and ancestry OR shared political and civic values • The relationship between nationalism and myth • Reasons that nationalism may grow: persecution, divine purpose, urbanization, etc. • 5 Nations and Nationalism 1 • Nationalists wanted states’ borders to match those of an ethnic or linguistic group. • How to unite people within a nation-state? • Constructed identities • Role of national anthems (e.g., La Marseillaise in France) • 6 France • French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars à more people feeling 1 6 France • French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars à more people feeling ‘French’ —A republic representing the will of the people —Ideals of the French Revolution • Standardized French language • The role of the press, newly created public school system, and the army 7 Japan • Fostered nationalism to counter potential colonial conquest • Yamato race theory: fiction of common and superior ancestry — Role of Shintoism • Public education à dissemination of nationalism • Nationalism’s relation to militarism 8 Canada • 1867 Confederation à Canadian identity — Reconciled Anglophone and Francophone communities • First Nations: lost land but co-existed with Euro-Canadians — Religious education as a means of assimilation • Fear of U.S. invasion and resentment over British power à strengthening of collective identity • 9 Germany • Emphasized ethnic and linguistic solidarity • Napoleon united several German duchies and demanded taxes, fostering a collective resentment. • Literature, music, and painting as forms of cultural collectivity • Nationalism as tied to race 10 11 Bismarck and German Unification • 1848 uprisings à brief German parliament — Inspirational in the long term • Otto von Bismarck expanded Prussian lands. • 1871: political unification of Germany • Nationalism was encouraged through schools, the army, and the press. • Bismarck emphasized military virtues and promoted the army and press. • Bismarck emphasized military virtues and promoted the army and navy as symbols of national strength. 11 Nationalism and Multiethnic Empires • Multiethnic empires: mix of linguistic and religious groups • Habsburg Empire: ethnic groups wanted autonomy. • Russian Empire: sizeable ethno-linguistic groups plus religious minorities • Ottoman Empire: process of Turkification • Minority nationalism in nation-states versus empires 12 Imperialism 13 Technologies and Imperialism • Relationship between industrialization and imperialism • New technologies for empire building: steam power, cheaper guns, telegraph, quinine, etc. • 14 Nationalism in Support of Imperialism • Nationalism encouraged imperialism. —Examples: Britain, France, Italy, United States —Self-serving ideologies —Competition amongst nation-states • Culture of imperialism: celebratory literature, theater, music, public ceremonies, honors, etc. —Britain: Rudyard Kipling • 15 Social Darwinism and Pseudo-Scientific Racism • Charles Darwin’s The Origin of the Species (1859) • Social Darwinism: some nationalities (i.e., races) or socioeconomic classes were superior. — Reliance upon a supposed scientific proof • The ‘enfeeblement’ of men — Muscular Christianity 16 The British in India • East India Company conquered parts of India beginning in the 1750s. 16 • East India Company conquered parts of India beginning in the 1750s. • British Crown took Ceylon (1815) and Burma (1824), among others. • British Raj: form of indirect rule —Required regional cooperation • ‘Divide and rule’ strategy was successful in: —Politically fragmented states —Multireligious, multiethnic, multilinguistic populations —Entrenched social hierarchies 17 Economic Effects • Largely agrarian population with low yields • New infrastructure à integration of India —Standardized laws and English language • Introduction of free trade policies —Short term: devastation of Indian merchants —Initial shift toward production of raw materials —Concentration of new wealth 18 The French in Algeria • Overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim and mainly Arabic-speaking • Previously part of Ottoman Empire • French assault began in 1830: — European immigration to Algeria à changing population demographics • Abdelkadir: led rebellion against French in 1830s 19 Colons and French Rule • French language and Christianity was required for French citizenship. • Divide and rule exploited: —Language distinctions —Tribal identities • Economic impact: —Profitability for colons with few gains for Algerians —Redistribution of land 20 Forms of Imperialism: Settler Colonies • Colonies with settlers (e.g., Algeria): —Settler interests were put above the indigenous population’s. 20 • Colonies with settlers (e.g., Algeria): —Settler interests were put above the indigenous population’s. —Land conflicts à violence • Without settlers (e.g. India): —Military presence, little land expropriation —Economic exploitation • After 1870: European powers extend across Africa and Asia. • • 21 The Partition and Conquest Of Africa, 1874–1914 • The Berlin Conference (1874–1890): partition of Africa by six European powers —Agreed to ban trade of slaves, guns, and alcohol • Favorable conditions for Europeans: —Improved medicine and weaponry —Cattle disease decimated livestock à African soldiers fought for European states • 22 Colonial Africa to 1930 • Little investment in infrastructure or education —Schooling by missionaries —Empowering local (favored) elders to oversee tax collection, conscription, administration of justice, etc. • Exploitation of tribal identities • • 23 Economic Exploitation • Mining or commercial agriculture: ruthlessly extractive • West Africa: cocoa, palm oil, peanuts, cotton, etc. • South Africa/parts of central Africa: private companies developed mining operations. — Belgian Congo: brutal policies included forced labor, hostage system, etc. • Colonists saw exploitation as altruistic, as a means of uplifting Africans. • 24 • 24 Religion in Africa • Mission schools: literacy and Christian education • Religion as revolt against male elders’ authority • New, hybridized forms of Christianity (i.e., the Africanization of Christianity) • Simon Kimbangu: popular preacher/prophet seen as suspect à imprisoned by Belgian authorities • Colonial rule inadvertently promoted Islam. 25 European Imperialism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific • Long history of European territorial expansion in region • Island populations: —Small populations were reduced by the introduction of diseases. —Weaker weaponry • Strategic value above all —Coaling stations for refueling 26 Imperial Latecomers: Italy, Japan, and the United States • Italy: Somalia, Ethiopia, Libya —Expanded empire was small, thinly populated, of little economic value, and controversial • Japan: Taiwan, Korea • United States: Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam —Overseas empire thrust the United States into world affairs. —In high school you may have called early versions of this idea “Manifest Destiny” 27 Land Empires • Land empires resulted from industrial technologies and nationalist ideologies. —Examples include Canada, the United States, Brazil, and Argentina. —The largest land empire was Russia. 28 Russia’s Land Empire, 1800–1900 29 Russia: The World’s Biggest Land Empire • Eighteenth century: Russia acquired Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, plus Crimea, and parts of Poland, and Ukraine. • 1812–1864: expansion into the multiethnic Caucasus and parts of 28 29 Crimea, and parts of Poland, and Ukraine. • 1812–1864: expansion into the multiethnic Caucasus and parts of Central Asia • Russification: spread of Russian language, culture, and Russian Orthodox religion — Role of Trans-Siberian Railway • The ‘divine destiny’ of Russia 30 Secondary Empires: Comanche Texas, 1730–1870 • Comanche: one of many Amerindian peoples called Plains Indians • Horses and guns à Comanche were efficient and mobile hunters. • Successful raids à profitable trade • Comanche Empire peaked around 1840. • Decline: expansion of U.S. army backed by an industrial economy; disease epidemics; military defeats 31 Ethiopia, 1870–1913 • Empire built on monopoly access to imported weapons • External threats à unification across linguistic and cultural lines • Menelik II expanded and cemented the imperial state. —Modernized the state —By his death in 1913, Ethiopia was Africa’s only independent polity. 32 Other Secondary Empires • Secondary empires were fleeting. —Examples: Hongi Hika in New Zealand and Mehmet Ali in Egypt • Gap between those with and without modern guns —Globalization of gun sales • Declined due to internal rifts or external forces 33 Who “Lost” and Who “Won” in Modernity’s Aftermath? • Imperialism, Nationalism, and Colonialism united different groups, but it also led to the destruction of others. 34 Amerindian North America 35 Wounded Knee • Lakota Sioux’s devotion to spirit dance worried local U.S. officials à confrontation in 1890 — Deaths of 25 members of the U.S. 7th cavalry and 153 Lakota 36 34 35 confrontation in 1890 — Deaths of 25 members of the U.S. 7th cavalry and 153 Lakota Sioux, mostly women and children • Enduring appeal of the Ghost Dance 36 The Taiping Rebellion, 1850–1864 • The Qing dynasty ruled nineteenth-century China. • Expanded empire into Mongolia, Central Asia, and Tibet • Qianlong emperor died in 1799 à increasingly unsettled empire 37 The Plight of the Qing • Qing state: low tax rates; underpaid army; pool of educated but unemployed men • White Lotus Rebellion (1796–1804) à economic instability and neglected infrastructure • Spread of opium encouraged by British — First Opium War (1839–1842) à ceding of Hong Kong 38 Jesus’s “Younger Brother” • Hong Xiuquan (1814–1864): repeatedly failed civil service exam —Studied Christian doctrines à believed he was a son of God —Wanted to end corruption and overthrow Qing —Encouraged rebellion, which began in 1850 39 Taiping Rebellion • Taiping Rebellion à sociopolitical upheaval • British- and American-trained armies attacked the Taiping — Role of opium trade and epidemics • Taiping Rebellion: mix of internal and external forces — Relationship within the Global web 40 The Indian Rebellion, 1857–1858 • Global connections in relation to the Indian Rebellion • Growing influence of British East India Company and decreasing power of Mughal Empire • The East India Company had a monopoly on Indian trade until 1813. • The British government directly controlled 66 percent of India by 1857. 41 Grievances • East India Company and Crown reforms: opened India to foreign 42 41 Grievances • East India Company and Crown reforms: opened India to foreign competition, raised taxes, changed inheritance laws — 1856 takeover of Oudh due to corruption • Role of conflicting belief systems • 1857: introduction of new rifle cartridges à rebellion among Indian soldiers 42 Rebellion • Army mutiny + local and regional rebellion: never unified • Main goals: destruction of British rule and restoration of old regimes — Muslim vs. Hindu differences • Lakshmibai: Queen of Jhansi à popular hero • Failure of rebellion: widespread resistance to revolt 43 Aftermath • India became a Crown colony —Led by a viceroy —Princely states all subservient —End of Mughal Empire and East India Company authority • Investment in infrastructure, education, and healthcare • Uniform rule instead of localized rule • 44 Rebellions as Global and Local • Increased flow of goods, information, and people à social struggles reflected global influences. • Reformers: — Strengthen countries by modernizing or by holding onto tradition • Internal division à social fracturing • 45 Revolutions, 1870s–1920: China and Mexico • Concerns over growing power of Britain, Germany, the United States, and Japan —Can this power be matched? • Peasants’ complaints: —Population growth à reduction of land available per family —Increased tax burden —Lack of opportunity 46 —Increased tax burden —Lack of opportunity 46 The Chinese Revolution, 1880s–1910s Pressure & Grievences • Qing lacked authority and money à Chinese self-strengthening movement • Growing foreign influence via treaties which granted special rights — Exemption from Chinese law • Growing population à few prospects • Self-strengtheners wanted China to modernize; traditionalists wanted to ban foreign influence. — Lack of education or cultural infrastructure for reform 47 Foreign Pressure and Internal Revolt • China’s relationship with Japan: Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) • Japan beat China in the conflict • Emperor Guangxu (reformist) vs. Empress Dowager Cixi (conservative) à palace coup • Boxer rebellion: xenophobic, anti-religion • Crushed when European, American, and Japanese forces helped end the rebellion • Demonstrated the global connection between empires • Modernizing of China 48 Sun Yatsen, Revolutionary • Sun Yatsen: reformist —Educated in Hawaii —Organized overseas opposition to Qing rule —Three Principles: defeat Qing; replace imperial monarchy with a constitutional monarchy; provide equal opportunities to all • • • 49 Revolution and Republic, 1911–1916 • 1911 army mutiny à Sun elected president of constitutional republic. — Ousted two years later • Yuan Shikai took power and rescinded new reforms à return to 50 49 — Ousted two years later • Yuan Shikai took power and rescinded new reforms à return to emperor-style governing • 50 Yuan’s Reign • Yuan agreed to Japanese demands in exchange for dynastic support à nationalism and provincial uprisings • Rule collapses in 1916 à fragmentation of China —Internal warfare plagued China for the next 25 years. • Qing power undermined owing to: —Population growth and increasing poverty among the peasantry —Economic and military strength of industrialized societies —Disagreement over course of reform • • 51 The Mexican Revolution, 1870s–1920 • Peasant poverty and social unrest + foreign influence à Mexican Revolution • Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821. • Porfiriato: period of stability under authoritarian rule of Porfirio Díaz 52 The Porfiriato, 1876–1910 • Policy initiatives: returned land and privileges to Catholic Church; recruited foreign investment; endorsed dispossession of poor peasants —Rising inequality —1910: 80–90 percent of land was owned by 1 percent of the population. • Loss of land to the United States bolstered nationalism. 53 Mexican Revolution Revolution, 1910–1920 • Díaz reneged on plans to retire, then jailed promising candidate Francisco Madero. • Insurgencies throughout Mexico —Emiliano Zapato in Morelos —Pancho Villa in the far north • Infighting among revolutionaries à foreign intervention 54 —Pancho Villa in the far north • Infighting among revolutionaries à foreign intervention 54 Outcomes and Aftermath • Revolution’s large death toll • New constitution à land reforms, labor laws, public school system, universal male suffrage • Nationalism was expressed via popular culture. 55 Revolutions and Global Forces, 1900–1920 • Other revolutions of varying scales: —Boer War, South Africa (1899–1902): Boers against the British —Iran (1905–1911): merchant classes against Qajars —Russia (1905): street demonstrations against the tsar •