Print Culture and the Modern World Class 10 Notes PDF

CLASS 10 NOTES SOCIAL SCIENCE Print Culture and the Modern World PRASHANT KIRAD  PRASHANT KIRAD Print Culture and the Modern World The First Printed Books exam me ayega (E.M.A) China, Japan...

CLASS 10 NOTES SOCIAL SCIENCE Print Culture and the Modern World PRASHANT KIRAD  PRASHANT KIRAD Print Culture and the Modern World The First Printed Books exam me ayega (E.M.A) China, Japan, and Korea were the first to develop printing, using hand-carved wooden blocks to print text. In China, books were made by pressing paper onto these carved blocks as early as AD 594, then folding and stitching the pages together. For many years, China was the leading producer of printed books, producing large quantities for various purposes. The government printed many books for civil service exams to help prepare future officials. Printing spread beyond scholars; merchants used printed materials to gather business and trade information. D Reading became a popular leisure activity, and wealthy women began publishing their poetry and plays. RA The growing interest in reading and writing led to the development of new KI printing technologies. T By the late 1800s, China began using Western printing machines and AN techniques, improving the speed and quality of printing. Calligraphy: the art of beautiful and stylized writing, was also highly valued in China and often used for important documents and art. H Print in Japan AS E.M.A Buddhist missionaries from China brought hand-printing to Japan between PR AD 768-770. The oldest Japanese printed book, the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, was made in AD 868 and had text and pictures made with woodblocks. This new way of printing led to unique styles of publishing in Japan. By the late 1800s, Japan had many printed materials showing city life with detailed illustrations. Libraries and stores were filled with hand-printed items on many topics, including books for women and guides to musical instruments. Printing became a big part of Japanese culture, with many different kinds of printed works available. E.M.A Print Comes to Europe Chinese paper reached Europe in the 11th century via the Silk Road. Marco Polo, who learned about printing in China, brought this knowledge back to Europe. JOSH METER?  PRASHANT KIRAD As more people wanted books, European bookstores started selling them to other countries. Handwriting books by hand couldn’t keep up with the high demand. By the early 15th century, woodblock printing was commonly used in Europe. Johann Gutenberg invented the first printing press in the 1430s in Strasbourg. Vellum is a type of paper made from animal skin. Gutenberg and the Printing Press Gutenberg, who was good at polishing stones, used his skills to improve printing technology. The first book printed with this new method was the Bible. Even with the new printing press, people still made books by hand. Wealthy people’s books had blank spaces left on the printed pages for extra decorations. Between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set up in most European D countries. Moving from hand-copying to using machines for printing started the print revolution. The Print Revolution and Its Impact RA KI The Print Revolution didn’t just change how books were made; it transformed T people’s lives. AN It changed how people accessed and shared information and knowledge. A New Reading Public E.M.A H Before the printing revolution, books were made by hand, which took a lot of AS time and effort, making them very expensive. Only wealthy people could afford these costly books, while most people PR listened to texts being read aloud since they couldn't access or afford books themselves. The new printing technology made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply, so more people could buy and read them. This increase in available books led to a new reading culture and allowed stories and information to be shared more widely, including with people who couldn't read themselves. Religious debates and the fear of print Printing made it easier to share ideas widely and encouraged more people to discuss and debate. However, some people were worried that printed books could spread dangerous or rebellious ideas. In 1517, Martin Luther, a Christian reformer, wrote the Ninety-Five Theses to criticize the practices of the Roman Catholic Church.  PRASHANT KIRAD His ideas forced the church to respond, leading to disagreements and starting the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a movement in the 16th century to change the Catholic Church, and Martin Luther was a key figure in it. This movement led to the creation of different branches of Christianity separate from the Catholic Church. Print and Dissent In the 16th century, a man named Menocchio read many books in his area. After reading, he started to have his ideas about God and Creation, different from what the Roman Catholic Church taught. His ideas upset the Church, and he was charged twice for his beliefs. Eventually, he was put to death. In 1558, the Roman Catholic Church created a list called the Index of Prohibited Books to ban certain books they didn’t approve of. D 1. Inquisition: A former Catholic court that punished people with beliefs different from the Church. RA 2. Heretical: Beliefs that go against what the Church taught. In the past, having these beliefs was seen as a threat to the Church’s authority and was severely KI punished. T 3. Satiety: Being so full that you have no desire for more. AN 4. Seditious: Actions, speech, or writing that are against the government. E.M.A The Reading Mania H As more people learned to read and went to school in Europe, reading became AS very popular. New kinds of books and stories were printed to reach different groups of PR people. In England, small, cheap books called penny chapbooks were sold by sellers known as Chapman for just a penny, so even poor people could afford them. In France, there were similar cheap books called Bibliotheque Bleue, which were printed on low-quality paper and had simple blue covers. There were also short romances printed on just a few pages and longer stories about history. Because of printing, the ideas of scientists and philosophers became easier for ordinary people to access and understand. Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world By the mid-18th century, printing was helping spread new ideas and knowledge. Louise-Sebastien Mercier, a French novelist, believed the printing press was a powerful tool for progress and changing public opinion.  PRASHANT KIRAD He thought print could bring about enlightenment and help get rid of oppressive rulers. Mercier boldly declared, "Tremble, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the power of the writer!" The phrase "Tremble, tyrants of the world!" by Louise-Sebastien Mercier is a strong warning to oppressive rulers and dictators. Mercier is saying that the rulers who try to control or oppress people should be afraid because the power of writing and printing can spread ideas that challenge their authority. Through printed books and pamphlets, writers can share knowledge and ideas widely, encouraging people to think for themselves and question those in power. This ability to influence public opinion and spread enlightenment can threaten the control of tyrants. In essence, Mercier is suggesting that the power of words and the spread of knowledge can eventually lead to the downfall of oppressive rulers. Print Culture and the French Revolution D Historians believe that the spread of printed materials helped set the stage RA for the French Revolution in three main ways. First, print made Enlightenment ideas popular. Thinkers like Voltaire and KI Rousseau used writing to challenge old beliefs, superstitions, and the absolute power of rulers. T People started thinking in new ways, questioning things, and using reason, all AN thanks to what they read in books and pamphlets. Second, print encouraged open discussion and debate, helping to spread ideas H about changing society and government. AS Third, in the 1780s, many books and pamphlets made fun of the royalty and criticized their behaviour, showing how print was influencing people's opinions PR about their leaders. E.M.A The Nineteenth Century The nineteenth century saw vast leaps in mass literacy in Europe, bringing in large numbers of new readers among children, women and workers. Children, Women and Workers By the late 19th century, it became compulsory for children to attend school. In 1857, France started a children's press to produce books specifically for young readers. In Germany, the Grimm Brothers collected and published traditional folk tales, turning local village stories into popular books. Women became important as both readers and writers during this time. There were magazines and guides published for women, focusing on topics like fashion, proper behaviour, and how to manage a household.  PRASHANT KIRAD In 19th-century England, lending libraries were popular and helped educate workers, artisans, and people from the lower-middle class. Further Innovations In the 19th century, printing technology kept improving and evolving. Richard M. developed a power-driven cylindrical press, which made it easier and faster to print newspapers. The offset printing technique was also created, allowing printers to use up to six colours at once. By the 20th century, electrically operated presses made printing much faster. Several other advancements followed: 1. The way paper was fed into machines became more efficient. 2. The quality of printing plates improved. 3. Automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls for colour accuracy were introduced. E.M.A D India and the World of Print RA Manuscripts Before the Age of Print India has a long history of creating handwritten manuscripts in many languages, KI including Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, and various local languages. These manuscripts were written on handmade paper or palm leaves. T Even after the invention of printing, people continued to produce manuscripts, AN which were considered expensive and delicate. In Bengal, many students learned to write but did not necessarily learn to read, H meaning they were literate in writing but had little experience with reading AS books. Print Comes to India PR In the mid-16th century, Portuguese missionaries brought the first printing press to Goa. Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 in Cochin and the first Malayalam book in 1713. The English press came to India later, even though the English East India Company had been bringing presses since the late 1600s. James Augustus Hickey started the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine where he published ads and shared news about the East India Company’s officials. By the end of the 18th century, many newspapers and journals were being printed in India. Religious Reform and Public Debates During this time, there were intense debates between social and religious reformers and traditionalists on issues like widow burning, belief in one God,  PRASHANT KIRAD the role of Brahmin priests, and idol worship. In 1821, Rammohun Roy started the Sambad Kaumudi to share his ideas, and in reply, traditionalists created the Samachar Chandrika to challenge his views. In northern India, religious scholars worried that colonial rulers might encourage conversion and change Muslim laws. To address this, they used cheap lithographic presses to publish Persian and Urdu translations of sacred texts, along with religious newspapers and pamphlets. The Deoband Seminary set up in 1867, published many fatwas (legal opinions) to guide Muslims in their daily lives and explain Islamic teachings. New Forms of Publication As more people became interested in reading, new types of writing emerged. In Europe, the novel was created to meet the growing interest in different D stories and styles, including those from Indian traditions. RA New literary forms like lyrics, short stories, and essays on social and political issues became popular. KI By the end of the 19th century, visual culture changed. Cheap calendars were sold in markets, allowing even poor people to decorate T their homes or workplaces. AN These prints helped shape ideas about modern life, tradition, religion, politics, and culture. H By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons appeared in newspapers and journals, AS commenting on social and political issues. Women and Print E.M.A PR In middle-class families, schools for women began to open in cities, making education more accessible for women. Women started writing articles for journals, where they spoke about the importance of female education and advocated for women's rights. However, some conservative Hindus and Muslims had concerns about these changes: Hindus were worried that if girls learned to read and write, they might face difficulties like becoming widows, which was seen as a negative outcome. Muslims were concerned that reading Urdu romances and similar literature might lead to moral corruption among women, fearing it would negatively influence their behaviour and values. Social reforms and novels began to focus on women's lives and feelings, creating a strong interest in these topics. In the early 20th century, journals written and edited by women became very  PRASHANT KIRAD popular. In Bengal, a part of central Calcutta called Battala became famous for printing popular books. By the late 19th century, many of these books were beautifully illustrated with woodcuts and coloured prints. Peddlers would deliver these Battala books to homes, so women could read them during their free time. Print and the Poor People In the 19th century, cheap books were sold in Madras to help poorer people. By the late 19th century, printed materials began discussing caste discrimination. Jyotiba Phule, B.R. Ambedkar, and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker wrote about these issues. Factory workers didn’t have the education to write much about their own lives. KashiBaba wrote a book called Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 to show D how caste and class problems were connected. In the 1930s, cotton mill workers in Bangalore set up libraries to learn more and educate themselves. RA KI Print and Censorship E.M.A Early Press Freedom: When the East India Company was in charge, there were T few rules about what newspapers could publish. AN New Rules: Later, the Calcutta Supreme Court set some rules to control newspapers. In 1835, Governor-General Bentinck agreed to change these rules H to allow more freedom. Thomas Macaulay created new rules that continued this AS freedom. After the 1857 Revolt: Things changed after the 1857 revolt. In 1878, a new PR law called the Vernacular Press Act was introduced. This law gave the government more power to control what was printed in local-language newspapers. Government Control: The government started keeping a close eye on local newspapers. Rise of Nationalist Newspapers: More newspapers supporting independence and nationalistic ideas started appearing in India. Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s Imprisonment: In 1907, after some revolutionary leaders from Punjab were sent away (deported), Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote about them sympathetically in his newspaper Kesari. This got him arrested and imprisoned in 1908.  PRASHANT KIRAD Important Dates 594 AD: From 594 ad books in China were printed by wrapping paper 768 to 778 AD: Hand printing Technology introduced in Japan 868 AD: The first and oldest Japanese book printed 1295: Marco Polo returned to Italy 1448: By 1448 Gutenberg perfected the printing press system 1450 and 1550: Between 1450 and 1550 printing press spread all over Europe 1517: Religious Reform mark Martin Luther Wrote 95 theses criticizing many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic churches 1579: The First Tamil book was written in Kochin 1710: Dutch protestant Missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts 1713: The first Malayalam book was printed 1810: The Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas came out from Calcutta 1821: Sambad Kaumudi begin to publish Ram Mohan Roy D 1822: From 1822 “Jam-i-Jahan Numa” and “Shamsul Akhbar” was started RA 1867: Deoband Seminary was founded 1871: Ghulamgiri was published KI 1878: The Vernacular Press Act 1907: Punjab revolutionaries were deported T 1930s: Great Depression AN Top 7 Questions H AS 1.Explain with examples how print culture catered to the requirements of PR children. Ans: (i) Primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century; children became an important category of readers. Production of school textbooks became critical for the publishing industry. (ii) A children’s press devoted to literature for children alone, was set up in France in 1857. (iii) This press published new works as well as old fairy tales and folk tales. (iv) The Grimm Brothers in Germany spent years compiling traditional folk tales gathered from peasants. What they collected was edited before the stories were published in a collection in 1812. (v) Anything that was considered unsuitable for children or would appear vulgar to the elites, was not included in the published version. Rural folk tales thus acquired a new form. In this way, print recorded old tales but also changed them.  PRASHANT KIRAD 2. ‘With the printing press a new public emerged in Europe’. Justify the statement. Ans: (i) The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. In China, woodblocks were used for hand printing. (ii) Up to the 6th century print was used only by the scholar-officials but later it became common. (iii) The Buddhist Missionaries introduced hand-printing technology from China to Japan. (iv) It was Marco Polo, a great explorer, who brought printing knowledge of woodblock from China to Italy. (v) The invention of the printing press proved a great miracle in spreading knowledge. 3. "The 'Print Revolution' had transformed the lives of people changing their relationship to information and knowledge." Analyse the statement. D Ans: Transformation due to Print Revolution: RA (i) It influenced people's perceptions and opened up new ways of looking at things. KI (ii) A new reading public emerged. (iii) Created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas. T AN (iv) Introduced a new world of debate and discussion. (v) Stimulated many distinctive individual interpretations of faith. H 4. Explain the reasons favouring the shift from hand printing to mechanical AS printing in China. Ans: The reasons favouring the shift from hand printing to mechanical printing PR in China are: (i) Textbooks of the Civil Service Examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the Imperial State. From the sixteenth century, the number of examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of print. (ii) By the seventeenth century, the print was no longer used just by scholars- officials. Merchants used print in their everyday lives, as they collected Trade information. (iii) Reading increasingly became a leisure activity. The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays. (iv) Rich women began to read, and many women began publishing their poetry and plays. Wives of scholar-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives. The new reading culture was accompanied by the new  PRASHANT KIRAD technology. Western printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported into China and Shanghai became the new hub of the new print culture. 5.“Issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays in India in the late nineteenth century.” Support the statements with two suitable examples. Ans: In 1871, ‘Gulamgiri’, a work written by Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of the low-caste movement addressed the inequalities inherent in the caste system. Caste-based discrimination was a prominent theme in the popular and widely read works of E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker and B.R. Ambedkar, which discussed social issues. Many regional protest movements and parties published periodicals and articles criticizing religious texts and envisioning a new societal outlook. D In 1938, Kashibaba, a millworker from Kanpur, authored ‘Chhote Aur Bade Ka RA Sawal’ to illustrate the connection between class and caste mistreatment. The cotton mill workers of Bangalore began establishing libraries in 1930 to KI educate themselves, following the example set by the Bombay mill workers. As a result of these efforts, people from lower castes became increasingly T aware of the need to criticize ancient scriptures and develop a society that AN was free of caste discrimination, based on equality. 6. How had novels been easily available to the masses in Europe during the H nineteenth century? Explain with examples. AS Ans: The emergence of a new reading public was attributed to the printing press invention which reduced the cost of book production. With decreased time and PR labour, multiple copies could be produced with ease, resulting in books flooding the market and becoming easily accessible to the masses. This led to the publication of popular ballads and folk tales, which were profusely illustrated with pictures and widely read by the masses. 7. What is a manuscript? Mention any two limitations of it, during the nineteenth century. Ans: Manuscripts were documents or books written by hand. They were not used widely because: (a) They could not satisfy the ever-increasing demand for books. (b) They were expensive as copying was an expensive, laborious and time- consuming business. (c) Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle and could not be carried around or read easily. (d) Their circulation was limited