Saint Louis University Principles of Medical Laboratory Science Practice 1 PDF

MODULE 6 MODULE IN PRINCIPLESOF PRINCIPLES OFMEDICAL MEDICALLABORATORY LABORATORY SCIENCE SCIENCE PRACTICE PRACTICE11...

MODULE 6 MODULE IN PRINCIPLESOF PRINCIPLES OFMEDICAL MEDICALLABORATORY LABORATORY SCIENCE SCIENCE PRACTICE PRACTICE11 MLS 112 Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science SCHOOL OF NURSING, ALLIED HEALTH, AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1 PropertyProperty of and forof the andexclusive for the exclusive use Reproduction, use of SLU. of SLU. Reproduction, storing instoring in a retrieval a retrieval system, system, distributing, distributing, uploadinguploading or online, or posting postingoronline, or transmitting transmitting in any formin any form or by anyor by any means, electronic, means, electronic, mechanical,mechanical, photocopying, photocopying, recording,recording, or otherwise or otherwise of any partofofany thispart of this document, document, without thewithout the prior prior written written permission permission of SLU, isofstrictly SLU, prohibited. is strictly prohibited.  MLS 112 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the term, the would-be Medical Laboratory Scientists are expected to: 1. Describe the Profession of Medical Laboratory Science, the Profession’s historical foundation, the Profession’s code of ethics in the national setting and the Profession’s impact to the health care industry and society. 2. Discuss the Medical Laboratory Science curriculum, the Philippine Medical Technology Board Exam and relevant international licensure examinations for Medical Laboratory Scientists 3. Identify the national and international bodies overseeing the Profession of Medical Laboratory Science and characterize their functional responsibilities 4. Describe the clinical laboratory both as a health care workplace and as a training site of the Medical Technology Internship program 5. Characterize the Clinical Chemistry section, its historical development, and the services it offers. 6. Describe the Microbiology section and enumerate the routine tests carried out inside the Microbiology section 7. Enumerate the various classes of medically important parasites and the role of the Parasitology section for the detection of parasites in stool samples 8. Describe the performance of physical, chemical, and microscopic examination during routine urinalysis 9. Describe the Hematology section and characterize the parameters tested in the Complete Blood Count 10. Describe the Immunology-Serology section and enumerate common tests performed in the Serology section 11. Characterize the Blood Bank section and the routine service it offers. 12. Enumerate and define the steps of routine tissue Principles in Medical 13. processing in the Histopathology section Discuss biohazard and biosafety principles 14. Enumerate and describe other hazards found inside Laboratory Science 15. the clinical laboratory. Describe prescribed policies and practices in Practice 1 healthcare waste management in the Philippines 2 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  COURSE INTRODUCTION Dear future Registered Medical Technologists, This course deals with the basic concepts and principles related to the Medical Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science Profession with emphasis on the practice of profession, clinical laboratories, curriculum, biosafety principles, and waste management. This course acquaints the students to the practice of the major disciplines (Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, Clinical Microscopy, Hematology, Immunology and Serology, Blood Banking, Histopathology etc.) in the Medical Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science profession. In addition, it provides an avenue for students to be introduced to the clinical and anatomic laboratories. It also allows students to discuss the historical foundations of the Profession, the code of ethics which guides the practice of the Profession, the Profession’s role in the health care industry, and its impact to the society. Furthermore, the course introduces the hazards that are inherent in the clinical laboratory profession and the safety principles for management of the said hazards. By the end of the course, the student should be able to describe the Profession of Medical Laboratory Science, characterize the clinical laboratory, and practice proper biosafety and waste management. 3 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  MODULE 6 – Hazards In The Clinical Laboratory This module shall reinforce your knowledge and understanding on biohazards. It will also introduce you to biosafety and biosecurity principles that are in place to protect the workplace from biohazards. This shall also emphasize guidelines from different organizations around the globe promoting the safety of biomedical healthcare personnel as well as the environment. In addition, this module shall cover the role of clinical laboratory professionals in dealing with numerous hazards found in a clinical laboratory. MODULE SELF MONITORING FORM To help you keep track of your tasks for this module, you are provided in the below with a self-monitoring form. Take the time to tick on the “Yes” box for each activity that you finish and be reminded about pending activities that you are yet to do. Remember that your success in achieving the module objectives depends entirely on how conscientious you are of your own progress. Schedule Activities Completed Yes No Week 1 Unit 1: Engage Unit 1: Explore Unit 1: Explain Unit 1: Elaborate Unit 1 Quiz: Evaluate Week 2 Unit 2: Engage Unit 2: Explain Unit 2: Elaborate Unit 2 Quiz: Evaluate Do Read Quiz Submit 4 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  MODULE CONTENTS Module Introduction: Hazards In The Clinical Laboratory.................. 04 Module Self-Monitoring Form................................ 04 Module Contents....................................... 05 Module & Unit Objectives.................................. 06 Unit 1: Principles of Biohazard and Biosafety...................... 07 Engage: Laboratory Hazard Signs.......................... 07 Explore: Hazards in the Workplace.......................... 08 Explain: Biohazard..................................... 09 Explain: Principles of Biosafety............................. 14 Elaborate: Crossword Puzzle.............................. 26 Evaluate: Module 6- Unit 1 Quiz............................. 27 Unit 2: Other Hazards in the Clinical Laboratory........................ 28 Engage: How Will I Protect Myself from Hazards?.................. 28 Explain: Other Hazards................................. 28 Explain: Waste Management in Clinical Laboratory................ 34 Elaborate: Characterize the Chemical........................ 35 Evaluate: Module 6- Unit 2 Quiz............................. 35 References.......................................... 36 5 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  MODULE OBJECTIVES: After you are done reading and doing the tasks in this module, you are expected to be able to: 1. Describe the principles of biohazard and biosecurity; 2. Identify hazards found inside the clinical laboratory; 3. Enumerate and describe the strategies utilized for management of laboratory hazards; and 4. Enumerate the prescribed strategies, policies, and practices in management of health care wastes. This module is divided into two (2) lecture units including: Lecture Unit 1 – Principles of Biohazard and Biosafety Unit Objectives: 1. Define the difference between a hazard and a risk. 2. Describe the Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA) and other bodies addressing occupational hazards. 3. Define biohazards and describe the Chain of Infection. 4. Define Biosafety and Biosecurity. 5. Describe the classification of microorganisms according to risk groups. 6. Discuss the Universal Precautions (UP), Body Substance Isolation (BSI), and Standard Precautions (SP). 7. Discuss the essentials of Standard Precautions. 8. Discuss the Biosafety Levels. Lecture Unit 2 – Other Hazards in the Clinical Laboratory Unit Objectives 1. Describe the other hazards found in clinical laboratory. 2. Describe measures that can be used to manage clinical laboratory hazards. 3. Describe general guidelines for management of health care wastes. 6 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  UNIT 1: PRINCIPLES OF BIOHAZARD AND BIOSAFETY ENGAGE LABORATORY HAZARD SIGNS As prescribed by the DOH Administrative Order No. 2007-0027, also known as the “Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the Licensure and Regulation of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines”, the establishment of biosafety and biosecurity manual in a clinical laboratory creates a safe work environment. Provision of hazard signs inside the workplace renders a safety warning to the staff. It increases the awareness on the risks that are present in the workplace and in doing so, decreases the likelihood of preventable accidents. Below are examples of hazards signs you can observe inside a clinical laboratory. Identify and label each hazard. 7 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  EXPLORE HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE Hazards refer to anything in the environment that has the potential to cause harm while risk is the possibility that something bad or unpleasant (such as an injury or loss) will happen. For example, a syringe in the workplace is a hazard. However, if the syringe is stored away in a working cabinet and is not currently being used, then it does not currently pose any risks. Unfortunately, workplaces are oftentimes characterized by presence of hazards. After many devastating incidents that caused injuries and death to workers, the consensus was that occupational safety was no longer just a moral obligation on the part of the employer but should already be a matter of law enforcement. This led to the enactment of OSHA. Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) aims to provide all employees (clinical laboratory personnel included) a safe work environment. It was enacted by the US congress in 1970 and has widely been used as a basis by many countries internationally to come up with their own regulations concerning safety in the workplace. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (also OSHA) is the governing body responsible for ensuring and monitoring the implementation of the standards set by the above-mentioned act. It is authorized to conduct on-site inspections to determine whether an employer is complying with the mandatory standards. The clinical laboratory exposes its workers to a variety of hazards, some of which are not seen in other workplaces. The said hazards that clinical laboratory workers are exposed to are enumerated below. LABORATORY HAZARDS 1. Biohazard 2. Chemical Hazard 3. Fire Hazard 4. Electrical Hazard 5. Physical Hazard 6. Sharps Hazard 7. Ergonomic Hazard Unit 1 focuses on the biohazards while Unit 2 discusses all other hazards that are present in the clinical laboratory. 8 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  EXPLAIN BIOHAZARDS Biohazards include all pathogen or disease-causing microorganisms. These microorganisms are frequently present in the specimens that are processed in the clinical laboratory. The chain of infection illustrates how pathogens are transmitted. Understanding the chain of infection is essential for one to identify measures that will prevent infection. A. CHAIN OF INFECTION: 6-PART MODEL Figure 1. The Chain of Infection: 6-part model Source: https://rcni.com/hosted-content/rcn/first-steps/chain-of-infection Components of the 6-part model: a. INFECTIOUS AGENT / PATHOGEN o The disease-causing microorganism b. RESERVOIR o Animate/ inanimate object where the infectious agent is found normally living o Examples include human reservoir (infected patient), animal reservoir, and inanimate reservoir c. PORTAL OF EXIT o Routes and means utilized by the microorganism to escape from the reservoir 9 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  d. MODE OF TRANSMISSION o Method of conduction from the reservoir to the susceptible host o Types: 1. Contact Transmission i. Direct contact Involves actual contact/ close proximity of the infected individual and the susceptible host Subtypes: o Vertical Transmission: § “Mother-to-baby” transmission § Classification: Prenatal/ Transplacental Transmission: Transfer of infectious agent happens BEFORE birth usually by crossing the placenta Perinatal Transmission: Transfer happens during passage through the birth canal o Horizontal Transmission: Transmission from a person to another person within a group; No specificity when it comes to the involved hosts ii. Indirect contact Includes Transmission by Fomites o Fomites: Non-living object that may transmit an infectious disease (Examples include tissues, handkerchiefs, towels, doorknobs, bedding, etc. ) iii. Droplet transmission Droplets: o Respiratory particles of moisture containing an infectious agent o Typically expelled into the air by coughing, sneezing, and even by talking o Usually have a diameter of >5 micrometers and capable only of traveling short distances (