Midterm Revision - All Chapters PDF

Review chapter 1: 1. Environment _______ is a system—a set of living and nonliving things that interact to sustain life. 2. _____________ eco system have environmental efects as we draw on Earth’s natural systems to make a living. 3. ____________ Sustainability is the manag...

Review chapter 1: 1. Environment _______ is a system—a set of living and nonliving things that interact to sustain life. 2. _____________ eco system have environmental efects as we draw on Earth’s natural systems to make a living. 3. ____________ Sustainability is the management of natural resources in ways that do not diminish or degrade Earth’s ability to provide them in the future. Actng sustainably requires establishing what we aim to sustain and considering and actng on the factors that will afect our ability to achieve that goal. Review chapter 1: 1. Sustainable ____________ development is that which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generatons to meet their own needs. 2. Ecological _________ resistance and _________ resilience are, respectvely, the ability of an environment to tolerate disturbance and its ability to recover from damage. 3. Environmental ______ justice is the principle that no community should bear more environmental burdens or enjoy fewer environmental benefts than others. Review chapter 1: 1. ________ Science is a process of inquiry about the natural world that uses the scientfc method to test hypotheses and sort through alternatve explanatons by making observatons and gathering evidence from the natural world. 2. _______ Models are designed to assemble observatons into simulatons of what actually happens in the world, so that we can beter understand the interactons among diferent factors. Review chapter 1: 1. _______ Science must be reproducible and open to revision to guard against fraud, pseudoscience, bias, misinformaton, and disinformaton. 2. Scientfc ______ inquiry cannot aid determinaton of what we ought to do about a problem without the asserton of values. Which of the following is an example of sustainability? a. putng every item you buy at the store into a separate plastc bag b. walking to the store and using a reusable grocery bag c. driving the two blocks to the store d. leaving the lights on at home while you run to the store The Anthropocene is primarily distnguished from other geological tme periods by the shrinking diversity of life in Earth’s oceans. a. True b. False Several years afer Yellowstone Natonal Park experienced a very large, hot wildfre, the area had new growth of grasses, shrubs, and small trees. Animals soon began returning to the area. This area would be considered to have a. high resilience. Recover after a disturbance b. low resilience. c. no resilience. Which statement correctly describes the concept of environmental justce? a. the principle that all people should be free from environmental burdens b. the principle that all communites bear equal responsibility for human-caused environmental harms c. the principle that all people should have unlimited use and access to the benefts of Earth’s natural resources d. the principle that no community should bear more environmental burdens or enjoy fewer environmental benefts than others What method is used when working on a complex problem such as predictng how climate change will afect several factors like rainfall, wind paterns, temperature, and carbon dioxide concentratons in the future on a global scale? a. pseudoscience b. model c. controlled experiment d. observatonal study What is the purpose of peer review? a. publishing conclusive fndings b. having work reviewed by experts in the feld c. determining if the fndings are correct d. allowing the public to comment on an artcle A beneft of working with a group or organizaton is that the concerted eforts of individuals within an organizaton can ofen accomplish more than the individuals could achieve on their own. a. True b. False You decide to ride your bike to and from campus rather than drive. It takes longer to ride your bike than drive, but you know it is beter for the environment. You are considering the _________ when making this decision. a. incentves b. communicaton strategy c. trade-ofs Review chapter 6: Afer growing slowly for many thousands of years, the human populaton has grown at an _________ exponential rate in recent history. Although humans have demonstrated an ability to innovate and adapt to our environment in ways that expand the ________ earth carrying _________ capacity of the planet for our species, humans are also subject to limitng factors in the environment and have sufered populaton crashes. Review chapter 6: Advances in _________ agriculture and in ______ health are primarily responsible for the increase in fertlity rates and decrease in death rates that have led to our recent boom in populaton growth. The number of people Earth can support depends on global populaton size, our ability to adapt and expand Earth’s __________ carrying __________, capacity and the environmental impact associated with our consumpton paterns. Review chapter 6: Although there are historical examples of coercive uses of __________ population _______, control recent experiences in many countries show that birth-control methods need only be safe, efectve, and widely accessible to bring down fertlity rates. Many countries have experienced a _________ demographic _________ transition in which improvements in health care, nutriton, educaton, and employment lead initally to a falling mortality rate and a growing populaton of young people before ultmately achieving a relatvely stable natonal populaton. Review chapter 6: Expanding rights and improving the health, educaton, and career opportunites for women in a populaton are important factors in lowering fertlity rates and stabilizing _________ population _____. growth Because consumpton varies considerably by country and individual, not every human on the planet has an equal environmental impact. Resource consumpton and polluton per person is much greater in _______ richer countries than in _____ poorer ones. What is a social scientst called who studies the characteristcs of human populaton growth? a. economist b. demographer c. environmental scientst d. ecosystem ecologist Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relatonship of humans to the ecological phenomenon of carrying capacity? a. Experts estmate that Earth could support about 100 billion people. b. The queston of how many people Earth can support is a functon of our populaton and the primary productvity of plants. c. Contrary to many predictons, humans have efectvely increased the carrying capacity of Earth for our species. d. Humans are not subject to environmental limits. Which of the following phrases correctly describes the concept of eugenics? a. the study of genetcs b. atempts to “improve” the human race by selectng for some types of people over others c. the efort to promote a demographic transiton by lowering the death rate d. the efort to promote a demographic transiton by lowering the birthrate Which of the following phrases correctly describes the concept of a demographic window? a. a prolonged period of low mortality with high fertlity b. a moment when mortality increases and total fertlity rates fall c. a phase in the demographic transiton when the death rate has fallen, the total fertlity rate is decreasing, and the populaton is dominated by people of working age d. a period characterized by increasing civil unrest, crime, and unemployment Review chapter 7: Earth’s _________ hydrosphere is a closed system that recycles water molecules over and over again through the water cycle and includes major planetary reservoirs—the atmosphere, ocean, water on land, and water beneath Earth’s surface. Most of Earth’s water is held in the ocean as salt water. The planet’s largest reservoir of fresh water is frozen in ice and snow, and most of the liquid fresh water on Earth exists as _______ surface water or ________. groundwater Review chapter 7: There is a variety of ________aquatic ecosystems—groundwater, lakes and ponds, rivers and streams, wetlands, and estuaries —each with unique characteristcs that support life. The slow ________ recharge rate of groundwater systems ofen lags behind the rate of human withdrawals of groundwater. Surface water ________ withdrawals and _______ diversions such as dams, reservoirs, canals, and pipelines cause ecological harm by diminishing or obstructng stream fows.  Review chapter 7: Human actvites that add chemicals, disease-causing organisms, sewage, and sediment into the water result in polluton that diminishes water ______. quality Addressing water polluton involves laws and regulatons that set and enforce water-quality and water-treatment _______ establishing policies that promote and preserve water quality. To achieve water _______,security everyone needs access to safe and afordable water. However, when rates of outlow exceed rates of infow, the supply of water on hand in an area shrinks, threatening this security. Review chapter 7: Glaciers, ice sheets, ice shelves, and permafrost are formed from fresh water _______ frozen on land, and they raise sea level when they melt or thaw. Marine ecosystems are infuenced by the depth of penetraton of _______. sunlight _______ Humans impact life in the ocean through various forms of polluton, by altering water chemistry and temperature, and by overharvestng seafood. What is the process of adding freshwater to a groundwater system called? a. overpumping b. saltwater intrusion c. recharge d. water mining Surface water withdrawals and diversions enhance ecosystems by stopping the fow of nutrient-rich sediments and the fow of streams. a. True b. False Which of the following descriptons correctly defnes the word “impervious surface”? a. surfaces through which water can drain b. surfaces through which water cannot drain c. smooth surfaces suitable for car travel d. the pore space that remains once an aquifer is drained Review chapter 8: The ________ atmosphere consists of a combinaton of gases that envelop Earth in four main layers that increase in density and pressure closer to Earth’s surface. The _________ troposphere is the atmospheric layer closest to Earth. This is the air we breathe and where weather—short-term variatons in temperature, moisture, and wind conditons— occurs. The long-term paterns of weather determine a region’s ______. climate The stratosphere is above the troposphere and contains the _____ ozone layer that protects life on the surface from ultraviolet Review chapter 8: The mesosphere and thermosphere are the third and outermost atmospheric layers, respectvely. The coldest temperatures occur in the _________, mesosphere layer while satellites and space statons orbit in the very difuse air of the _________. thermosphere layer Review chapter 8: Factors afectng air temperature include the amount of _____ solar energy received at a locaton, the elevaton, and the locaton of landmasses and bodies of water. Air temperature in turn afects the exchange of water between the atmosphere and Earth’s surface and the way air masses rise, fall, and circulate from areas of high to low pressure, causing wind and storms. Review chapter 8: Atmospheric circulaton also moves mater across Earth’s surface, including air polluton in the form of ______ primary pollutants that are directly harmful and ________ secondary pollutants such as smog that are the product of reactons occurring in the atmosphere. Human-made chemicals such as chlorofuorocarbons can deplete Earth’s _____ ozone layer, increasing UV radiaton at Earth’s surface. Review chapter 8: ____ Acid________ rain occurs when air pollutants from sources such as coal-fred power plants, vehicle emissions, and agricultural processes react with water to form acidic solutons that can negatvely impact ecosystems far from the original source of the polluton. ______ policy strategies to address air polluton include air-quality standards and monitoring, regulaton of emission sources, tradable permits for pollutants, and other incentves designed to infuence behaviors linked to emissions. What is the term for a dynamic envelope of gases extending up from Earth’s surface that clings to our surface due to gravity? a. air pressure b. air temperature c. atmosphere d. humidity The angle of the Sun’s rays near the equator is more direct and closer to perpendicular than the angle at higher lattudes and the poles, resultng in diferent places on Earth receiving varying units of the Sun’s energy. a. True b. False