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Microbiology and Parasitology diseases are collectively referred to Midterms as pathogens. Essay Neurotoxins A subs...

Microbiology and Parasitology diseases are collectively referred to Midterms as pathogens. Essay Neurotoxins A substance that alters the structure Chain of Infection or function of the nervous system. 1. Pathogen – source of infection 2. Reservoir – source of the pathogen Pathogenesis 3. Portal of exit – a way for the pathogen to escape from the reservoir Refers to the steps or mechanisms 4. Mode of transmission involved in a development of a 5. Portal of entry disease. 6. Susceptible host The Four Periods or Phases in the Course of Hyperendemic & Holoendemic an Infectious Disease Hyperendemic Incubation period - Equally endemic in all age Prodromal period groups of a population. Period of illness Holoendemic Convalescent period - Endemic in most of the children in a population, with Symptoms the adults in the same Some evidence of a disease that is population being less often experienced by the patient. affected. Subjective Signs Multiple Choice Objective evidence of a disease. Paul Ehrlich Father of Chemotherapy Virulence “Virulent” is sometimes synonymous Edward Jenner with pathogenic. Father of Immunology Virulent strains are capable of causing disease; avirulent strains are Ignaz Semmelweis not. Father of Handwashing Intraleukocytic pathogens Micro Biodata Live within white blood cells. Infants have no micro biodata Intraerythrocytic pathogens Healthcare Epidemiology Live within red blood cells. The study of the occurrence, determinants, and distribution of Toxemia health and disease within healthcare Presence of toxins in the settings facilities. bloodstreams. Infection control and prevention of healthcare-associated infections. Bacteremia Presence of bacteria. Infectious Disease A disease caused by a microbe, and Viremia the microbes that cause infectious Presence of virus. ayen&kiday ᴗ  Gram-negative bacilli: Escherichia Fungemia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Presence of fungi. Entertobacter spp., and Klebsiella spp. Paracetemia Presence of parasites. 4 Common types of HAI: 1. UTI Septicemia 2. Surgical site infections Chills, fever, prostration (extreme 3. Lower respiratory infections fatigue), and the presence of bacteria 4. Bloodstream infections or other toxins in the bloodstream. Airborne transmission Meningococcemia Less than or equal to 5 nanometers A specific type of septicemia, in which in size of nuclei. the bloodstream contains Neisseria meningitidis (meningococci). Droplet transmission Larger than 5 nanometers in size. Leukemia Proliferation of abnormal WBCs Asepsis (leukocytes) in the blood. Means “without infection” 2 types: Meningitis - Medical asepsis Inflammation or infection of the - Surgical asepsis or sterile membranes (meninges). technique Encephalitis Airborne Infection Isolation Room Inflammation or infection of the Negative pressure to prevent room brain. from entering the corridor. Preferred placement for pathogens Meningoencephalitis that are spread via airborne droplet Inflammation or infection of both the nuclei (5 nanometers of less). brain and the meninges. Protective Environments HAI (Healthcare Associated Infection) Under positive pressure and air Iatrogenic infection entering the room passess through Physician induced infection HEPA filters. Within the hospital CAI (Community Acquired Infection) Underlying sickness Acquired outside Most common bacterial causes of HAIs: Gram-positive cocci: Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Enterococcus spp. ayen&kiday ᴗ Microbial Ecology and Microbial Parasitism Biotechnology Relationship between two species of plant or animals in which one Ecology benefits at the expense of the other, It is the scientific study of sometimes without killing it. interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the Mutualism interactions organisms have with Symbiotic relationship between each other and with their abiotic individuals of different species in environment. which both individuals benefit from the association. Microbial Ecology In this type of symbiosis, both Is the study of numerous organisms of different species rely on interrelationships between one another for nutrients, protection, microorganisms and the world and other life functions, hence, they around them are usually found living in close proximity. Symbiotic relationship involving Indigenous Microflora of Humans microorganisms Indigenous Microflora Symbiosis “Normal flora” Is defined as the living together in Includes all the microbes (bacteria, more or less intimate association or fungi, protozoa and viruses) that close union of two dissimilar reside on or within that person organisms Microflora of the skin Synergism The resident microflora of the skin the interaction or cooperation of consists primarily of bacteria and two or more organizations, fungi-approximately 30 different substances, or other agents to types produce a combined effect greater The most common bacteria of the than the sum of their separate skin are species of; effects. -Staphylococcus -micrococcus -Corynebacterium Naturalism -Propionibacterium Is used to describe a symbiotic -Brevibacterium relationship in which neither -and Acinetobacter. symbiont is affected by the relationship. Commensalism An association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm. ayen&kiday ᴗ EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH Communicable Disease An infectious disease is transmissible Epidemiology from one human to another (person Is the study of the nature, cause, to person). control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of Contagious Disease disease, disability, and death in A communicable disease that is human populations. easily transmitted from one person to The study of diseases. another. John Snow (1813-1858) Zoonotic Disease Physician anesthesiologist, and Infectious disease that humans “Father of Epidemiology” acquired from animal sources. Epidemiologist Incidence Is a public health scientist, who is The number of new cases of that responsible for carrying out all useful disease in a defined population over and effective activities needed for a specific period. successful epidemiology practice Morbidity Rate Endemic The number of new cases of a A disease or pathogen present or particular disease that occurred usually prevalent in a given during a specific period per a population or geographic region at specifically defined population. all times. Prevalence Epidemic Period prevalence the no. of the A disease occurring suddenly in disease existing in the given numbers far exceeding those population during the specific attributable to endemic disease; period. occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal Mortality Rate expectancy. The ratio of the number of people who died of a particular disease Pandemic during a specified population. A widespread epidemic distributed or occurring widely throughout a Reservoir of Infections region, country, continent, or Living reservoirs: globally. Human carriers Epizootic Animals Of, or related to a rapidly spreading Arthropods and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given Non-living reservoirs: region. Air, soil, dust, food, milk Water fomites ayen&kiday ᴗ  Modes of Transmission 5 principle modes by which transmission of pathogens occurs 1. contact - Direct - indirect 2. Airborne 3. Droplet 4. vehicular - Transmissions involve contaminated inanimate object such as food, water, dust and fomites 5. Vectors - Insects and arachnids Portal of Entry 1. Skin 2. Nose 3. Mouth 4. Blood 5. Openings in the body Bioterrorism Is terrorism by intentional release or dissemination of biological agents (bacteria, viruses, or toxins), these may be in a naturally-occurring or in a human-modified form. Most Commonly Discussed Pathogens 1. Bacillus anthracis 2. Clostridium botulinum 3. Variola major (smallpox virus) 4. Yersinia pestis (plague) Water Supplies and Sewage Disposal Water is the most essential resource for the survival of humanity Sources of water contamination - Rainwater falling over large areas collects in lakes and rivers, and, thus, is subject to contamination by soil and microbes raw fecal material. - Groundwater from wells. ayen&kiday ᴗ