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What is the term for an infection acquired within a hospital setting?
What is the term for an infection acquired within a hospital setting?
Which of the following bacteria is a common cause of HAIs?
Which of the following bacteria is a common cause of HAIs?
What is the study of interactions among organisms and their environment?
What is the study of interactions among organisms and their environment?
What type of symbiotic relationship involves one organism benefiting at the expense of another?
What type of symbiotic relationship involves one organism benefiting at the expense of another?
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What is the term for the study of numerous interrelationships between microorganisms and the world around them?
What is the term for the study of numerous interrelationships between microorganisms and the world around them?
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What type of symbiotic relationship involves both organisms benefiting from each other?
What type of symbiotic relationship involves both organisms benefiting from each other?
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What is the term for the presence of parasites in the blood?
What is the term for the presence of parasites in the blood?
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What is the term for the proliferation of abnormal WBCs in the blood?
What is the term for the proliferation of abnormal WBCs in the blood?
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What type of transmission involves particles larger than 5 nanometers in size?
What type of transmission involves particles larger than 5 nanometers in size?
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What is the term for the inflammation or infection of the membranes surrounding the brain?
What is the term for the inflammation or infection of the membranes surrounding the brain?
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What type of asepsis is used in surgical procedures?
What type of asepsis is used in surgical procedures?
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What is the term for the inflammation or infection of both the brain and the membranes surrounding it?
What is the term for the inflammation or infection of both the brain and the membranes surrounding it?
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What type of room is used to prevent airborne pathogens from entering the corridor?
What type of room is used to prevent airborne pathogens from entering the corridor?
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What is the term for infections that are acquired in healthcare settings?
What is the term for infections that are acquired in healthcare settings?
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What is referred to as a pathogen?
What is referred to as a pathogen?
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What is the term for the steps or mechanisms involved in the development of a disease?
What is the term for the steps or mechanisms involved in the development of a disease?
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What is the term for a disease that is equally endemic in all age groups of a population?
What is the term for a disease that is equally endemic in all age groups of a population?
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What is the term for objective evidence of a disease?
What is the term for objective evidence of a disease?
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What is the term for the living together of two dissimilar organisms in a close union?
What is the term for the living together of two dissimilar organisms in a close union?
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What is the term for the period of time during which the patient is recovering from a disease?
What is the term for the period of time during which the patient is recovering from a disease?
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What is the term for the interaction of two or more organizations to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects?
What is the term for the interaction of two or more organizations to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects?
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What is the term for a substance that alters the structure or function of the nervous system?
What is the term for a substance that alters the structure or function of the nervous system?
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What is the term for a symbiotic relationship in which neither symbiont is affected by the other?
What is the term for a symbiotic relationship in which neither symbiont is affected by the other?
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What is the term for the source of the pathogen?
What is the term for the source of the pathogen?
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What is the term for an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm?
What is the term for an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm?
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What is the term for a disease that is endemic in most of the children in a population, with the adults in the same population being less often affected?
What is the term for a disease that is endemic in most of the children in a population, with the adults in the same population being less often affected?
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What is the study of the nature, cause, and spread of diseases?
What is the study of the nature, cause, and spread of diseases?
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What is an infectious disease that is transmissible from one human to another?
What is an infectious disease that is transmissible from one human to another?
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What type of microorganisms are found on the skin?
What type of microorganisms are found on the skin?
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Which of the following bacteria are commonly found on the skin?
Which of the following bacteria are commonly found on the skin?
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What is an epidemic?
What is an epidemic?
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What is an epizootic?
What is an epizootic?
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What is a living reservoir of infection?
What is a living reservoir of infection?
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What is the mode of transmission that involves contaminated inanimate objects such as food, water, dust, and fomites?
What is the mode of transmission that involves contaminated inanimate objects such as food, water, dust, and fomites?
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What is the portal of entry for a pathogen that enters the body through a cut in the skin?
What is the portal of entry for a pathogen that enters the body through a cut in the skin?
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What is bioterrorism?
What is bioterrorism?
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Which of the following is a common source of water contamination?
Which of the following is a common source of water contamination?
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Which of the following pathogens is most commonly associated with bioterrorism?
Which of the following pathogens is most commonly associated with bioterrorism?
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Study Notes
Microbiology and Parasitology
- Pathogens are substances that alter the structure or function of the nervous system.
- Neurotoxins are a type of pathogen.
- The chain of infection involves six steps: pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host.
Pathogenesis
- Refers to the steps or mechanisms involved in the development of a disease.
Epidemiology
- The four periods or phases in the course of an infectious disease are incubation, prodromal, period of illness, and convalescent.
- Hyperendemic refers to a disease that is equally endemic in all age groups of a population.
- Holoendemic refers to a disease that is endemic in most of the children in a population, with the adults in the same population being less often affected.
Infections
- Septicemia is a condition in which the bloodstream contains bacteria or other toxins.
- Meningococcemia is a specific type of septicemia caused by Neisseria meningitidis.
- Airborne transmission involves particles less than or equal to 5 nanometers in size.
- Droplet transmission involves particles larger than 5 nanometers in size.
Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs)
- UTIs, surgical site infections, lower respiratory infections, and bloodstream infections are four common types of HAIs.
- Asepsis means "without infection" and can be medical or surgical.
- Airborne infection isolation rooms have negative pressure to prevent airborne droplet nuclei from entering the corridor.
- Protective environments are under positive pressure, and air entering the room passes through HEPA filters.
Microbial Ecology and Microbial Biotechnology
- Microbial ecology is the study of interactions among organisms and their environment.
- Microbial ecology involves the study of numerous interrelationships between microorganisms and the world around them.
- Symbiosis is a close and often long-term relationship between different species.
- Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both individuals benefit from the association.
- Synergism is the interaction or cooperation of two or more agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.
Indigenous Microflora of Humans
- Normal flora refers to the microbes that reside on or within the human body.
- The resident microflora of the skin consists primarily of bacteria and fungi.
- The most common bacteria of the skin are species of Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Brevibacterium, and Acinetobacter.
Epidemiology and Public Health
- Communicable disease refers to an infectious disease that is transmissible from one human to another.
- An epidemic is a widespread outbreak of a disease affecting a large number of people.
- Reservoirs of infections can be living (animals, arthropods) or non-living (air, soil, dust, food, milk, and water).
- The five principle modes of transmission are contact, airborne, droplet, vehicular, and vectors.
- Portal of entry refers to the route by which a pathogen enters the body.
Bioterrorism
- Bioterrorism is the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents.
- The most commonly discussed pathogens in bioterrorism are Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum, Variola major (smallpox virus), and Yersinia pestis (plague).
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of microbiology and parasitology, including the chain of infection and neurotoxins. Test your knowledge of pathogens and their effects on the nervous system.
