Microbiology Exam 1 PDF

Microbiology Exam 1 Prokaryotic Cell Structure Location Structure Flagella Pili Structures Outside the Cell Wall Capsules Slime Layer Cytoplasmic Membrane Cell Wall Chromosomes Plasmid Endospore Internal Components Cytoskeleton Gas vesicles Granules Ribosomes Characteristics Involved in motility; sp...

Microbiology Exam 1 Prokaryotic Cell Structure Location Structure Flagella Pili Structures Outside the Cell Wall Capsules Slime Layer Cytoplasmic Membrane Cell Wall Chromosomes Plasmid Endospore Internal Components Cytoskeleton Gas vesicles Granules Ribosomes Characteristics Involved in motility; spin-like propellers to move cell 4 arrangements: monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, peritrichous Fimbriae: allows cells to adhere to surfaces A few types are used for twitching or gliding motility Sex pili are involved in DNA transfer Distinct and gelatinous; allows bacteria to adhere to specific surfaces; allows some organisms to avoid the body’s defense systems and thus cause disease Diffuse and irregular; allows bacteria to adhere to specific surfaces Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins; surrounds the cytoplasm, separating it from the external environment; gives the cell its shape Made from peptidoglycans (NAM and NAG) Some bacteria do not have a cell wall (Mycoplasma) Carries the genetic information required by a cell; typically, a single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule Generally, carries only genetic information that may be advantageous to a cell in certain situations A type of dormant cell that is extraordinarily resistant to heat, desiccation, ultraviolet light, and toxic chemicals Protein framework involved in cell division and control of cell shape Small, rigid structures that provide buoyancy to a cell Accumulations of high molecular weight polymers, synthesized from a nutrient available in relative excess; helps to identify certain bacteria Involved in protein synthesis; two subunits, 30S and 50S, join to form the 70S ribosome Flagella types: Pili *Pili are smaller than flagella* Color of Gram-Stained Cell Representative Genera Peptidoglycan Teichoic acids Outer membrane Lipopolysaccharide Porin proteins Sensitivity to penicillin Sensitivity to lysozyme Gram-Positive Purple Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus Thick layer Present Absent Absent Absent More susceptible Yes Gram-Negative Pink Escherichia, Neisseria, Pseudomonas Thin layer Absent Present Present Present Less susceptible No Anatomy of a virus: - Capsid: protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material - Naked viruses: composed only of a nucleocapsid (no outer coating) Enveloped viruses: surrounded by an envelope Virion: completely assembled, infectious virus outside its host cell DNA viruses, RNA viruses, or Retroviruses - Viral spikes: used for attachment and for release (Neuraminidase and Hemagglutinin) RSV Symptoms: general cold symptoms, however pulmonary symptoms such as rales or croupy cough may occur RNA virus; more serious in young children and older adults Common Cold (Rhinoviruses) - RNA virus - Members of picornavirus family (non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA genome) - Airborne transmission Adenoviruses - DNA virus - Resembles strep, and cannot be distinguished from strep except by throat culture - Adenovirus 14 = Killer Cold virus - Starts with cold-like symptoms, can progress and cause pneumonia, viral meningitis, or encephalitis - Airborne transmission Influenza: - 2 types of spikes: o Hemagglutinin (H): helps the virion attach and penetrate host cells o Neuraminidase (N): helps release virions from the host cell after replication and assembly - Influenza A: strikes every year, causes most epidemics - Influenza B: strikes every year, but less common than type A - Influenza C: causes mild respiratory illness but not epidemics - Complications: Guillain-Barre Syndrome Reye’s Syndrome - “French Polio” - Caused by kids taking aspirin - Attacks nerves (myelin sheath) - 5 stages - Causes weakness, numbness, or paralysis - Antigenic drift: small changes to the virus - Antigenic shift: abrupt, major changes to the virus Parainfluenza: - RNA virus - RSV-like virus, however symptoms are milder than RSV and influenza - Types 1 and 2 cause croup - Type 3 causes bronchitis Hantavirus: - RNA virus - Reservoir: deer mouse - Fatigue, fever, muscle aches - Can lead to respiratory failure Transplacental viruses: T Toxoplasmosis O Other (Chickenpox, Coxsackie, Chlamydia, HIV, Syphilis, Polio, Zika) R Rubella C Cytomegalovirus H Herpes simplex Herpes: - DNA viruses HSV-1 HSV-2 - Cold sores - Genital - Skin to skin herpes - Sexual contact - #1 herpes contact virus that can cause encephalitis Cytomegalovirus (5) - Can cause mono - Asymptomatic in most people, however skin discoloration and enlarged organs can occur (spleen or liver) - Most common congenital infection - Complication of AIDS Varicella-Zoster Virus (3) Epstein-Barr Virus (4) - Chickenpox: red, - Major cause of mono fluid-filled teardrop - Spread through lesions that form saliva/respiratory slowly droplets - Reye’s Syndrome - Associated with Lymphoma, Hodgkin - Shingles: band-like or disease, MS, belt-like pattern encephalitis occurring on one side of the body, accompanied with pain that can last for years Roseola (HHV 6 and 7) - High fever, skin rash - Febrile seizures - Airborne - May lead to pneumonia or encephalitis Kaposi Sarcoma (8) - Purplish tumors in skin - Found in people with AIDS Smallpox: - Pink-red macules (pearls) on face and trunk; vesicles become pustules that break open and emit pus, leaving pitted scars (pocks) - Lesions appear all at once (compared to Chickenpox where lesions appear slowly) MMR: - RNA viruses Measles (Rubeola) - “Sneezles” – spread by respiratory droplets - Koplik spots (red patches with white grain-like centers) - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Mumps - Infectious parotitis – enlarged jaw tissues caused by swollen salivary glands - Males: swollen testes (orchitis) - Females: swollen ovaries (oophoritis) Rubella (German Measles) - Respiratory droplets or contact - Fever, pale pink maculopapular rash (polka dots) Fifth disease (Erythema infectiosum): - “Slap cheek” disease - Mild fiery red rash on cheeks, ears, or trunk - Adult symptoms are similar to rheumatoid arthritis - Caused by Human Parvovirus B19 Warts: Molluscum Contagiosum - DNA poxvirus - Raised, pearl-like bumps on the skin Common warts - Benign skin growths resulting from a strain of HPV Genital warts (HPV) - Most common STD - DNA virus - Spread by sexual contact Kawasaki Disease - Desquamation of hands and feet - Causes heart problems Hepatitis: Hepatitis B - DNA virus - Infectious hepatitis / Long Incubation Hepatitis - HBsAg = surface antigen (what is tested for) - HBcAg = indicates active replication - HBeAg = indicates risk of liver disease - STD, but also spread from other bodily fluids - Complete virion = Dane particle Other types - RNA viruses - Hep A&E = food or water contaminated by feces - Hep C is most common - The rest of the heps are bloodborne Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: - RNA viruses - Encephalopathy - Saddle back temperature curve indicates hemorrhagic fever Yellow Fever Dengue Fever Ebola Lassa Fever - Mosquitoes - “Break bone - Fruit bats - Rodents - Jaundice from fever” - 50%-90% - Mosquitoes hepatitis mortality - Councilman - Marburg fever bodies is a variant of Ebola Enteroviruses: - RNA viruses - Responsible for most viral meningitis Echovirus - Virus without a disease L - Known to cause summer diarrhea - 4 categories: o Aseptic meningitis o Respiratory infections similar to common cold o Diarrhea o Disseminated infections (rash, fever, malaise) - Infections similar to Coxsackie Enterovirus D68 Rotavirus - Non-polio - Most common enterovirus that diarrheal causes mild to disease in severe children - Causes respiratory illness - Can cause acute gastroenteritis flaccid paralysis and encephalomyelitis Norovirus - “Winter vomiting disease” - #1 cause of disease outbreaks from contaminated food in U.S. - Most common cause of gastroenteritis - Cruise ships! Enteroviruses – continued Coxsackie - 2 types (A & B) Group A tends to infect skin and mucous membranes Group B tends to infect the heart and liver Polio-like symptoms Can cause viral meningitis, paralytic poliomyelitis, Sjogren’s syndrome (condition that affects the body’s moisture producing glands) Hand, Foot, Mouth Disease - Caused by Coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71 - Painful red blisters in mouth, palms of hands, soles of feet Poliovirus - 3 serotypes: o Burnhilde & Mahoney strains (epidemic) o Lansing & MEF-2 (endemic) o Leon & Saukett (epidemic) - Most people show no signs of illness; viral gastroenteritis symptoms may occur - Post-polio syndrome: new weakness, loss of function, intense fatigue, muscle/joint pain (typically 30-50 years after illness) - 3 types of paralytic polio: Spinal, Bulbar, and Bulbospinal - Anterior Horn Damage Encephalitis - Transmitted by mosquitoes RNA viruses Viral encephalitis can develop from HSV, Epstein-Barr, Measles, Mumps Types: West Nile, Eastern Equine, Western Equine West Nile Virus - Caused by various species of mosquitoes; birds are most commonly infected and the biggest reservoir West Nile Fever West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND) West Nile Virus Encephalitis (WNE) West Nile Meningitis (WNM) West Nile Meningoencephalitis West Nile Poliomyelitis (WNP) Prions: - Proteinaceous infectious particles -> all cause spongiform encephalitis - Scrapies (sheep), Mad Cow Disease Zika virus: - Transmitted by mosquitoes - Causes mild febrile illness with maculo-papular rash - May be misdiagnosed by as Dengue fever - Can cause micro encephalitis Anaplasmosis, Ehrlichiosis, & Lyme disease - All tick-borne diseases Anaplasmosis Ehrlichiosis - Human granulocytic - Human monocytic anaplasmosis ehrlichiosis affects affects neutrophils monocytes - Can cause nerve - Lone Star Tick issues - Most life-threatening tickborne disease in U.S. - Can cause meningitis Anaplasmosis = Granulocytic | Ehrlichiosis = Monocytic Lyme Disease - Less likely to exhibit GI symptoms compared to anaplasmosis - Usually causes a rash that has a target pattern Rickettsia & Chlamydia - Tiny gram-negative rods or coccobacilli – do not stain well with gram stain - Treated with tetracyclines Rocky Mountain Spotted Epidemic Typhus Endemic Typhus Scrub Typhus Fever - R. rickettsii - Transmitted by ticks - Most common rickettsial disease - High fever, headaches, spotted skin rash on wrists, palms of hands, soles of feet - R. prowazekii - Transmitted by lice - If reactivated, can cause BrillZinsser disease - Can cause encephalitis - R. typhi - Rat flea bite - R. tsutsugamushi (renamed to R. orientalis) - Mouse mite - Scrublands - Eschar (black spot at site of bite) Rickettsia & Chlamydia – continued Trench Fever Rickettsial Pox - Bartonella - R. akari quintana - Mites - Head and body - Painless bite – lice papule – eschar - Polish-Russian - Maculo-papular intermittent fever rash on face, trunk, extremities; becomes vesicular like chickenpox Rickettsia conori - Brown dog tick - Boutonneuse fever - La tache noir (same as an Eschar) Q Fever - C. burnetii - Donut shaped granulomas - Inhalation of bacteria shed from infected animals (farm workers) - Enters cell through passive mechanism Chlamydia: - Subgroup of Rickettsia - Pathogenesis summary: reticulate body = non-infectious | elementary body = infectious o Inside host initially as non-infectious reticulate bodies § Interacts with glycogen inclusions inside endocytic vesicle, enlarges, becomes non-infectious reticulate body o Later, it differentiates into dense-appearing infectious elementary bodies § Infectious form is elementary body – it attaches to receptors on surface of host epithelial cell, inducing endocytosis Chlamydia trachomatis - Spherical, obligate gram (-) bacteria - Can cause eye infections and STI similar to gonorrhea - Non-gonococcal urethritis - Urogenital infections, trachoma, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) Chlamydia psittaci - Psittacosis - Birds are the reservoir - Lower respiratory tract - Can cause pneumonia Fungi: - Study of fungi: mycology - Fungi lack chlorophyll, walls contain chitin - Fungi kingdom includes molds and yeasts o Molds grow as long, tangled filaments of cells in visible colonies o Yeasts are unicellular fungi - Most fungi (EXCEPT yeasts) exist as hyphae o A mycelium is a thick mass of hyphae - Spores are the sexual stage of the fungi - Yeasts are single-celled fungi o Saccharomyces cerevisiae – used in bread baking and alcohol production § Auto Brewery Syndrome (gut fermentation syndrome) – people who experience intoxication/hangovers without drinking alcohol due to excess Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Mycotoxins = fungal toxins Ergotism - “Ergot Rye Poisoning” - Claviceps purpura - LSD trip symptoms Cryptococcosis - Cryptococcus neoformans - Deadliest fungus known to man! - Pigeon droppings, soil Sporotrichosis - Blastomyces dermatidis - AKA Gilchrist’s disease - Pigeon droppings and dusty soil - Cutaneous ulcers/blisters - Chest pain similar to TB - Most dangerous candida! - Often fatal, antibiotic resistant Aspergillus flavus - Round ball of mycelium (aspergilloma) found in lungs, needs surgery to remove - If disseminated, can affect heart or brain Coccidiomycosis Blastomycosis Candida Auris - Thrush (whitish overgrowth of oral cavity) - Vaginitis; resembles non-gonococcal urethritis - Treated with antifungals (“azoles”) Aspergillus fumigatus - Sporothrix schenckii - “Rose Thorn Disease” - Found in wood, soil - Cutaneous and systemic forms - Causes pus-filled lesions - Coccidioides immitis - AKA “Valley Fever” - Resembles TB - Can become meningitis Candida albicans - Grains, peanuts = Aflatoxin Histoplasmosis - Bird droppings - AKA Bridge Builder’s Disease - Pulmonary and disseminated types - Symptoms similar to TB - Petechiae Pneumocystis Pneumonia - P. jirovecii (FKA P, carinii) - Common in those with immune deficiencies - Dyspnea, fever, nonproductive cough Dermatomycoses / Dermatophytosis - Tinea = Ringworm - Blister-like lesions with fluid discharge when scratched - Types: o Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) o Tinea capitis (scalp) o Tinea corporis (body) o Tinea barbae (beard) o Tinea unquin (nails) o Tinea cruris (groin) Protozoa: Amebiasis Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) - Entamoeba - Naegleria fowleri - AKA “Brain Eating histolytica nd - 2 leading COD Amoeba” due to parasitic - Symptoms similar to disease (Malaria meningitis and is #1) encephalitis - Dysentery - 95% of victims die - Can cause liver and gut problems African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) - Caused by Trypanosoma brucei o T. brucei gambiense = West o T. brucei rhodesiense = East - Transmitted by African tsetse fly - Symptoms: bite turns red, fever, headaches, extreme fatigue, aches/pains - Fatal if not treated Giardiasis - Giardia intestinalis - Most common intestinal parasitic infection Trichomoniasis - Trichomonas vaginalis - Females: itching, burning, discharge (similar to gonorrhea) - Males may be asymptomatic American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease) - Trypanosoma cruzi - Transmitted by infected winged bugs, kissing bugs (reduviids) - Romana’s Sign (Chagoma) – swelling of the eyelid on one eye - More ring shaped compared to T. brucei Leishmaniasis - Leishmania donovani - “Kala Azar” (Black Fever) - Bite of the sandfly - Affects immune response Balantidiosis - Balantidium coli - Paramecium - Found where pigs are Malaria - Spread by mosquitoes - Caused by Plasmodium parasites - “Malarial Attack” – when RBCs rupture, causing intense cold, teeth chatter, bed rattles, high fever, delirium - Infects liver cells - Forms diamond ring in RBCs Toxoplasmosis - Toxoplasma gondii - Leading cause of focal CNS disease in AIDS - Transplacental Theileria - Spread by ticks - Penetrates RBCs, causing anemia, piercing headaches, and possible meningitis - “Maltese Cross” Worms: - Roundworms = Nematodes - Flatworms = Trematodes (AKA Flukes) - Cestodes = Tapeworms Roundworms: Ascariasis - Ascaris lumbricoides - Most common worm Toxocariasis - T. canis and T. cati - Causes loss of vision Trichuria - Trichuris trichuria - Whipworm infection - Rectal prolapse Elephantiasis - Wuchereria bancrofti - Transmitted by mosquitoes - Enlarged lymph vessels in inguinal and axillary regions Pinworm - Enterobius vermicularis - Most common in children Trichinosis - Trichinella spiralis - Embeds in skeletal muscle River Loa Loa Guinea Worm Blindness - Onchocerca - African Eye - Dracunculus volvulus Worm medinensis - Black flies - Carried by Disease - Retinal - Migrates in Cyclops damage, the skin, (arthropod in causing travels to still water) blindness eye beneath - Pruritic itch, red the papule around conjunctiva ankle - Caduceus Flatworms: Schistosomiasis - “Blood Fluke” - S. mansoni, S. hematobium, S. japonicum - Snails are the intermediate host - Damages liver, intestines, bladder Liver Fluke Disease - Fasciola hepatica - Common parasite of sheep, cattle, goats Tapeworms (Taenia): - Develop from consuming undercooked meat o Taenia saginata = beef tapeworm o Taenia solium = pork tapeworm o Diphyllobothrium latum = fish tapeworm § Causes vitamin B12 deficiency Adult Lung Fluke - Paragonimus westermani - Crabs are the reservoir - Frequently misdiagnosed as TB