Micro Revision PDF

Revision Short Essay Compare Eukaryotic cells: Cells containing membrane bound nucleus (true nucleus). Prokaryotic cells: Cells in which DNA is not separated physically from cytoplasm (No true nucleus). Compare Bacteria Unicellular organisms Contain both DNA & RNA No true nucleus >>> prokaryo...

Revision Short Essay Compare Eukaryotic cells: Cells containing membrane bound nucleus (true nucleus). Prokaryotic cells: Cells in which DNA is not separated physically from cytoplasm (No true nucleus). Compare Bacteria Unicellular organisms Contain both DNA & RNA No true nucleus >>> prokaryotic Viruses Acellular Consist of DNA or RNA core Obligate intracellular pathogen Complete The cell envelope includes: Capsule Cell wall Cell (Plasma) membrane Mention Functions of cell wall: Shape Osmotic protection Mention functions of the following: Ribosomes: Protein synthesis Flagella: Movement Pili: Attachment Mention Functions of cell membrane includes: 1. Transport of nutrients into cell 2. Transport of waste out of cell 3. Contain enzymes of respiration Define Endospore: Inactive form of the bacteria (dormant). Resist adverse environmental conditions: ✓ Dryness ✓ High temperatures ✓ Bactericidal agents ✓ Nutritional deficiency Mention Types of Normal Flora: Resident Transient They inhabit body sites They are found for extended periods temporarily They are not removed by They are removed by routine hand hygiene routine hand hygiene Mention Advantages of Normal Flora 1. They synthesize vitamins. 2. They prevent the entry of the pathogens: ✓ Physicaloccupancy. ✓ Competition for essential nutrients. ✓ Production of anti-bacterial chemicals. Complete Normal flora become pathogenic if: Immunity is lowered Flora gains access to a different site Prolonged antibiotic use Define Colonization: Multiplicationof an organism on a body surface of the host. No tissue invasion and not causing a disease. Infection: Multiplication of organism in the tissues tissue invasion and causing disease. Define Carrier: A person who carries a pathogenic organism but have no symptoms or signs. Carrier can transmit infection to others. Compare Sterilization: It is the process of removing or destroying all microorganisms including bacterial spores. Disinfection: It is a process that reduces the number of pathogenic microorganisms, but not necessarily bacterial spores to a level which is not harmful to health.  Mention Monitoring of autoclave is achieved by: 1. Physical monitoring that include assessment of: Pressure Temperature Cycle duration 2. Chemical monitoring 3. Biological monitoring Mention Hand washing is indicated when: 1. Hands are visibly dirty or visibly soiled with blood or other body fluids. 2. Exposure to potential spore-forming organisms is strongly suspected or proven.  Compare Critical Items Semi-Critical Non-Critical Items Items High risk Intermediate risk Low risk Penetrate sterile Does not penetrate Items in contact with tissues including body the skin or enter normal and intact cavities and the sterile areas of the skin, or the inanimate vascular system. body. environment. Comes in contact with intact mucous membranes or non- intact skin. Cleaning followed by Cleaning followed by Cleaning and drying is sterilization is required. disinfection is usually usually adequate. adequate. Mention HBV Transmission Complications: Blood Asymptomatic Sexual intercourse chronic carriers Perinatally Chronic active hepatitis Liver cirrhosis Clinical Picture Liver cell failure Fever Hepatocellular Jaundice carcinoma (HCC) Mention HBV Prevention 1. Active Immunization 3 I.M doses at 0, 1& 6 months. In deltoid region in adults or children and in the anterolateral aspect of the thigh in neonates. Indications:  High risk group.  routine administration of the vaccine to newborns and adolescents.  Blood-Borne 2. Passive Immunization Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) together with the vaccine are given (at separate sites) as post exposure prophylaxis to: ✓ Individuals accidentally exposed to HBsAg positive blood through needle stick or sharp injury. ✓ Neonates born to HBsAg positive mothers. 3. Hygienic Measures Mention Prevention of CAUTI 1. Use catheter only if truly indicated. 2. Early removal of catheter as soon as possible. 3. Use aseptic technique during catheter insertion. 4. Maintain closed drainage system. 5. Maintain unobstructed urinary flow. Mention Prevention of Catheter Related Infections 1. Adherence to Hand hygiene and use of PPE. 2. Apply antiseptic in a spiral manner from inside out. 3. Daily care and follow up: Remove as early as possible. Remove if infection occurs.  MCQ Match True/False All are true about bacteria except: a) They are eukaryotic b) Some produce endospores c) They have small single stranded circular DNA d) They have no true nucleus Regarding viruses, choose the correct answer: a) They are cellular b) They contain both DNA & RNA c) They are prokaryotic d) They are obligate intracellular pathogens 1. Autoclave A process that reduces the number of pathogenic microorganisms, but not necessarily bacterial spores. 6 2. Sodium Applied as antiseptic to living tissues hypochlorite 7 3. Boiling A process of removing or destroying all microorganisms including bacterial spores. 5 4. UV light Sterilization by steam under pressure 1 5. Sterilization Disinfection at 100°C 3 6. Disinfection Used for disinfection of milk & juice 8 7. Alcohol Used for removal of microorganisms from heat- sensitive fluid & air 9 8. Pasteurization Used as disinfectant for inanimate objects 2 9. Filtration Used for air & surface disinfection 4 It is not necessary to wash your hands after removing gloves. a) True b) False Healthcare workers may contract Hepatitis B from needle-stick injuries. a) True b) False 3. Which of the following is NOT considered a portal of entry for bacteria? a) Eyes b) Nose c) Mouth d) Intact skin The best infection control practice is: a) Hand hygiene b) Immunization c) PPE d) Environmental cleaning Removal and killing of all microorganisms including bacterial spores known as: a) Cleaning b) Sterilization c) Pasteurization d) Disinfection True or False: Standard surgical mask can prevent the transmission of air borne particles. F While inserting a urinary catheter we should wear clean gloves. F While inserting a peripheral venous catheter we should wear clean gloves. T  Match: 1) Empty cartoon boxes 2) Urinary catheter removed from 1, 3 the patient a) Black bags 3) Empty plastic bottle of water 2, 5 4) Unused cannula that b) Red bags accidentally felt down to the floor 5) Cotton and gauze that removed during checking on a wound 4, 6 c) Safety box 6) A blade that used to open un abscess in the outpatient clinic Which of the following best describes hospital acquired infections: a) Infections those are exogenous. b) Infections those are neither present nor incubating at time of hospital admission but which are acquired during a hospital stay. c) Infections those are tracked by advanced surveillance systems. d) None of the above. Health care workers need to wear personal protective equipment for: a) Their own protection. b) Protection of patients during invasive procedures. c) Caring of immunocompromised patients. d) All of the above. Which of the following are considered infectious waste? a) Outdated client records. b) Used bandages. c) Trash from the hospital kitchen. d) All of the above. Proper disposal of used needles include: a) Always breaking or bending the needle before disposal. b) Placing needle and attached syringe in a puncture resistant container. c) Carefully removing the needle from syringe. d) Placing in leak proof bag. The best way to prevent infections is: a) Always wearing a mask. b) Following standard precautions. c) Avoiding health care services. d) Denying service to clients who might have an infection. Critical items: a) Are those will contact intact mucous membranes. b) Require cleaning then sterilization. c) Require cleaning and disinfection. d) Include floor, walls and ceiling.  True or False T 1. Vaccination can prevent HBV. 2. Vaccination can prevent HCV. F 3. Post exposure prophylaxis can prevent HBV. T 4. Blood transfusion is source of infection in HAV. F 5. Viruses replicate only in the host's cells using its structures and enzymes. T All of the following infections are prevented by DPT vaccine except: a. Diphtheria b. Pertussis c. Typhoid d. Tetanus All are true regarding Tuberculosis except: a. It’s an airborne infection b. It’s a droplet infection c. BCG vaccine protects neonate from severe complications of TB d. Patient suffers from high fever & productive cough All are true regarding food poisoning except: a. It usually occurs when a group of people share the same meal. b. They have common symptoms, usually vomiting & diarrhea. c. This meal contains preformed bacterial toxins. d. It has a long incubation period. MMR vaccine covers the following infections except: a. Rubella b. Mumps c. Measles d. Meningeo-coccal infection Typhoid fever: a) Transmitted through needle stick injury b) Symptoms include cough & expectoration. c) Transmitted through ingestion. d) Caused by Streptococci. Bacterial food poisoning: a) Occurs when a group of people share the same meal and have the same symptoms. b) Caused by Salmonella typhi only. c) Not related to ingestion of food. d) Have long incubation period. True or False 1. Complication of cholera include dehydration. T 2. Gonorrhea is transmitted sexually. T 3. Whooping cough can be prevented by vaccine. T 4. Rheumatic fever is a complication of infection with acute follicular tonsillitis. T 5. Pulmonary tuberculosis is transmitted via respiratory droplets. F 6. Diphtheria can be prevented via vaccine. T Thank You!