Methods of Philosophizing PDF

 Term Conventional Sign The term is an Essential Component of a Proposition Saints are holy people. ------------------------------------------------------------------ #### Singular Terms ###### SUPERLATIVES ###### PROPER NAMES...

 Term Conventional Sign The term is an Essential Component of a Proposition Saints are holy people. ------------------------------------------------------------------ #### Singular Terms ###### SUPERLATIVES ###### PROPER NAMES ###### PERSONAL PRONOUNS #### Particular Terms -- -- -- -- -- -- #### Particular Terms -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ###### NON-QUANTIFIED TERMS ###### NON-QUANTIFIED TERMS 1. ***A Paulinian student is crying. Particular Term*** 2. ***A Paulinian student is a human being. Universal Term*** ##### Determining the quantity of any given term  BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION 1. If the subject is singular, the quantity of the proposition is also singular. 2. If the subject is particular, the quantity of the proposition is also particular. 3. If the subject is universal, the quantity of the proposition is also universal. QUANTITY OF THE PREDICATE SYMBOLS OF THE PROPOSITION -- -- -- -- -- -- A. Rule for the Affirmative Proposition B. Rule for the Negative Proposition C. Rule for Singular Predicates  ### Intro. To Philo. of Human Person ###### INFERENCE ### Intro. To Philo. of Human Person *C H A R L E S I* ###### CONVERSION 1. Interchange the subject and the predicate of the convertend. 2. Retain the quality of the convertend. Convertend: Dennis is good. 3. Do not extend any term. U A P ##### 3. Do not extend any term. U A P U A P P U **P** **P** **P** 1. Every insect is dead. 2. Each student is industrious. 3. All pigs are dirty. 4. Each toddler is dependent. 5. All senior freshmen are young. ### Intro. To Philo. of Human Person *" B E N O T A F R A I D O F G R O W I N G S L O W L Y. B E A F R A I D O N L Y O F S T A N D I N G S T I L L. "* *C H I N E S E P R O V E R B* ###### OBVERSION ###### THE FORMAL RULES GOVERNING OBVERSION 1. Retain the subject and the quantity of the obvertend. U U 1. Retain the subject and the quantity of the obvertend. ##### The quantity of the subject "crimes" is universal (as indicated by the quantifier "all") so the quantity of the same subject in the obverse must always remain universal. ###### THE FORMAL RULES GOVERNING OBVERSION 2. Change the quality. 2. Change the quality #### The quality of the obvertend is affirmative so the quality of the obverse must be changed to negative ###### THE FORMAL RULES GOVERNING OBVERSION 3. Contradict the predicate. 3. Contradict the predicate. The contradictory or opposite of the predicate "immoral" is "moral," this becomes the new predicate. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- When obverted, the A proposition becomes an E proposition. ========================================================== 1. Every insect is dead. 2. Each student is industrious. 3. All pigs are dirty. 4. Each toddler is dependent. 5. All senior freshmen are young. ### Intro. To Philo. of Human Person *W I L L I A M H A Z L I T T* ###### CONTRAPOSITION 1. Obvert the contraponend. Contraponend: All crimes are immoral. 2. Convert the obverse. Contraponend: All crimes are immoral. 2. Convert the obverse. Contraponend: (A) All crimes are immoral. 3. Obvert Contraposite type 1 Contraponend: (A) All crimes are immoral. ###### SYMBOL PATTERNS TO CONTRAPOSITION **no contraposite** 1. Contraponend( ) Every human being is mortal. Obverse( ) C1( ) C2( ) 2. Contraponend( ) Every house is a dwelling place. ### Intro. To Philo. of Human Person ##### The SQUARE of OPPOSITON ##### It is the process whereby the mind proceeds from the known or assumed truth or falsity of one proposition to the truth, falsity or dubitability (doubtfulness) of another proposition. Contradictory Opposition These are the rules governing contradictory opposition: A E I O Thus: - O is true. - A E Contrary Opposition These are the rules governing contrary opposition: If on◦ - propo◦ other is false. Thus: - A is doubtful I O **Propositions** ------------------------------------------- -- -- -- B. Not everybody is invited to the party. Formal Rules governing the Categorical Syllogism 1. There must be three terms only, Major term, minor term, and middle terms 2. Each term must occur in two propositions 3. The major and the minor term must never be extended 4. The middle term must be universal (or singular) at least once 5. If both premises are affirmative, the conclusion must also be affirmative 6. If one premise is affirmative and the other is negative, the conclusion must be negative 7. If both premises are negative, no logical conclusion can be drawn. 8. At least one premise must be universal of singular 9. If one premise is particular, and the other is universal, the conclusion must be particular