Nature of Philosophy and the Basic Concepts of Logic PDF

Prepared by: Jesslene R. Mojica, LPT, RPm  1. The Categories - a treatise on the ten primary classes into which our concepts of things are divided 2. De Interpretatione - a treatise on terms and propositions 3. Prior Analytics - a tr...

Prepared by: Jesslene R. Mojica, LPT, RPm  1. The Categories - a treatise on the ten primary classes into which our concepts of things are divided 2. De Interpretatione - a treatise on terms and propositions 3. Prior Analytics - a treatise on inference 4. Posterior Analytics - a treatise on logical analysis of science 5. Topics - the method of reasoning to be employed in philosophical questions, when demonstrative proof is not obtainable 6. Sophistical Refutations - an account of fallacious reasonings - as science of how to evaluate arguments and reasoning  NOMINAL DEFINITION - the Ancient Greek: λογική, logike - is the use and study of valid reasoning  REAL DEFINITION - The study of the principles of reasoning, especially of the structure of propositions as distinguished from their content and of method and validity in deductive reasoning. - “Logic is a science of reasoning”. It is comprises of principle, methods and laws which the mind should follow to attain the validity and truthfulness of the arguments. In other words… LOGIC is the science and art of correct thinking. -by W. Stanley Jevons, M.A - is a process of evaluation which uses logic to separate truth from falsehood, reasonable from unreasonable beliefs  ELEMENTS IN DEFINITION OF LOGIC  ELEMENTS IN DEFINITION 2 criteria for mental process to be OF LOGIC considered thinking:  is a process of is the process of thinking or reasoning drawing out that follows the right deals with conclusion from procedure knowledge which previously known conforms to reality may not always be data true does not investigate reasoning or the truth as the inference certainty of the data but rather focuses on the correct operation of thinking TYPES OF LOGIC - is the use and study of valid - is concerned with the subject matter, reasoning content or truth - it looks at whether there is -it looks at whether there is conformity From this we can ask: conformity with the given with reality standards or with the existing From this we can ask: rules of logic ❖ Our concern is how it is structured or built to create a sound reasoning TYPES OF LOGIC - is one in which the argument flows from - is one in which the premise flow logically specific to general or particular to universal into the conclusion - implies a sense of probability -that is why it is also called formal deductive logic - may provide some evidence of truth -it is from universal to particular or from - it is closely allied to the scientific method more to the less universal by way of a of inquiry which proves from the particular middle term to universal Theory Observation Productions Generalization Experiment Theory