Digestive System Lecture Notes PDF

Lecture #6 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PRESENTED BY: DR. MARK JAYSON GUTIERREZ, RRT Overview: Structures, combining forms & functions Related Major Structures Primary Functions Combining Forms Mouth Begins pre...

Lecture #6 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PRESENTED BY: DR. MARK JAYSON GUTIERREZ, RRT Overview: Structures, combining forms & functions Related Major Structures Primary Functions Combining Forms Mouth Begins preparation of food for digestion. Pharynx Transports food from the mouth to the esophagus. Esophagus Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach. Overview: Structures, combining forms & functions Related Major Structures Primary Functions Combining Forms Stomach Breaks down food and mixes it with gastric juices Small Intestine Mixes chyme coming from the stomach with digestive juices to complete the digestion and absorption of most nutrients. Large Intestine Absorbs excess water, and prepares solid waste for elimination. Overview: Structures, combining forms & functions Related Major Structures Primary Functions Combining Forms Rectum and Anus Control the excretion of solid waste. Liver Secretes bile & enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats. Gallbladder Stores bile, and releases it into the small intestine as needed. Pancreas Secretes digestive juices and enzymes into the small intestine as needed Medical Specialties: Bariatrics (bayr-ee-AT-ricks) Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases. http://www.emaxhealth.com/1506/company -files-patent-food-sucking-obesity-solution Medical Specialties: Dentist Holds a doctor of dental surgery (DDS) or doctor of medical dentistry (DMD) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity. http://www.caravanacubana.com/get-the-best-dentist-in-mobile-al/ Medical Specialties: Gastroenterologist (gas-troh-en-ter-OL-oh-jist) A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines Medical Specialties: Orthodontist (or-thoh-DON-tist) Dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures  Medical Specialties: Periodontist (pehr-ee-oh-DON-tist) Dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth Grafted Tissue – Image from periodontist.org Medical Specialties: Proctologist (prock-TOL-oh-jist) A physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus http://money.howstuffworks.com/10-high-paying-dirty- job2.htm Pathologies: Tissues of the Oral Cavity Aphthous ulcers Herpes labialis (AF-thus UL-serz) (HER-peez lay-bee-AL-iss) Are gray-white pits with a red Are blister-like sores on the lips and border in the soft tissues lining adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the mouth. the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).  Pathologies: Tissues of the Oral Cavity Leukoplakia (loo-koh-PLAY-kee-ah) http://www.exodontia.info/Leukoplakia.html An abnormal white precancerous lesion (sore) that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek Stomatomycosis (stoh-mah-toh-my-KOH-sis) It is any disease of the mouth due to a fungus Pathologies: Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate A Cleft Lip A birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development. Cleft Palate The failure of the palate A child with a cleft palate to close during the early (A) before & development of the fetus. (B) after treatment B Pathologies: Dental Diseases and Conditions Bruxism (BRUCK-sizm) The involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress. Pathologies: Dental Diseases and Conditions Dental plaque Dental caries (KAYR-eez) Forms as soft deposits in sheltered An infectious disease caused by areas near the gums and between bacteria that destroy the enamel the teeth and dentin of the tooth Pathologies: Dental Diseases and Conditions Edentulous (ee-DEN-too-lus) It means without teeth Halitosis (hal-ih-TOH-sis Unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders Pathologies: The Esophagus Dysphagia (dis-FAY-jee-ah) Difficulty in swallowing Gastroesophageal reflux disease The upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus Pathologies: The Esophagus Pyrosis (pye-ROH-sis) The burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus Hiatal hernia An anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm Pathologies: The Stomach Gastritis (gas-TRY-tis) A common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori Gastroenteritis (gas-troh-en-ter-EYE-tis) Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines Pathologies: The Stomach Peptic ulcers (UL-serz) Sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system Caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or by medications, such as aspirin, that irritate the mucous membranes Pathologies: The Stomach Peptic ulcers (UL-serz) A. Gastric ulcers are peptic ulcers that occur in the stomach B. Duodenal ulcers are peptic ulcers that occur in the upper part of the small intestine A benign gastric ulcer (from the antrum) of a gastrectomy specimen. Pathologies: Eating Disorders Anorexia (an-oh-RECK-see-ah) Loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease. Anorexia nervosa An eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance. Pathologies: Eating Disorders Bulimia nervosa An eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications. Pica (PYE-kah) An abnormal craving or appetite for Pakkirappa Hunagundi: Pica sufferer nonfood substances, such as dirt, paint, or addicted to eating bricks | Metro News clay, that lasts for at least one month. http://metro.co.uk/2014/04/02/pakkirappa- hunagundi-pica-sufferer-addicted-to-eating- bricks-4686201/ Pathologies: Eating Disorders Pakkirappa Hunagundi plans to travel across India (Picture: Dominic Rodrigous / Barcroft India) Read more: http://metro.co.uk/2014/0 4/02/pakkirappa- hunagundi-pica-sufferer- addicted-to-eating-bricks- 4686201/#ixzz3yMmmtgkF  Pathologies: Nutritional Conditions Dehydration Is a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body’s normal electrolyte balance Malnutrition Is a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients Malabsorption Is a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it. Pathologies: Indigestion and Vomiting Aerophagia (ay-er-oh-FAY-jee-ah) The excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, and is a common cause of gas in the stomach Dyspepsia (dis-PEP-see-ah) Pain or discomfort in digestion Eructation (eh-ruk-TAY-shun) the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach. Pathologies: Indigestion and Vomiting Emesis (EM-eh-sis) The reflex ejection of the stomach contents outward through the mouth Hematemesis (hee-mah-TEM-eh-sis) The vomiting of blood Pathologies: Intestinal Disorders Celiac disease (SEE-lee-ak) An inherited autoimmune disorder, characterized by a severe reaction to foods containing gluten. Gluten is a class of proteins found in grains such as wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats. Pathologies: Intestinal Disorders Polyp (POL-up) Colorectal carcinoma A mushroom-like growth from the Often first manifests itself in surface of a mucous membrane. polyps in the colon Pathologies: Intestinal Disorders Diverticulum (dye-ver-TICK-you-lum) A small pouch, or sac, found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon A faeces filled diverticulum in the sigmoid colon Pathologies: Intestinal Disorders Pathologies: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) The general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines. The two most common inflammatory bowel diseases are ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Pathologies: Intestinal Obstructions The partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction. Volvulus (VOL-view-lus) Twisting of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction. Pathologies: Intestinal Obstructions Intussusception (in-tus-sus-SEP-shun) The telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part Pathologies: Anorectal Disorders Constipation Defined as having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week. With constipation, stools are usually hard, dry, small in size, and difficult to eliminate. Diarrhea (dye-ah-REE-ah) An abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools that can lead to dehydration Hemorrhoids (HEM-oh-roids) occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening. Pathologies: Abnormal Stools Hematochezia (hee-mat-oh-KEE-zee-uh) The flow of bright red blood in the stool Melena (meh-LEE-nah) The passage of black, tarry, and foul smelling stools Steatorrhea (stee-at-oh-REE-ah) The presence of an excess of fat in the stool Pathologies: The Liver Ascites (ah-SIGH-teez) An abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity Hepatomegaly (hep-ah-toh-MEG-ah-lee) The abnormal enlargement of the liver Pathologies: The Gallbladder Cholecystitis (koh-luh-sis-TYE-tis) The inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile Gallstone A hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components Diagnostic Procedures: Abdominal computed tomography A radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross section of the tissue structure within the abdomen. Diagnostic Procedures: Abdominal Ultrasound A noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high-frequency sound waves. Diagnostic Procedures: Cholangiography (koh-LAN-jee-og-rah-fee) Radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium The resulting record is a cholangiogram Diagnostic Procedures: Enema (EH-neh-ma) The placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity. Diagnostic Procedures: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy An endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract This includes the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum. Diagnostic Procedures: Upper GI Series & Lower GI Series A barium swallow is used for the upper GI series, and a barium enema is used for the lower GI series. Diagnostic Procedures: Endoscopic Procedures Endoscope (EN-doh-skope) An instrument used for visual examination of internal structures Anoscopy (ah-NOS-koh-pee) The visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum Capsule endoscopy The use of a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows Treatment Procedures: Gastrectomy (gas-TRECK-toh-mee) The surgical removal of all or a part of the stomach Treatment Procedures: Nasogastric intubation The placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach This tube, which is placed temporarily, provides nutrition for patients who cannot take sufficient nutrients by mouth Gastrostomy tube (gas-TROS-toh-mee) A surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach Treatment Procedures: Bariatric Surgery Performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested. These procedures limit food intake and force dietary changes that enable weight reduction. Gastric bypass surgery Makes the stomach smaller, usually by stapling a section to create a small pouch, and causes food to bypass the first part of the small intestine. Treatment Procedures: Bariatric Surgery Lap-band adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) procedure involves placing a band around the exterior of the stomach to restrict the amount of food that can enter Treatment Procedures: The Intestines Colectomy (koh-LECK-toh-mee) The surgical removal of all or part of the colon Colotomy (koh-LOT-oh-mee) Surgical incision into the colon Treatment Procedures: The Intestines gastroduodenostomy (gas-troh-dew-oh-deh-NOS-toh-mee) The establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach, and the duodenum Ileectomy (ill-ee-ECK-toh-mee) The surgical removal of the ileum Treatment Procedures: Colostomy (koh-LAHS-toh-mee) The surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface Treatment Procedures: Hemorrhoidectomy The surgical removal of hemorrhoids Rubber band ligation is often used instead of surgery.