Mga Babasahin sa Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas PDF

MGA BABASAHIN SA KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINAS MGA BATIS NG KASAYSAYAN Primaryang Batis (Primary Source) - Kasabay Philippine History - Ang pag-aaral ng kasaysayan ng noong pangyayari o nagmula mismo sa naka...

MGA BABASAHIN SA KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINAS MGA BATIS NG KASAYSAYAN Primaryang Batis (Primary Source) - Kasabay Philippine History - Ang pag-aaral ng kasaysayan ng noong pangyayari o nagmula mismo sa nakaranas o Pilipinas naroroon sa pangyayari Naka pokus sa mga pangyayari sa kasaysayan ng Sekondaryang Batis (Secondary Source) - Halaw Pilipinas sa Primaryang Batis Readings in Philippine History - Naka pokus sa kung 2 URI NG KRITISISMO papaano nagawa o nabuo ang kasaysayan ng Pilipinas Panlabas na Kritisismo - Pagbe-beripika sa mga Ano ang nagpa lehitimo sa kasaysayan? ebidensya sa pamamagitan ng pagsuri ng mga material nito HISTORIA - Kaalamang nakuha sa pamamagitan ng Panloob na Kritisismo - Pagbe-beripika sa pagtatanong o imbestigasyon pamamagitan ng pagsuri sa katotohanan at konteksto ng ebidensya kaSAYSAYan - Pagpapakita ng saysay, pinagmulan, konteksto, o pinanggalingan ng isang bagay THE CODE OF KALANTIAW - Code of kalantiaw a vicious and bizarre code that were said to be enacted by datu Paano natin nabuo ang mga pangyayari sa kasaysayan ng kalantiaw from the island of panay. Kalantiaw’s prominence Pilipinas? started whenjosé marco donated five manuscripts to the Philippine library and museum which includes bound works NO DOCUMENT, NO HISTORY - Mayroong mga which was supposedly written by a friar Josémaría Pavón. The sibilisasyon na hindi gumagamit ng sistema ng pagsulat, sa authenticity of the said code was no longer considered. halip sa tulong ng mga eksperto ay nabubuo ang kaalaman sa kanilang nakaraan PINAGLALAGAKAN NG MGA PRIMARYANG BATIS Linguist – (Repositories of Primary Sources) Biologist Biochemists 1. NATIONAL ARCHIVES - Matatagpuan sa Paco, Archaeologist/archeologist Manila Ito ang nagtatago at nangangalaga ng mga Mga Katanungan at Usapin sa Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas mahahalagang dokumento sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas HISTORIOGRAPHY - Ang kasaysayan ng Kasaysayan Ito ang paglalagay ng konteksto sa mga kaganapan at 2. NATIONAL LIBRARY - Matatagpuan sa Ermita, nadidiskubre ukol sa kasaysayan Manila Malalim na pag-aanalisa ng mga ebidensya Lagakan ng mga mahahalagang libro, at ebidensya ng kasaysayan ng bansa History at ang Historian - Ano ang epekto sa kasaysayan ng mga gumagawa nito? 3. NATIONAL MUSEUMS - Pinamamahalaan ng NHCP POSITIVISM - 18TH TO 19TH CENTURY Naririto ang mga mahahalagang artifacts sa Kinakailangang mayroong pisikal na ebidensya kasaysayan ng Pilipinas upang maideklarang katotohanan Ang lahat ay objective at walangbahid ng UNANG PAGLALAYAG PAIKOT NG DAIGDIG panghuhusga Ni: Antonio Pigafetta No Document. No History Ang ruta ng ekspedisyon ni Magellan. POSTCOLONIALISM - Pagkakaroon ng ideya ng sariling pagkakakilanlan ng mga bansang minsa’y sinakop Pagkakaroon ng pokus sa kasaysayan bago pa man dumating ang mga mananakop Pagkritiko sa mga gawi, epekto, at ideya ng mananakop PANTAYONG PANANAW - Dr. Zeus Salazar Ito ay isang pragmatikong diskurso na binuo bilang kasagutan sa maka kanluraning perspektibo ng pag- aaral ng kasaysayan ng Pilipinas ANTONIO PIGAFETTA (MAY AKDA) Sinasabing kilala din sa tawag na Antonio de Lombardo  Mula sa Venice Rajah Humabon - When Ferdinand Magellan landed 148-1491 – 1531 in Cebu in 1521, Rajah Humabon made a blood Bahagi ng ekspedisyon ni Magellan bilang compact with Magellan as a symbol of their chronicler newfound friendship Datu Zula - Datu Zula, Chief of Mactan, sent to Magellan one of his sons with two goats as present. PANAHON NG EKSPOLARASYON/EKSPEDISYON Zula who had promised his service to the King of Spain was opposed by another Chief, Lapu lapu FERNANDO MAGALLANES (FERDINAND Rajah Kolambu - On March 29, 1521, or two days MAGELLAN) before the iconic scene of the Easter Sunday Mass, 1480-1521 the "Kasi-Kasi" was conducted between the traveler Mula sa hilagang bahagi ng Portugal Magellan and Rajah Kolambu, king of Limasawa, Mahusay na manlalayag at naval officer and kasi-kasi meant blood compact signifying brotherhood. (1st blood compact between a filipino Nag mungkahi sa hari ng Portugal na humanap ng and a Spaniard) bagong ruta patungong Spice Islands (Maluku/Moluccas) pa Rajah Siagu - Rajah Siawi was the ruler of the kanluran ngunit hindi ito napagbigyan. Dahil na rin sa mga Rajahnate of Kalagan Butuan and Surigao during the kinahaharap na kasong criminal, lumipat siya sa Seville, Spain arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Limasawa Island. A kung saan ay nakuha niya ang suporta ng hari ng Espanya para cousin of Rajah Humabon of the Rajahnate of Sugbu, sa kanyang planong ekspedisyon Rajah Siawi was one of the first rulers to accept Christianity and attend the first Catholic Mass in the KASUNDUAN SA TORDESILLAS Philippine Islands Ang kasunduang ito ay ang hatian ng Espanya at Portugal sa Datu Lapu-Lapu - a fearless Indigenous Visayan noo’y nagong tuklas na teritoryo ng timog Amerika Chieftain from the beautiful shores of Mactan, Philippines, Ang ekspedisyon ni Magellan ay tutungo pa kanluran na iiwas sa mga teritoryo ng Portugal sa bagong daigdig (new worl na MAGELLAN'S VOYAGE - Sa librong ito nakuha ang lahat katawagan sa Amerikas noon) ng nalalaman ng mga historians sa kaganapan sa labanan sa Mactan at iba pang mga mahahalagang detalye ukol sa Manuel I ng Portugal - Hari ng Portugal kung saan pamumuhay ng mga sinaunang Pilipino partikular ang mga nagmula si Ferdinand Magellan nasa Visayas. Charles I ng Espanya - Hari ng Espanya na syang Ang mga accounts ni Pigafetta ng mga mangyayari nagbigay suporta kay Ferdinand Magellan ay naging batayan ng mga sumunod na henerasyon sa pagbuo ng pre kolonyal na pamumuhay ng mga Anu-ano ang mga naganap habang nasa Pilipinas ang Pilipino grupo ni Magellan? Mga Limitasyon ng Akda ni Pigafetta Mga biases ni Pigafetta bilang isang dayuhan na kaiba ang kultura at relihiyon Ang mga detalye at deskripsyon ni Pigafetta sa mga katutubo ay mayroong halong panghuhusga bilang isang kanluraning kristiyano Ang akda ay mula sa perspektibo ng isang dayuhan KAHALAGAHAN Ang akdang ito ang kaun- unahang kumprehensiboat detalyadong teksto na nagpapakita ng obserbasyon sa pre- kolonyal na Pilipinas Ipinakita nito ang isang “outsider’s perspective” Ipinakita ang ginampanang papel ng Pilipinas sa kasaysayan ng ekspedisyon Naipakita ang ilang mga tradisyon at kultura ngsinaunang Visayas Isiniwalat ang yaman ng sinaunang Pilipinas na syang nagbigay interes sa mga mananakop  A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST After two days, March 18, nine men came to them and VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY show joy and eagerness in seeing them and welcomed MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA and them with food, drinks, and gifts. ANALYSIS OF PIGAFETTA’S CHRONICLE The natives gave them: -Fish, Palm, wine ( uraca), figs, 2 cochos, Rice (umai), cocos FERDINAND MAGELLAN Pigafetta described what seemed like a coconut February 3 1480- April 25, 1521 “This palm produces a fruit names cocho, which is large Portuguese Explorer who organised the Spanish as the head, or thereabouts: its first husk is green, and Expeditions to the East Indies from 1519-1522 to search two fingers in thickness, in it they find certain threads, for western route to the Maluku Islands ( the Spice with which they make the cords for fastening their boats. Island) resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Under this husks there is another very hard, and thicker Earth, completed by Juan Sebastian Elcano than that of a walnut. They burned this second rind, and make with it a powder which is useful to them. Under ANTONIO PIGAFETTA this rind there is a white marrow of a fingers thickness, 1491-1531 which they eat fresh with meat and fish, as we do bread, Italian scholar and explorer from the republic of Venice and it has the taste of almond, and if anyone dried it he He traveled with the portugese explorer Ferdinand might make bread of it." Magellan and his crew by order of the King Charles 1 of “very familiar and friendly” Spain on their Voyage around the world. Willingly showed them different islands and the names His work became a classic that prominent literary men in of this islands. the West like William Shakespeare, Michel de They went to Humunu Island (Homonhon) (Watering Montaigne and Giambattista Vico referredto the book in Place of Good Signs) where they found the first signs of their interpretation of the New World. gold in the island. His travelogue is one of the most important primary They named the island with the nearby islands as the sources in the study of precolonial Philippines. Archipelago of St. Lazarus His account was also a major referent to the events March 25, they saw two ballangai (balangay). leading to Magellans arrival in the Philippines, his encounter with local leaders, his death in the hands of BALANGAII (Balangay) Lapulapu’s forces in the Battle of Mactan and in the A long boat full of people in Mazzava/ Mazaua. depature of what was left of Magellan’s fleet from the The leader (king) (Raia Siagu) sent his men to the ship of islands. Magellan. The king offered to give Magellan a bar of gold and chest THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY of ginger, Magellan declined. Instead Magellan asked for MAGELLAN money for the needs of his ships. The king responded by The document reveals several insights not just in the giving them the needed provisions and food in character of the Philippines during pre colonial period, chinaware. but also on how the fresh eyes of the European regard a Magellan exchanged gifts of robes in Turkish fashions, deeply unfamiliar terrain, environment, people and red cap, knives and mirrors. culture. The two men expressed their desire to become brothers. - Published after Pigafetta returned to Italy. Magellan also boasted of his men in an armor who could Antonio Pigafetta wrote his firsthand observation and not struck with swords and daggers. The king was general impression of the Far East including their fascinated and remarked that men in such armor could be Experiences in the Visayas. worth one hundred of his men. In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet reached what he called Magellan showed other weapons, helmets and artilleries. the Ladrones Islands or the “Islands of the Thieves” He also shared his charts and maps and how they found “These people have no arms, but use sticks, which have a the islands. fishbone at the end. They are poor, but ingenious, and Magellan was introduced to the king’s brother who was great thieves, and for the sake of that we called these also king of another island. three islands the Ladrones Islands”. They went to this island and they saw mines of gold. The gold was abundant that the parts of the ship and the LADRONAS ISLANDS house of the second king were made of gold. Presently known as Marianas Islands. It is located south-southeast of Japan, west-southwest of RAIA CALUMBA Hawaii, north of New Guinea, and east of Philippines King of Zuluan and Calagan ( Butuan and Caragua) Pigafetta described him as the most handsome of all men MARCH 16, 1521 that he saw in this place. Pigafetta reported that they reach the isle of Zamal, now He was adorned with sick and golden accecories like Samar, but Magellan decided to land in another golden dagger, which he carried with him in a wooden uninhabited island for greater security where they could polished sheath. rest for a few days. MARCH 31 (Easter Sunday) APRIL 14 Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a Mass by the The people gathered with the king and other principal shore. men of the island. The king sent two dead pigs and attended the Mass with Magellan spoke and encouraged the king to be a good the other king. Christian by burning all the idols and worship the cross “…when the offertory of the mass came, the two kings, instead. went to kiss the cross like us, but they offered nothing, The king of Cebu was baptized as Christians. and at the elevation of the body of our Lord they were “To that the king and all his people answered that thy kneeling like us, and adored our Lord with joined hands.” would obey the commands of the captain and do all that After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the cross be he told them. The captain took the king by the hand, and brought with nails and crowned in place. they walk about on the scaffolding, and when he was Magellan explained that the cross, the nail, and the crown baptized he said that he would name him Don Charles were the signs of his emperor and that he was ordered to (Carlos), as the emperor his sovereign was named: and plant it in the places that he would reach and the cross he named the Prince Don Fernand (Fernando), after the would be beneficial for their people because once the brother of the emperor, and the king of Mazavva Jehan: Spaniards saw this cross, then they would know that they to the Moor he gave the name of Christopher, and to the had been in this land and would not cause them troubles, others each a name of his fancy.” and any person who might be held captives by them After eight days, all of the islands inhabitant were would be released. already baptized. Pigafetta admitted that they burned a village down for APRIL 7, 1521 obeying neither the king nor Magellan. Magellan and his men reached the port of Cebu, the The Mass was conducted by the shore everyday. largest and the richest of the islands with the helped of When the queen (Hara Amihan) came to the Mass one Raia Calambu. day, Magellan gave her an Image of the Infant Jesus The king of Cebu (Rajah Humabon) demanded that they made by Pigafetta himself. pay tribute as it was customary but Magellan refused. Magellan said that he was the captain himself and thus APRIL 26 would not pay tribute to the other king. Zula, a principal man from the island of Matan (Mactan) Magellan’s interpreter explained to the king of Cebu that went to see Magellan and ask him a boat full of men so Magellan’s king was the emperor of the great empire and that he could fight the chief name Silalapulapu that it would do them better to make friends with them (Lapulapu). than to forge enmity. According to Zula, Lapulapu refused to obey the king The king consulted his council and the next day, together and was also preventing him from doing so. with the other principal men of Cebu, they met in an Magellan offered three boats and went to Mactan himself open space and the king offered a bit of his blood to fight Lapulapu. demanded that Magellan do the same. “ When we reached land we found the islanders fifteen “Then the king said that he was content, and as a greater hundred in number, drawn up in three squadrons; they sign of affection he sent him a little of his blood from his came down upon us with terrible shouts, two squadrons right arm, and wish he should do the like. Our people attacking us on the flanks, and the third in front. The answered that he would do it. Besides that, he said that captain then divided his men in two bands. Our all the captains who came to his country had been musketeers and crossbow-men fired for half an hour accustomed to make a present to him, and he to them, from a distance, but did nothing, since the bullets and and therefore they should ask their captain if he would arrows, though they passed through their shields made of observe the custom. Our people answered that he would: thin wood, and perhaps wounded their arms, yet did not but as the king wished to keep up the custom, let him stop them. begin and make a present, and then the captain would do They arrived in Mactan in daylight with 49 in numbers his duty.” while the islanders of Mactan were estimated to number Magellan spoke about peace and God. People took 1500. pleasure in his speech. The captain shouted not to fire, but he was not listened Magellan asked the people who would succeed the king to. The islanders seeing that the shots of our guns did after his reign and the people responded that the eldest them little or no harm would not retire, but shouted more child of the king, who happened to be a daughter, would loudly, and springing from one side to the other to avoid be the next in line. our shots, they at the same time drew nearer to us, Parents were no longer taken into account and has to throwing arrows, javelins, spears hardened in fire, stones follow the orders of their children as the new leaders of and even mud, so that we could hardly defend ourselves. the land. Some of them cast lances pointed with iron at the People wished to become Christians through their free captain-general.” will and not because they were forced or intimidated. Magellan died in the battle. The natives perceiving that the bodies of the enemies were protected with armors, aimed for their legs instead.  Magellan was pierced with a poisoned arrow in his right It was believed that Pigafetta’s writings account for the leg. “purest” precolonial society. A few of their men charges at the natives and tried to Pigafetta’s work is a great importance in study and intimidate them by burning an entire village but this only writing of Philippine history. enraged the natives further. We should recognized certain biases accompanying the Magellan was specifically targeted because the native author and his identity, loyalties, and the circumstances knew he was the captain general. that he was in; and how it affected the text that he Magellan was hit with a lance in the face. Magellan produced. retaliated and pierced the same native with his lance in We need to understand that he was a chronicler the breast and tried to draw his sword but could not lift it commissioned by the King of Spain to accompany and because of his wounded arms. One native with a great document a voyage intended to expand the Spanish sword delivered a blow in Magellan’s left leg, brought empire. A noble descent who came from a rich family in him face down and the natives ceaselessly attacked Italy. Magellan with lances, swords and even their bare hands. These attributes influenced his narrative, his selection of “Whilst the Indians were thus overpowering him, several details to be included in the text, his characterization of times he turned round towards us to see if we were all in the people and of the species that he encountered, and his safety, as though his obstinate fight had no other object interpretation and retelling of the events. than to give an opportunity for the retreat of his men.” Being a scholar of cartography and geography, Pigafetta The king of Cebu who was baptized could have sent help was able to give details on geography and climate of the but Magellan instructed him not to join the battle and places that their voyage has reached. stay in the balangay so that he would see how they Pigafetta’s description to people was coming from fought. sixteenth century European perspective. The king offered the people of Mactan’s gifts of any Pigaffetta regarded the indigenous belief systems and value and amount in exchange of Magellan’s body but way of life as inferior to Christianity and of the the chief refused. They wanted to keep Magellan’s body Europeans. as a momento of their victory. He always remarks on the nakedness of the natives or Duarte Barbosa is elected as the new captain. how he was fascinated by their exotic culture. Henry, Magellan’s slave and interpreter betrayed them He emphasized the native’s amazement and illiteracy to and told the king of Cebu that they intended to leave as the European artillery, merchandise and other goods. quickly as possible. He repeatedly mentioned the abundance of spices like The slave allegedly told the king that if he followed his ginger, and of precious metals like gold. advice, the king would acquire the ships and the goods of When they saw the indigenous attires of the natives, Magellan’s fleet. Pigafetta saw them as being naked because from the The two conspired and betrayed what was left of European standpoint, they were wearing fewer clothes. Magellan’s men. Pigafetta’s perspective was too narrow to realize that The king invited these men to a gathering where he said such attire was only appropriate to the tropical climate of he would present the jewels that he would send for the the islands. King of Spain. The same for the materials that the native used for their Twenty-four men attended while Pigafetta was not able houses like palm and bamboo that would let more air to joined because he was nursing his battle wounds. come through the house and compensate for the hot The natives had slain all the men except the interpreter climate in the islands. and Juan Serrano who was already wounded. We should understand that such observations were rooted The fleet departed and abandoned Serrano. from the context of Pigafetta and his era. They left Cebu and continued their journey around the world. EUROPE From the original five ships set to sail( San Antonio, Dominated by the Holy Roman Empire. Loyalty and Concepcion, Victoria, Trinidad and Santiago) only purpose was the domination of the Catholic Church all Victoria returned to Spain. over the world. And from the original 237 men only 18 men survived. Other belief systems different from that of Christianity were perceived to be blasphemous and barbaric, even ANALYSIS OF PIGAFETTA’S CHRONICLE demonic. “The best storyteller is the one who not only knows the story Sixteen century European economy was mercantilist but saw it.” (system measures the wealth of kingdom based on their One of the most cited documents by historians who accumulation of bullions or precious metals like gold and wished to study the pre colonial Philippines. silver. One of the earliest written accounts. That’s why Pigafetta always mention the abundance of Pigaffetta was seen as a credible source for a period, gold in the islands as shown in his description of leaders which was prior unchronicled and undocumented. - wearing gold rings and golden daggers, and of the gold Earliest detailed documentation. mines.  An empire like Spain would indeed search for new lands PAMAHIIN where they could acquire more gold and wealth to be on top of all the European nations. The obsession with spices might be odd for Filipinos PAGMAMAY-ARI because of its ordinariness in the Philippines, but Ang Land ownership ay communal o paga-ari ng understanding the context would reveal that spices were buong barangay scarce in Europe. Maaaring mamana ang lupa -------------------------------------------------------------------------- PAGA-ANALISA NG MGA NILALAMAN AT KAMATAYAN KONTEKSTO NG MGA PILING PRIMARYANG BATIS Ang mga namamatay ay pagluluksaan ng apat na araw JUAN DE PLASENCIA Inililibing ito sa likod ng bahay LAS COSTUMBRES DE LOS INDIOS TAGALOS Maca bilang langit at Casanaan bilang impyerno DE FILIPINAS (Customs of the Tagalogs ni Juan de Plasencia (1589) KAHALAGAHAN Juan Portocarrero (1520-1590) Ang dokumentong ito ay mayroong detalyadong Prayleng Espanyol na Franciskano paga-Analisa ng sinaunang pamumuhay ng mga Nanirahan sa Laguna Filipino Sumulat ng mga librong patungkol sa kaniyang mga Karamihan ng ating nalalaman patungkol sa pre obserbasyon sa Pilipinas. kolonyal na pulitika ng Pilipinas ay mula sa Isinulong na ang paggamit ng wikang lokal ang dokumentong ito. pinaka mabisang paraan upang maka hikayat Maging ang mga nalalaman natin patungkol sa mga May-akda ng pinaka unang librong nalimbag sa aswangs, mambabarangs, at iba pang lamang lupa ay Pilipinas ang: DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA mula rito Ang akda na ito ni Plasencia ay nagsilbing gabay sa KONTEKSTO mga susunod na prayle at opisyal na ipapadala ng Hindi nais ng mga unang Espanyol na nagtungo sa Espanya sa bansa. Pilipinas na tumira sa labas ng Intramuros Ang hindi pagnanais na iyan ay nagresulta sa PANGUNAHING ARAL kakulangan ng mga Espanyol na mamumuno sa mga Naipakilala ng dokumentong ito ang maraming mga lalawigan (Gobernadorcillo) gawi at tradisyon na hindi naitala. Upang mapanatili ang kapangyarihan at Ang dokumentong ito ang naghikayat sa mga impluwensya, nagpadala ng mga prayleng aantabay misyonero na paga-aralan at unawain ang wika at dito tradisyon upang maging mabisang “evangelizer” Nagkaroon ng malaking impluwensya ang mga Ito ay mailalapat din sa ibang mga propesyon prayle sa Lipunan at kalaunan ay magiging pinaka Ang konsepto ng BATHALA o “supreme being” ay makapangyarihan sa mga pueblo mayroon na ang mga sinaunang Pilipino at maging Ang mga prayle ay inatasang mag ulat ukol sa ang mga gawi at tradisyon sa paglilibing. kanilang mga obserbasyon at nalalaman Isa ang dokumentong ito sa nagpatunay na ang mga Isa ang Customs of the Tagalos ni Juan de Plasencia Filipino ay mayroon nang kumplikadong sibilisasyon, sa mga ulat na ito mga kultura, at tradisyon. NILALAMAN INDIO - terminong ginagamit upang ilarawan ang mga katutubo “indigenous” hindi ekslusibong pumapatungkol sa mga Pilipino TAGALOG - direktang salin bilang; “taga-ilog” PANANAMPALATAYA Pagkakaroon ng konsepto ng bathala Kawalan ng mga bahay sambahan Pagkakaroon ng iba’t- ibang dios at diosa LIPUNAN Ang Barangay ang katawagan sa isang komunidad Dato, Maharlica, Alipin, Catalonan Magkaiba ang aliping sagigilid sa aliping namamahay KASALAN Pagkakaroon ng dowry o bigay-kaya CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS GLOSSARY Committing a crime Customs of the Tagalogs (1578-1590) MARRIAGE Narrative on established culture of the Tagalogs in Luzon Dowries – given by men to women’s parents was written as an answer to the request of the monarchy in unconsumed dowry at death of parents -- equally divided Spain w/c was to provide pieces of info. about the among children & father must give additional upon the government, administration of justice, slaves, dowries, daughter worships, burials, superstitions & to rectify prev. reports woman without parents or relative – enjoy herself the about the people’s way of life in the region. dowry Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero del Convento de Villanueva RELIGIOUS PRACTICES de la Serrana (Juan de Plasencia) No temples consecrated to the performing of sacrifices, Franciscan missionary adoration of idols or general practice of idolatry Grew up during Siglo de Oro (golden age when arts and literature flourished in many parts of Spain) SIMBAHAN – temple/place of adoration July 2, 1578 – arrived in Cavite South PANDOT – “worship”; festival 1581 Caticismo de la Christiana celebrated in house of chief Goals: Convert Tagalogs to Christians & put end to SIBI – temporary shed / roof assembled to protect people from injustices influenced by certain officials. rain SORIHILE – small lamps on posts Government NAGAANITOS – 4-day worship: drum beat Datos - Govern & captains in wars whom they obey and TEMPLE – house where festival took place reverenced. BADHALA - idol worshipped; almighty severe punishment if someone committed an offense or “all powerful” / “maker of all things” spoke a word against them / wives & children SUN & MOON – also worshipped on account of its beauty Barangay – tribal gathering (30-100 houses) universally respected and honored by the heathens - head of barangay = dato DIAN MASALANTA – god of lovers LACAPATE & IDIAMALE – god of cultivated land SOCIAL CLASSES 1. Dato – Chieftain CALENDAR Wore Putong (headdress; signify no. of people killed), No established division of years, months, days Kanggan (jacket), Bahag (lower clothing) Relies on cultivation of soil, counted by moons, diff Executive, legislative, judicial power effect produced upon trees yielding flowers, fruits & leaves = year Elders: right hand Winter – water time; Summer – sun time 2. Maharlica – Nobles SACRIFICE free born; doesn’t pay taxes Offer sacrifice = proclaim a feast & offer to the devil Maharlica + slave = free mom & child what they had to eat M + S woman of another = she was compelled & give her done in front of the idol w/c they anoint w/ fragrant master half of gold tael; half of children to father (supply perfumes (musk & civet/gum of storax tree) child w/ food, if not = slave) Catolonan – officiating priest; sing poetic songs to praise Free woman + S = all free idols M + S = divided children (1,3,5 – dad; 2,4,6 –mom); if a Participants – responds to the song + their wishes/needs parent is slave/free, child are also slave/free; if only 1 Objects of sacrifice – goats, fowls, swine child, he is half slave and half free PERIODS 3. Aliping Namamahay – Commoners young girls who had their 1st mens – blindfolded slaves living in their own houses for 4 days & 4 nights free to own properties & gold Cantolonan – bath & wash her head & remove bandage in eyes 4. Aliping Saguiguild – Slaves do this in order that girls might bear children & have property of their master; can be sold fortune in finding husbands that wouldn’t leave them cultivate soil & land widows SLAVERY DEATH - deceased was buried beside his house, mourned for People become slave by: Emancipated through: 4 days, lay him in boat (coffin/bier) placed beneath Captivity in war Forgiveness the porch Purchase Paying debt MACA – “paradise”, “village of rest” – Debt Condonation go here if one lived w/out doing harm or possess Inheritance Bravery moral virtues Marriage CASANAAN – “place of anguish” Extremadura, Spain. He was one of the seven BATHALA – maker of all things, govern the above (heaven) children of Pedro Portocarrero, a captain of a Spanish SITAN – demons (hell – wicked place) schooner. Said to have been inspired to be a Franciscan because MYTHICAL / PAGAN CREATURES of his upbringing spent during a spiritual and Vibit – ghosts religious resurgence affected by Spain’s Siglo de Tigbalaang – phantoms; half human & horse Oro, a Golden Age when arts and literature flourished Patianac – woman & child died in childbirth in many parts of Spain, among them his native punished Bayoguin/Cotquean – man whose nature Extremadura. inclined toward of that woman Well reputed as the one who took the leading role in Pangatahojan – soothsayer; predict future fostering the spread of primary education. Sonat – witch & preacher; help one die at ws/c time Converted natives, taught catechisms, and organized he predicted the salvation of soul towns and barangays in the Philippines. Mangangayoma – witch who make charms for Promoted the understanding of both the Spanish lovers out of herbs, stones & wood w/c would infuse language among the natives, and the local languages them w/ love among the missionaries, to facilitate the task of Osuang – equivalent to sorcerer; fly & murder men spreading Christianity. & eat their flesh (Visayas) Initiated the Reduccion Policy – policy to reduce or Magtatanggal – separates head form lower body at resettle natives in central locations. night; preying on pregnant women using their tongue Some of his works aimed to put an end to some Silagan – witch in Catanduanes; preys anyone injustices being committed against the natives by dressed in white by tearing out their liver; “the hated certain government officials. one” Hocloban – witch; can kill by simply saluting or ARRIVAL IN THE PHILIPPINES raising their hand; but if desired to heal those ill by Came with the first batch of Franciscan missionaries their charms, can be healed using other charms in the Philippines in 1577 Mancocolam – witch; emit fire by himself w/c can’t be extinguished; perform hexes, curses & witchcraft LIFE IN THE PHILIPPINES Manyisalat – witch; had the power of applying such He is believed to have arrived to the Philippines in remedies to lovers that they would abandon & 1578. As soon as he arrived, he joined forces with despise their own wives: prevent having intercourse another missionary, Fray Diego de Oropesa, and they to others; woman constrained by these means were both started preaching around Laguna de Bay and abandoned & would bring sickness upon her Tayabas, Quezon, in Quezon Province, where he Mangangauy – deceives by pretending to heal the founded several towns as early as two months upon sick; albularyo daw arrival in Manila. Catolonan – priest; healer, shaman, seer, community During the following years they are also credited with leader the foundation of a large number of towns in the provinces of Bulacan, Laguna and Rizal, such as CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS (LAS COSTUMBRES Tayabas, Caliraya, Lucban, Mahjayjay, Nagcarlan, DE LOS INDIOS TAGALOS DE FILIPINAS) Lilio(Liliw), Pila, Santa Cruz, Lumban, Pangil, Siniloan, Morong, Antipolo, Taytay, and JUAN DE PLASCENCIA Meycauayan. Elected as the custos of the friars in May 23, 1584 I. AUTHOR’S BACKGROUND and held it until 1588. Juan de Plasencia Passed away in Liliw, Laguna in the year 1590. Born in the 16th century to the illustrious family of the Portocarreros in Plasencia, in the Region of LITERARY WORKS Extremadura, Spain. Arte de la Lengua (Art of Language) His real name is Joan de Puerto Carrero, del convento Vocabulario de Villanueva de la Serena. Coleccion de Frases Tagala (Collection of Tagalog He was a Spanish Friar of the Franciscan order. Phrases) He spent most of his missionary life in the Catecismo de la Doctrina Cristiana, 1581 – translated Philippines, where he founded numerous towns in the Christian Doctrines in Tagalog Luzon and authored several religious and linguistic Diccionario Tagalog, 1580 books, most notably, the Catecismo de la Doctrina La Santina, 1585 – opus on Prayer and Meditation Cristiana, 1581 – translated the Christian Doctrines in Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos, 1589 – Tagalog, the first book ever printed in the First Civil Code of the Philippines Philippines. Customs of the Tagalogs by Juan de Plasencia Juan de Plasencia was born in the early 16th century as Juan Portocarrero in Plasencia, in the region of II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND (ranging from one to three taels and a banquet to the It was written on the year 1589 during the Spanish entire barangay) as arranged among them. Colonial Period. After receiving the Lordship’s letter, Plasencia wished to reply immediately; but he postponed his SPECIAL CASE: When one married woman of another answer in order that he might first thoroughly inform himself village, the children were afterwards divided equally between in regard to People’s request, and to avoid discussing the the two barangays. conflicting reports of the Indians. Therefore, he collected Investigations made and sentences passed by the dato Indians from different districts – old men, and those of most must take place in the presence of those his barangay. capacity; and from them he have obtained the simple truth, after weeding out much foolishness, in regard to their They had laws by which they condemned to death a man of government, administration of justice, inheritance, slaves, and low birth who insulted the daughter or wife of a chief; dowries. likewise witches, and others of the same class. Customs of the Tagalogs is a part (either chapters or subsections) of longer monographs written by the chroniclers Dowries are given by men to the women’s parents before of the Spanish expeditions to the Philippines during the early marriage. If the parents are both alive, they both enjoy the use 16th and 17th centuries. They appeared initially in Blair and of it. Robertson’s 55 volumes, The Philippine Islands (1903) and in Divorce and Dowries the Philippine Journal of Sciences (1958). Death of Wife or Husband Dowry and Arranged Marriage III. ANALYSIS OF THE IMPORTANT HISTORICAL INFORMATION FOUND IN THE DOCUMENT WORSHIP OF THE TAGALOGS DATOS – the chief who governed the people and No temples were captains in their wars whom they obey and Simbahan – Temple or Place of Adoration. reverence Pandot – or a festival celebrated BARANGAY – a family of parents and children, Sibi relations and slaves. Sorihile The Three Castes Nagaanitos Idols NOBLES Bathala COMMONERS Lic-Ha SLAVES Dian Masalanta (Patron of Lovers and of Generation) Lacapati and Idianale (Patrons of Cultivated Lands Situation 1: Those who are maharlicas on both the father’s and of Husbandry) and mother’s side continue to be forever, and if it happens that Tala they should become slaves, it is through marriage. Seven Little Goats (the Pleiades) Mapolon (change of seasons) Situation 2: If maharlicas had children among their slaves, Balatic (greater Bear) their children and their mothers became free. Buaya Tigmamanuguin – bird Situation 3: If maharlicas had children by the slavewoman of No established division of years, months, and days another, the slave-woman was compelled when pregnant, to Catolonan (officiating priest) Offerings and give her master half of a gold tael. sacrifices In this case, half of the child was free if the father Belief on bearingchild (maharlica) recognized him. If not, the child will become a whole slave. DISTINCTIONS AMONG THE PRIESTS OF THE DEVIL Situation 4: If a free woman had children by a slave they were 1. Catalonan all free, provided he were not her husband. 2. Manganguay (Witches) 3. Manyisalat Situation 5: If two persons married, of whom one was a 4. Mancocolam maharlica and the other a slave (namamahay or sa guiguilir) 5. Hocloban the children were divided. 6. Silagan Odd birth order (1st, 3rd, 5th...) – belong to the 7. Magtatangal father. 8. Osuang Even birth order (2nd, 4th, 6th...) – belong to the 9. Mangagayoma mother. 10. Sonat Only child – half free, half slave. 11. Pangatahojan 12. Bayoguuin Maharlicas could not, after marriage, move from one village to another without paying a certain fee in gold MANNER OF BURYING THE DEAD OF THE Fr. Chirino was among the first Jesuits that was sent TAGALOGS to the Philippines for the Jesuit mission in the country Manner of burying dead of the Aetas or Negrillos Maca TAYTAY Casanaan Fr. Chirino was assigned to Taytay and during his Sitan time as the parish priest, he moved the location from Tigbalaang Laguna de Bay to where it is currently located Patianac (hilltop area) IV. Contribution and Relevance of the document in RELACION DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS understanding the ground narrative of Philippine History History of the Philippine Province of the History of The original work itself is a product of observations Jesus and judgments. Therefore, it is probable that Juan de Discusses not just the Jesuit missions but also the Plasencia’s work might contain partiality in Catholic conversion of the Filipinos in general presenting his observations and judgments. Pre-conquest society were not swept by the advent of BAYBAYIN the Spanish regime. From tagalog (baybayin) to the Latin Alphabet It has continued to serve as a basis for historical reconstructions of Tagalog society. CONTENT He narrates many things of interest and importance regarding V. Relevance of the document in the modern time the people, their customs and character, their language and Many of the 16th century beliefs and practices are state of civilization, their religious beliefs and worship, and still present today. the results of missionary labors and influence upon them. If affirms that during the pre-Hispanic period, Filipinos already have government as well as a set of OF BATHS IN THE PHILIPPINES beliefs and practices. From the time they were born, Filipinos are brought Some of our preceptions on Filipino beliefs and up in the water; swims like fishes. practices are somehow on different from Juan de They bathed themselves at all hours for cleanliness Plasencia’s point of view. and recreation. Even when not bathing, they are accustomed to anoint their heads for comfort and adornment. They also employ baths as medicine. READINGS #3 CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES OF THE LANGUAGES OF THE FILIPINOS: there is no single or general language of the Filipinos. I. Philippine Colonial Era the languages most used and widely spread are the Fr. Pedro Chirino’s Account of the Pre- Tagal (used in the greater part of the coast and Spanish Filipinos and their Civilization interior of the islands of Manila) and the Bisayan (used all throughout the island of Pintados) (1604) Of Baths in the Philippines OF THE LETTERS OF THE FILIPINOS Of the Languages of the Filipinos All islanders are much given to reading and writing Of the Letters of the Filipinos Alphabet = 3 vowels serve as 5 vowels; 12 consonants Fr. Pedro Chirino SJ Formerly, they wrote from top to bottom placing the Pedro Chirino (1557 – September 16, 1635) was a first line on the left and continuing the rest at right Spanish priest and historian who served as a Jesuit Used to write on reed and palm leaves, an iron point missionary in the Philippines. as pen: later sharpened quill on paper Relación de las Islas Filipinas (published in Rome in 1604), one of the earliest works about the Philippines OF THE CIVILITIES, TERMS OF COURTESY AND and its people that was written. GOOD BREEDING AMONG FILIPINOS: He also began to immerse himself in the study of the The Filipinos are not so ceremonious in their Tagalog language and was able to preach his homily ceremonies but have their politeness and good in Tagalog for the first time on August 15, 1591 breeding esp. Tagalogs When meeting one another, they practice uncovering CONTEXT the head. The Visayans are more rustic and less civil in JESUIT MISSIONS manners, just as their language is harsher and less polished  SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS PILIPINAS BY ANTONIO DE OF FEASTING AND INTOXICATION AMONG THE MORGA/JOSE RIZAL FILIPINOS: The time for their feast, wherein they ate and drank ANTONIO DE MORGA excess upon occasions and illness, death, and Antonio de Morga Sanchez Garay (1559-1636) mourning Spanish lawyer and soldier who served as the Everyone is welcomed upon these lieutenant of the Governor General in the Philippines for 43 years THE MANNER IN WHICH NAMES ARE CONFERRED Most notable work is the Events in the Philippines AMONG FILIPINOS Isles When a child is born, it is the mother’s duty to give it This work was noticed byJose Rizal and the national a name hero published his annotated version of this The names are most often conferred on account of certain circumstances (Malacas, Maganda) THE CONTEXT In some cases, they name it without any symbolism The goal of the book is to document the experiences such as Daan, Babui and happenings of the author while in the Philippines The first born gives the name to the parents for until The book narrates the stories of wars, intrigues, they die they call the father AmaniCoan and the diplomacy, and evangelization of the Philippines mother InaniCoan De Morga has access to actual people or survivors. The main motivation of writing the book is to paint ON USURY AND SLAVERY AMONG THE FILIPINOS the achievements of the Spanish colonization One of the vicious practices is usury Rizal’s annotated version is the more common Slaves are sometimes used as debt payments Slaves were made through tyranny and cruelty by MAIN TAKEAWAYS FROM DE MORGA’S BOOK revenue or punishment This is the first comprehensive history of the Failure to preserve silence of the dead, passing in Philippines without the possible religious bias front of a chief who was bathing, captured enemies Rizal favored this book because of its more realistic are all ways to be a slave and objective view to the Indios Rizal’s annotation of the book showed his IMPORTANCE OF THE DOCUMENT TO THE PH inclination towards a more Filipino centric history HISTORY The translation of Baybayin to Latin Alphabet making it easier to understand for the Spanish and later on, the modern Filipinos BOXER CODEX appropriate these. They also have some stones that Ang Boxer Codex ay isang librong naglalaman ng they value highly called bulaganes and bahandines, 307 na pahina ng makulay na larawan at mga and these are worn by women as jewelry." depiksyon ng mga pamahiin, nakagawian, at 5. Naturales Tagalos. "They also wear many golden deskripsyon ng mga hayop at halaman sa Pilipinas chains around the neck, especially if they are chiefs, noong 1600s. Ito ay unang tinawag na MANILA because these are what the value most, and there are MANUSCRIPT some who wear more than ten or twelve of these chains. They wear a headdress of small cloth CHARLES RALPH BOXER (putong) which is neither wide nor long and which Ang Boxer Codex ay halaw sa pangalan ng isang they wrap once around the head with a knot. They do propesor na nakabili nito sa isang auction (ng gamit not have long hair because they cut it as in Spain's." ng Earl of Ilchester) 6. Tagalog Common Women. "Women wear round Ito ay kanyang ibinahagi sa publiko diadems made of gold on their heads and over their Kasalukuyan itong matatagpuan sa Lilly Library ng hair, which is kept loose. This is if they ere wives of Indiana University the chief. If of others, the diadems they wear are made of tortoise shell. These are very elegant." SAAN NAGMULA? 7. A Zambales Hunting Pair "Among other customs that these natives of Zambales practice is when they kill Noong inokupa ng mga Briton ang Maynila at Cavite someone, they at once remove the head and incise it (20 buwan 1762-1764) ilan sa kanilang inuwi sa in a crown pattern with a bararao, and suck the brains Britanya ay ang mga nilalaman ng Augustinian out. They then save the head or skull as treasured Library kung saan matatagpuan ang Manila property and trophy representing the number of men Manuscript they have killed, and the more men they have killed and the more cruelties they have inflicted, the greater MGA MAAARING PINAGMULAN their honor, and he who has the most trophies Pinaniniwalaang ito ay kinomisyon ni Luis Perez becomes the most feared, and is thus considered the Dasmarinas (anak ng dating gov. gen. Gomez Perez bravest and most courageous." Dasmarinas) na isang sundalo o ni Juan de Cuellar na 8. A Cagayan warrior in a feathered headdress. "They kalihim ng gobernador wear their hair long up to the shoulders and cut short at the front up to the temples. They wear on their MGA NILALAMAN heads crowns or garlands made of fragrant herbs. Nabanggit din sa akda ang China, Japan, Moluccas, Their weapons are lances and shields a fathom long Ladrones, Siam, at Java and threefourths (of a fathom) wide. They have some Nilalaman nito ang ilang primaryang batis mula sa quilted weapons and a cap like a colored morrion or mga Portuges na Manlalakbay, mga Pari, mga helmet and some daggers more than eight fingers in negosyante, at mga tagapag lingkod sa bayan. width and a palm and a half in length, with hilts of Ang unang entry ay 1590 at sinasabing sinulat ng ebony, with which they can cut off a head with one sinuman sa mag-amang Dasmarinas stroke." Ang eksaktong petsa ng paglimbag ay hindi pa tukoy 9. Visayan Principal couple covered in tattoos. "They ngunit ang pinakahuling entry ay 1598 (sa panahong have another type of clothing, which consists of ito ay patay na si Gov. Gen. Dasmarinas) cotton blankets. The men carry on their heads some Maaaring ito ay nag umpisa noong 1593- 1603 very fine multi-colored head scarfs which they wear (kamatayan ni Luis Dasmarinas) as some sort of Turkish turban. They call these in their language purones (putong). The young men Ilang mga Larawang Makikita sa Boxer Codex wear them finely with many inserts of strips of gold. 1. A pair of gold-embellished Visayan Noble couple. The garments and dresses of Bisayan women consist "shimmering sashes of woven gold with ornate of some blankets with diverse colored stripes made of repousse buckles.. while lighter cloth waistbands cotton. They wear a pezuelo, a chemise with half adorned with cord weights...rattled with every step.. sleeves that reach the elbows. They are close-fitting, 2. Zambales Hunting Team butchering a carabao with a without collars, and are low-necked or low-cut and bararao. "They eat raw meat better than dogs, because are fastened at the front with braids or cords of silk. in killing a carabao, which is a buffalo, they slice it Many wear a lot of gold jewelry that they use as open and eat the innards without washing or cleaning fasteners and small golden chains, which they use as any part, and they consider this a great delicacy. best as they can." 3. Negrillos or Negrito hunting couple. "...the majority 10. Naturales Tagalos Noble couple. "The women carry of these bowmen or archers are Negritos. They have much gold jewelry because they are richer than the many herbs a drop of which, introduced into the Bisayans. Men and women also wear many bracelets bloodstream, would cause quick death, unless and chains of gold in the arms. They are not used to remedied by another herb." wearing them on the legs. Women likewise wear 4. Cagayan Woman. "The natives possess much around their necks golden chains like the men do." gold...but they do not want to show them to the 11. A pair of gold-embellished Visayan Noble couple. Spaniards, fearing that the Spaniards would "shimmering sashes of woven gold with ornate  repousse buckles.. while lighter cloth waistbands adorned with cord weights...rattled with every step.." 12. Tagalog common men. "The Moros (Islamized Tagalogs) are dressed with clothes of cotton and are not naked like the Bisayans...from the calves of the knees they wear many chainlets often made of brass, which they call bitiques (bitik). These are worn only by the men who regard them as very stylish." 13. Visayan Couple who belonged to the nobility is depicted with gold embellishments. 14. "The Bisayans are accustomed to paint their bodies with some very elegant tattoos. They do this with iron or brass rods, the points of which are heated on fire. These are done in the manner illuminations, paintings all parts of the body, such as the chest, the stomach, legs, arms, shoulders, hands, and muscles, and among some, the posteriors." 15. A pair of male and female hunters from Zambales. "..if some close relative dies or is killed, they have to kill other men to avenge the death of their kinsman, and until mourning is done, they cut off their hair at the back and in front, and they stop eating rice, and promise not to do other things until they have achieved their revenge."