Biology Lecture Notes PDF

Chapter (1 ) Lecture number(1) classification of living things and viruses : Classification of living things: Classification: it is mean dividing the living things in to many groups according to their similarities and differences. Taxonomy: it is a branch of biology the classification is studied...

Chapter (1 ) Lecture number(1) classification of living things and viruses : Classification of living things: Classification: it is mean dividing the living things in to many groups according to their similarities and differences. Taxonomy: it is a branch of biology the classification is studied by it Note : Classification is very necessary because a- biologists estimate that there are about two million kinds of organisms live today on our planet b-new species are continuously being discovered The history of classification: 1- Ancient classification: Before biologists have used observation to classify living things the Greek philosopher Aristotle (350 B.C) : 1- Was the first man who made some attempts on grouping of organisms.2 - He knew only a few kinds of plant and animal. 3- He classified plants as (herbs , shrubs and trees).4 - He grouping animals according to where they lived :( water , land and air ) 2-modren classification : it is discovered by a Swedish biologist (Carolus Linnaeus or Karl van linne ).1- He developed principle of the modern Taxonomy.2- He used binominal nomenclature: it mean two Latin names for each organism the first is a genus and second is a species. for example Homo sapiens is the biological name of human being.  ‫الفصل األول المحاضرة رلم (‪)1‬‬ ‫تصنٌؾ الكائنات الحٌة والفٌروسات‪:‬‬ ‫تصنٌؾ الكائنات الحٌة‪:‬‬ ‫التصنٌؾ‪ٌ :‬مصد بتمسٌم الكائنات الحٌة إلى مجموعات كثٌرة حسب تشابهها واختالفها‪.‬‬ ‫علم التصنٌؾ ‪ :‬هو فرع من فروع علم األحٌاء ٌدرس التصنٌؾ بواسطته‬ ‫مالحظة‪ :‬التصنٌؾ ضروري للؽاٌة أ‪ -‬ألن علماء األحٌاء ٌمدرون أن هنان حوالً ملٌونً نوع من الكائنات‬ ‫الحٌة تعٌش الٌوم على كوكبنا ب‪ٌ -‬تم اكتشاؾ أنواع جدٌدة باستمرار‬ ‫تارٌخ التصنٌؾ‪ -1 :‬التصنٌؾ المدٌم‪ :‬لدٌما استخدم علماء األحٌاء المالحظة (‪ )observation‬لتصنٌؾ‬ ‫الكائنات الحٌة ‪،‬‬ ‫الفٌلسوؾ الٌونانً أرسطو (‪ 353‬لبل المٌالد) ‪ -1 :‬هو الرجل األول الذي لام ببعض المحاوالت لتجمٌع‬ ‫الكائنات الحٌة‪ -2.‬لم ٌكن ٌعرؾ سوى أنواع للٌلة من النباتات والحٌوانات ‪ -3.‬وصنؾ النباتات بأنها‬ ‫(أعشاب وشجٌرات وأشجار)‪ -4.‬صنؾ الحٌوانات على حسب مكان إلامتها‪( :‬الماء وتربة وهواء)‬ ‫التصنٌؾ الحدٌث‪ :‬اكتشفه عالم أحٌاء سوٌدي (كارولوس لٌنٌوس أو كارل فان لٌن)‪ -1.‬طور مبدأ‬ ‫التصنٌؾ الحدٌث‪ -2.‬استخدم التسمٌة الثنائٌة (‪ : )binominal nomenclature‬تعنً اسمٌن التٌنٌٌن‬ ‫لكل كائن حً ‪ ،‬األول جنس والثانً نوع‪.‬على سبٌل المثال ‪ Homo sapiens ،‬هو االسم البٌولوجً‬ ‫لإلنسان‬ ‫‪Answer these Question‬‬ ‫‪Q1/ Define: 1- Classification 2- Taxonomy 3- binominal nomenclature‬‬ ‫‪4- Aristotle 5- Carolus Linnaeus‬‬ ‫‪Q3/ How did Aristotle classified organisms‬‬ ‫‪Q2/ How did Carl von linne classified organisms‬‬ ‫‪Q4/ Give the reason : classification is very necessary‬‬ ‫عدد المراحل التارٌخٌة ?‪Q5/ numerate the historical stages of classification‬‬ ‫للتصنٌؾ‬ Answer the question for chapter 1 : Lecture number (1) Q1/ Define: 1- Classification: it is mean dividing the living things in to many groups according to their similarities and differences 2- Taxonomy: it is a branch of biology the classification is studied by it 3- binominal nomenclature: it mean two Latin names for each organism the first is a genus and second is a species. for example Homo sapiens is the biological name of human being. 4- Aristotle : He Was the first man who made some attempts on grouping of organisms, he knew only a few kinds of plant and animal and he classified plants and animal by used observation 5- Carolus Linnaeus : He developed principle of the modern Taxonomy and used binominal nomenclature to classified organisms Q3/ How did Aristotle classified organisms 1- He classified plants as (herbs , shrubs and trees) 2- - He grouping animals according to where they lived :( water , land and air ) Q2/ How did Carl von linne classified organisms He classified organisms by used binominal nomenclature: it mean two Latin names for each organism the first is a genus and second is a species Q4/ Give the reason : classification is very necessary because a- biologists estimate that there are about two million kinds of organisms live today on our planet b-new species are continuously being discovered Q5/ numerate the historical stages of classification? 1- Ancient classification 2- modren classification Chapter (1 ) Lecture number(2) Species : is a group of living things which have many common properties. Organism which belong to the same species can mat and produce fertile organisms (they can reproduce too ) A genus : it is consists of one or more species that show many similarities such as a house cat (Felis domestica ) the first name is genus spelled with capital letter , while the second name is species begins at a small letter Note : Other species of the genus Felis is a lion (Felis leo) All example about binominal nomenclature or scientific name:- 1- Homo sapiens / Human 2- Felis domestica / house cat 3- (Felis leo) or (Panthera leo) / Lion 4- Canis lupus / Wolf 5- Musca domesticus / Housefly )2( ‫الفصل االول المحاضرة رلم‬ ‫األنواع‪ :‬مجموعة من الكائنات الحٌة لها العدٌد من الخصائص المشتركة‪ٌ.‬مكن للكائن الحً‬ ‫الذي ٌنتمً إلى نفس النوع أن ٌتكاثر وٌنتج كائنات حٌة خصبة (ٌمكنهم التكاثر أٌضًا)‬ ‫الجنس‪ٌ :‬تكون من نوع واحد أو أكثر ٌظهر العدٌد من أوجه التشابه مثل لطة المنزل ( ‪Felis‬‬ ‫‪ )domestica‬االسم األول هو جنس مكتوب بحرؾ كبٌر ‪ ،‬بٌنما االسم الثانً هو النوع ٌبدأ‬ ‫بحرؾ صؽٌر‬ ‫مالحظة‪ :‬النوع االخر من جنس ‪ Felis‬هو أسد (‪)Felis leo‬‬ ‫كل االمثلة على التسمٌة الثنائٌة او االسم العلمً ‪-:‬‬ ‫االنسان ‪1- Homo sapiens /‬‬ ‫المطة المنزلٌة (االلٌفة) ‪2- Felis domestica /‬‬ ‫االسد ‪3- (Felis leo) or (Panthera leo) /‬‬ ‫ذئب ‪4- Canis lupus /‬‬ ‫ذبابة المنزل ‪5- Musca domesticus /‬‬ ‫‪Answer these question‬‬ ‫‪Q1/ Define:1- A genus 2- Species‬‬ ‫‪Q2/ Give the scientific names from these organisms‬‬ ‫‪1- Human 2- Wolf 3-Housefly 4- house cat 5- lion‬‬ ‫‪Note: the another scientific names for lion (Panthera leo) instead of‬‬ ‫)‪(Punthera leo) in Lecture number (2‬‬  ‫( فً المحاضرة‬Punthera leo) ‫( بدال من‬Panthera leo) ‫ االسم العلمً األخر لألسد هو‬: ‫مالحظة‬ 2 ‫رلم‬ Answer the question for chapter 1 : Lecture number (1) Q1/ Define: 1- A genus: it is consists of one or more species that show many similarities such as a house cat (Felis domestica ) the first name is genus spelled with capital letter , while the second name is species begins at a small letter 2- Species: is a group of living things which have many common properties. Organism which belong to the same species can mat and produce fertile organisms (they can reproduce too ) Q2/ Give the scientific names from these organisms 1- Human : Homo sapiens 2- Wolf : Canis lupus 3- Housefly : Musca domesticus 4- house cat : Felis domestica 5- lion: Felis leo or Panthera leo Chapter (1 ) Lecture number(3) Classification Categories : taxonomists have added several categories to the classification system the biggest category is a kingdom and the smallest category is a species Note: Each kingdom is divided in to lower categories as follows: kingdoms Phylum Class order Family a genus species like : house cat Kingdom : Animalia , Phylum : chordate , class: Mammalia : Order : Carnivore , Family : Felidae, Genus: Felis, Species: domestica from Kingdom to species the following trends are observed : 1- Number of groups decreases 2- similarities in organisms increase 3- number of members decreases kingdoms of living things:- Kingdom is the biggest category of classification in the modern taxonomy. Note: According to modern taxonomic system all living thing are classified in to five kingdom they are: 1- Monera 2- Protista 3- fungi 4- plantae 5- Animalia.  ‫الفصل االول محاضرة رلم (‪)3‬‬ ‫المراتب التصنٌفٌة‪ :‬أضاؾ علماء التصنٌؾ عدة مراتب إلى نظام التصنٌؾ ‪ ،‬أكبر مرتبة هً‬ ‫المملكة وأصؽر مرتبة هً النوع‬ ‫مالحظة‪ :‬تنمسم كل مملكة إلى مراتب ألل على النحو التالً‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫جنس‬ ‫عائلة‬ ‫رتبة‬ ‫صنؾ‬ ‫شعبة‬ ‫مملكة‬ ‫المثال المطة المنزلٌة‬ ‫المملكة ‪:‬الحٌوان ‪ ،‬شعبة ‪ :‬الفمرٌات ‪ ،‬صنؾ ‪ :‬اللبائن ‪ ،‬رتبة ‪ :‬اكالت اللحوم‪ ،‬العائلة ‪ :‬المطٌة ‪ ،‬الجنس ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ، Felis‬النوع ‪demostica :‬‬ ‫من المملكة إلى النوع االتجاهات التالٌة لوحظت ‪ :‬المملكة هً أكبر فئة تصنٌؾ فً التصنٌؾ الحدٌث‬ ‫‪ -1‬انخفاض عدد المجموعات‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬زٌادة التشابه فً الكائنات الحٌة‬ ‫‪ -3‬انخفاض عدد األعضاء‬ ‫ممالن الكائنات الحٌة ‪ :‬المملكة هً أكبر مرتبة تصنٌفٌة فً التصنٌؾ الحدٌث ‪.‬‬ ‫مالحظة‪ :‬وفمًا لنظام التصنٌؾ الحدٌث ‪ٌ ،‬تم تصنٌؾ جمٌع الكائنات الحٌة فً خمس ممالن وهً‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬مملكة البدائٌات ‪ -2‬مملكة الطلٌعٌات ‪ -3‬مملكة الفطرٌات ‪ -4‬مملكة النباتات ‪ -5‬مملكة الحٌوانات‬ ‫‪Answer these question‬‬ ‫‪Q1/ define :1- Classification Categories 2- kingdoms‬‬ ‫‪Q2/ Numerate only : 1- lower categories in each kingdom‬‬ ‫‪2- kingdoms according to modern taxonomic system‬‬ ‫‪Q3/ Classify the house cat using all the category of the classification‬‬ ‫?‪Q4/ What trends have been observed from Kingdom to species‬‬ Answer the question for chapter 1 : Lecture number (3) Q1/ define : 1- Classification Categories : taxonomists have added several categories to the classification system the biggest category is a kingdom and the smallest category is a species 2- Kingdoms: is the biggest category of classification in the modern taxonomy. Q2/ Numerate only : 1- lower categories in each kingdom 1- lower categories in each kingdom kingdoms Phylum Class order Family a genus species 2- kingdoms according to modern taxonomic system 1- Monera 2- Protista 3- fungi 4- plantae 5- Animalia. Q3/ Classify the house cat using all the category of the classification Kingdom : Animalia , Phylum : chordate , class: Mammalia : Order : Carnivore , Family : Felidae, Genus: Felis, Species: domestica Q4/ What trends have been observed from Kingdom to species? 1- Number of groups decreases 2- similarities in organisms increase 3- number of members decreases Chapter (1 ) Lecture number(4) Viruses : are tiny strands of nucleic acids that are not assigned to any of the five kingdoms Characteristics of viruses 1- Are not true living organisms and non – cellular structures 2- Are classified on the basis of the host they infect such as animal viruses , plant viruses and bacterial viruses (often called bacteriophages ) 3- The virus genome consists of either DNA or RNA but not both 4- Some viruses (a large number of animal viruses )have an outer membranous envelope containing lipids, proteins and traces of metals 5- Virus means poison in Latin and they cause different diseases in living organisms Structure of viruses :- 1- It consist of genetic material which is DNA or RNA not both 2- protein coat, 3- don’t have nucleus neither organelles nor cytoplasm they can reproduce only in host , 4- they have projections on surface to attach the host  ‫الفصل األول المحاضرة رلم( ‪)4‬‬ ‫الفٌروسات‪ :‬هً خٌوط صؽٌرة (‪ )tiny strands‬من األحماض النووٌة ؼٌر منتمٌة ألي من الممالن‬ ‫الخمس‬ ‫خصائص الفٌروسات‬ ‫‪ -1‬لٌست كائنات حٌة حمٌمٌة‬ ‫‪ -2‬هً تراكٌب ؼٌر خلوٌة‬ ‫‪ٌ -3‬تم تصنٌفها على أساس العائل الذي تصٌبه مثل فٌروسات الحٌوانات ‪ ،‬والفٌروسات النباتٌة‬ ‫والفٌروسات البكتٌرٌة (ؼالبا ً ما تسمى العاثٌات او البلعم البكتٌري‪)bacteriophages :‬‬ ‫‪ٌ -4‬تكون جٌن الفٌروس إما من ‪ DNA‬أو ‪ RNA‬ولٌس كالهما‬ ‫‪ -5‬بعض الفٌروسات (عدد كبٌر من فٌروسات الحٌوانات) لها ؼالؾ ؼشائً خارجً ٌحتوي على‬ ‫دهون وبروتٌنات وللٌل من المعادن( ‪)traces of metals‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬الفٌروسات تعنً السم(‪ )poison‬فً الالتٌنٌة وتسبب أمراضًا مختلفة فً الكائنات الحٌة‬ ‫تركٌب الفٌروسات‪- :‬‬ ‫تتكون من مادة وراثٌة (‪ )genetic material‬وهً ‪ DNA‬أو ‪ RNA‬ولٌس كالهما‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫ؼالؾ بروتٌنً ‪،‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫ال تحتوي على نواة وال عضٌات وال سٌتوبالزم ٌمكنها التكاثر فمط فً المضٌؾ‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫ولدٌها نتوءات (‪ )projections‬على السطح لترتبط بالمضٌؾ‬ ‫‪-4‬‬ ‫‪Answer these question Q1/ Define : Viruses ,‬‬ ‫‪Q2/ Draw the structure of bacteriophage‬‬ ‫‪Q3/ explain: 1- the Structure of viruses 2- outer membranous in a large‬‬ ‫‪number of animal viruses‬‬ ‫‪Q4/ Numerate the classified viruses on the basis of the host‬‬ ‫‪Q4/ fill in the planks‬‬ ‫‪1- Virus means---------- in Latin and they cause ------------- in living organisms‬‬ ‫‪2- Viruses Are not true -----------and non – cellular structures that crystallize‬‬ ‫‪3- Viruses genome consist of ----------------- and non ----------------‬‬ ‫)‪Answer the question for chapter 1 : Lecture number (4‬‬ ‫‪Q1/ Define :‬‬ Viruses : are tiny strands of nucleic acids that are not assigned to any of the five kingdoms Q2/ Draw the structure of bacteriophage Q3/ explain: 1- the Structure of viruses : A- It consist of genetic material which is DNA or RNA not both B- protein coat, C- don’t have nucleus neither organelles nor cytoplasm they can reproduce only in host , D- they have projections on surface to attach the host 2- outer membranous in a large number of animal viruses The outer membranous in a large number of animal viruses envelope containing lipids, proteins and traces of metals Q4/ Numerate the classified viruses on the basis of the host 1- animal viruses , 2- plant viruses 3- bacterial viruses (often called bacteriophages Q4/ fill in the planks 4- Virus means poison in Latin and they cause different diseases in living organisms 5- Viruses Are not true living organisms and non – cellular structures that crystallize 6- Viruses genome consist of DNA and RNA SELF CHECK : CLASSIFICATION & VIRUSES P. 12 A. Key term (define ) All term B. Review question :( 1- , 2- , 3- , 4- ,5) All of it C. Fill in the planks : ( 1- ,2- ,3- ) only 3 D. True or false ( 1- , 2- ,3, 4- , 5) All of it E. Multiple choice (1- , 2-, 3-) All of it A / Key term (define ) 1- Classification: it is mean dividing the living things in to many groups according to their similarities and differences 2- Species : is a group of living things which have many common properties. Organism which belong to the same species can mat and produce fertile organisms (they can reproduce too ) 3- A genus : it is consists of one or more species that show many similarities such as a house cat (Felis domestica ) is a species which belong to genus Felis other species of the genus Felis is a lion (Felis leo) the genus name is spelled with capital letter , while the species name begins at a small letter 4- Host : it is the organism which the viruses they infect such as animal, plant and bacteria 5- Species : is a group of living things which have many common properties. Organism which belong to the same species can mat and produce fertile organisms (they can reproduce too ) 6- Bacteriophage : It is a viruses which infect the bacteria B/Review question 1- ‫ترن‬ 2- Answer kingdoms Phylum Class order Family a genus species  3- He classified organisms by used binominal nomenclature: it mean two Latin names for each organism the first is a genus and second is a species 4- ‫ترن‬ 5- ‫ترن‬ C/ Fill in the planks 1- Monera 2- Protista 3- fungi 4- plantae 5- Animalia. 2- DNA or RNA 3- Kingdom 4- ‫ترن‬ D/ True or false 1- ‫ ترن‬2- False 3- False 4- False 5- False E/ 1- C/ kingdom 2- B/ Number of organism increases 3-C/ Viruses causes diseases in organisms Chapter 2 Lecture number (1) Bacteria Monera kingdom : Characteristics of monera kingdom 1- This group is mostly unicellular 2- some are multicellular in appearance. 3- they do not have cell organelles such as nuclear membrane , mitochondria , plastid s etc. 4- Bacteria and blue – green – alga are members of this kingdom Bacteria :- they are mostly useful organisms despite some pathogenic species.they most numerous organisms in the world Note : they can live 5m. below ground , in all water kinds and in the body of any living organism General characteristics of bacteria 1- They are prokaryotic organisms and unicellular organisms 2- They are photosynthetic , heterotrophic and chemosynthetic bacteria 3- Reproduction is asexual , generally by binary fission 4- Motility is provided by cytoplasmic flow , flagella or gliding  ‫الفصل الثانً محاضرة رلم (‪ )1‬البكترٌا‬ ‫مملكة البدائٌات ‪ :‬خصائص مملكة البدائٌات‬ ‫‪ -1‬هذه المجموعة فً الؽالب أحادٌة الخلٌة‬ ‫‪ -2‬بعضها متعدد الخالٌا فً المظهر‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ال تحتوي على عضٌات خلوٌة مثل الؽشاء النووي ‪ ،‬المٌتوكوندرٌا ‪ ،‬البالستٌدات الخ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬البكتٌرٌا والطحالب الخضر المزرلة هم مكونات هذه(‪)are members of this‬‬ ‫المملكة (شرح‪ :‬اي تتكون مملكة البدائٌات من البكترٌا والطحالب الخضر المزرلة)‬ ‫البكتٌرٌا‪ - :‬هً فً الؽالب كائنات حٌة مفٌدة على الرؼم من بعض األنواع المسببة لألمراض‬ ‫‪ ،‬فهً أكثر الكائنات الحٌة تعدادًا (‪ )numerous‬فً العالم‬ ‫مالحظة ‪ٌ :‬مكنهم العٌش ‪ 5‬أمتار‪.‬تحت األرض ‪ ،‬فً جمٌع أنواع المٌاه وفً جسم أي كائن‬ ‫حً‬ ‫الخصائص العامة للبكتٌرٌا‬ ‫‪ -1‬هً كائنات بدائٌة النواة وكائنات وحٌدة الخلٌة‬ ‫‪ -2‬إنها ذاتٌة التؽذٌة (‪ ،)photosynthetic‬ؼٌر ذاتٌة التؽذٌة(‪، )heterotrophic‬‬ ‫وبكترٌا البناء الكٌمٌائً‬ ‫‪ -3‬التكاثر ال جنسً ‪ ،‬بشكل عام عن طرٌك االنشطار الثنائً‬ ‫‪ -4‬الحركة تتوفر عن طرٌك التدفك السٌتوبالزمً (‪ )cytoplasmic flow‬أو األسواط‬ ‫(‪)flagella‬أو االنزالق(‪)gliding‬‬ ‫‪Answer these question‬‬ ‫‪Q1 / Define bacteria‬‬ ‫‪Q2/ numerate 1- The way motility of bacteria , 2- the way‬‬ ‫‪) of bacteria 3- the way of asexual Reproduction of‬تؽذٌة(‪feeding‬‬ ‫‪bacteria 4- where do bacteria live‬‬ ‫)‪Answer the question for chapter 2: Lecture number (1‬‬ Q1 / Define bacteria Bacteria: They are mostly useful organisms despite some pathogenic species.they most numerous organisms in the world Q2/ numerate: 1- The way motility of bacteria Cytoplasmic flow, flagella or gliding 2- the way feeding(‫ )تؽذٌة‬of bacteria They are photosynthetic, heterotrophic and chemosynthetic bacteria 3- the way of asexual Reproduction of bacteria Generally by binary fission 4- Where do bacteria live? They can live 5m. Below ground, in all water kinds and in the body of any living organism Chapter 2 Lecture number (2) Note : Draw structure of bacteria in copybook Reproduction in bacteria 1- Binary fission : It is process of reproduction in which one single – celled organisms splits into two single – celled organisms Steps of Binary fission in bacteria :A- in bacteria the DNA is single stranded and circular.B- During cell division the DNA replicates itself C-DNA attached to the cell membrane D- the cytoplasm furrows and division is completed  ‫) تركٌب البكتٌرٌا‬2( ‫الفصل الثانً محاضرة رلم‬ ‫ رسم تركٌب البكترٌا فً الدفتر‬: ‫مالحظة‬ ‫التكاثر فً البكتٌرٌا‬ ‫)إلى‬single – celled( ‫ وهو عملٌة للتكاثر الذي ٌنمسم فٌه كائن وحٌد الخلٌة‬:ً‫ االنشطار الثنائ‬-1 ‫كائنٌن وحٌدي الخلٌة‬ )single stranded( ‫ فً البكتٌرٌا ٌكون الحامض النووي خٌط مفرد‬-‫أ‬: ً‫خطوات االنشطار الثنائ‬ ‫) الحامض النووي نفسه‬replicates(‫ ٌستنسخ او ٌكرر‬، ‫أثناء االنمسام الخلوي‬-‫ ب‬.)circular(‫ودائرًٌا‬ ‫) واالنمسام‬cytoplasm furrows( ‫ الساٌتوبالزم ٌتخصر‬-‫د‬، ‫الحامض النووي ٌتعلك بؽشاء الخلٌة‬-‫ج‬ )completed( ‫ٌكتمل‬ Answer these question Q1/ Define : Binary fission Q2 / numerate : Steps of Binary fission in bacteria Answer the question for chapter 2: Lecture number (2) Q1/ Define: 1- Binary fission : It is process of reproduction in which one single – celled organisms splits into two single – celled organisms Q2 / numerate: 1- Steps of Binary fission in bacteria A- In bacteria the DNA is single stranded and circular. B- During cell division the DNA replicates itself C- DNA attached to the cell membrane D- the cytoplasm furrows and division is completed Chapter 2 Lecture number (3) 2- Endospore formation Some species of bacteria became inactive and form endospores Endospores: It is form of some species of bacteria contain genetic material and proteins and covered by thick protective coat Characteristics of endospores: A- It contain genetic material and proteins and covered by thick protective coat, B- Many endospores can survive in hot ,cold and very dry places C- The endospores break open when condition improve and the bacteria become active again Bacteria Role in Nature 1- Nitrogen fixation: - plants need nitrogen to grow. Most plants cannot use nitrogen directly from the air. Nitrogen fixing bacteria take in nitrogen from the air and change it to a form that plants can use 2- Recycling : It means the dead leaves and twigs are recycled over time with the help of bacteria 3- Cleaning Up: - bacteria and other microorganisms are also used to fight pollution. Bioremediation Bioremediation: - It is means using microorganisms to change harmful chemicals into harmless ones  ‫الفصل الثانً المحاضرة رلم (‪)3‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬تكوٌن االبواغ (‪)Endospore‬‬ ‫بعض أنواع البكتٌرٌا تصبح ؼٌر نشطة وتشكل األبواغ‬ ‫االبواغ ‪ :‬هً شكل من أشكال بعض أنواع البكتٌرٌا التً تحتوي على مادة وراثٌة وبروتٌنات‬ ‫ومؽطاة بطبمة والٌة سمٌكة‬ ‫خصائص االبواغ‬ ‫أ‪ -‬تحتوي على مادة وراثٌة وبروتٌنات ومؽطاة بطبمة والٌة سمٌكة‪.‬‬ ‫ب‪ٌ -‬مكن للعدٌد من األبواغ أن تعٌش فً األماكن الحارة والباردة والجافة جدًا‬ ‫ج‪ -‬تنفتح (‪ )break open‬األبواغ عندما تتحسن الظروؾ (‪) condition improve‬‬ ‫وتنشط البكتٌرٌا مرة أخرى‬ ‫دور البكتٌرٌا فً الطبٌعة‬ ‫‪ -1‬تثبٌت النٌتروجٌن‪ - :‬النباتات تحتاج إلى النٌتروجٌن لتنمو‪.‬ال تستطٌع معظم النباتات‬ ‫استخدام النٌتروجٌن مباشرة من الهواء‪.‬تأخذ البكتٌرٌا المثبتة للنٌتروجٌن‬ ‫النٌتروجٌن من الهواء وتؽٌره إلى شكل ٌمكن للنباتات استخدامه‬ ‫‪ -2‬اعادة التدوٌر ‪:‬وهذا ٌعنً أن األوراق واألؼصان (‪)twigs‬المٌتة ٌتم إعادة تدوٌرها‬ ‫بمرور الولت بمساعدة البكتٌرٌا‬ ‫‪ -3‬التنظٌؾ‪ - :‬تستخدم البكتٌرٌا والكائنات الحٌة الدلٌمة األخرى فً مكافحة التلوث‪.‬‬ ‫المعالجة الحٌوٌة‪.‬‬ ‫المعالجة الحٌوٌة ‪ -:‬وهً تعنً استخدام الكائنات الحٌة الدلٌمة لتحوٌل المواد‬ ‫الكٌمٌائٌة الضارة إلى ؼٌر ضارة‬ ‫‪Answer these question‬‬ ‫‪Q1/ Define: 1- Endospore 2- Recycling 3- Bioremediation 4- Nitrogen‬‬ ‫‪fixation‬‬ ‫)‪Q2/ Numerate only: 1- the Bacteria Role in Nature (only three‬‬ ‫‪2- Endospores composition‬‬ Full in the blanks: 1- Many endospores can survive in-------, ------ and ------ ---- 2- The endospores break open when ---------- Answer these question Answer the question for chapter 2: Lecture number (3) Q1/ Define: 1- Endospore : It is form of some species of bacteria contain genetic material and proteins and covered by thick protective coat 2- Recycling : It means the dead leaves and twigs are recycled over time with the help of bacteria 3- Bioremediation : It is means using microorganisms to change harmful chemicals into harmless ones 4- Nitrogen fixation :It means the bacteria take in nitrogen from the air and change it to a form that plants can use Q2/ Numerate only: 1- the Bacteria Role in Nature: 1- Nitrogen fixation 2- Recycling 3- Cleaning Up 2- Endospores composition (‫)تركٌب االبواغ‬ It contain genetic material and proteins and covered by thick protective coat Full in the blanks: 1- Many endospores can survive in hot, cold and dry place 2- The endospores break open when condition improve Answer the question for chapter 2: Lecture number (3) Q1/ Define: 5- Endospore : It is form of some species of bacteria contain genetic material and proteins and covered by thick protective coat 6- Recycling : It means the dead leaves and twigs are recycled over time with the help of bacteria 7- Bioremediation : It is means using microorganisms to change harmful chemicals into harmless ones 8- Nitrogen fixation :It means the bacteria take in nitrogen from the air and change it to a form that plants can use Q2/ Numerate only: 2- the Bacteria Role in Nature: 3- Nitrogen fixation 2- Recycling 3- Cleaning Up 4- Endospores composition (‫)تركٌب االبواغ‬ It contain genetic material and proteins and covered by thick protective coat Full in the blanks: 1- Many endospores can survive in hot, cold and dry place 2- The endospores break open when condition improve Chapter 2 Lecture number (4) Copulate the Bacteria Role in Nature 4- Making medicines :-Like – Antibiotics:- are medicines used to kill bacteria and other microorganisms. Many antibiotics are made by bacteria 5- Bacteria in your food: - people add bacteria for food. Every time you eat cheese, yoghurt, buttermilk , or sour cream , you are also eating bacteria 6- Pathogenic bacteria :- most bacteria are cause many diseases and called as pathogenic bacteria such as.cholera ,tetanus , tuberculosis are some diseases caused by bacteria Preparation of bacteria culture Note: bacteria can easily reproduce in lab conditions. The medium can be agar Agar: - it is gelatin – like substance that dissolves in water at 90 C0 and solidifies at 40 C0 nutrients are added to it during preparation and inoculated with bacteria to form pure colonies Way to prepare bacteria culture: from the agar : a- if you open a petri dish of agar b- inject some bacteria culture c- and then close the dish , you will observe some colored spots , these spots show the existence of bacteria  ‫الفصل الثانً محاضرة رلم (‪ )4‬تكملة دور البكتٌرٌا فً الطبٌعة‬ ‫‪ -4‬صنع األدوٌة‪ - :‬مثل المضادات الحٌوٌة هً األدوٌة التً تستخدم لمتل البكتٌرٌا‬ ‫والكائنات الحٌة الدلٌمة األخرى‪.‬العدٌد من المضادات الحٌوٌة تصنع بواسطة‬ ‫البكترٌا‬ ‫‪ -5‬وجود البكترٌا فً الطعام ‪ :‬الناس ٌضٌفون البكترٌا لؽذائهم فً كل مرة تأكل فٌها‬ ‫الجبن أو الزبادي أو اللبن أو المشدة الحامضة ‪ ،‬فإنن تأكل البكتٌرٌا أٌضًا‬ ‫‪ -6‬البكتٌرٌا المسببة لألمراض‪ - :‬تسبب معظم البكتٌرٌا العدٌد من األمراض وتسمى‬ ‫البكتٌرٌا الممرضة مثل الكولٌرا والكزاز (‪ ),tetanus‬والسل وهً بعض األمراض‬ ‫التً تسببها البكتٌرٌا‪.‬‬ ‫تحضٌر مزرعة البكتٌرٌا‬ ‫مالحظة‪ٌ :‬مكن أن تتكاثر البكتٌرٌا بسهولة فً ظروؾ المختبر ٌمكن أن ٌكون الوسط زرعً‬ ‫أجار‬ ‫أالكار‪ - :‬مادة شبٌهة بالجٌالتٌن تذوب فً الماء عند درجة حرارة ‪ 93‬درجة مئوٌة وتتصلب‬ ‫عند ‪ 43‬درجة تضاؾ العناصر الؽذائٌة (‪ )nutrients‬الٌه أثناء التحضٌر ‪ ،‬وٌلمح‬ ‫(‪ )inoculated‬بالبكتٌرٌا لتكوٌن مستعمرات نمٌة (‪)pure colonies‬‬ ‫طرٌمة تحضٌر مزرعة البكتٌرٌا‪ :‬من االجار‪ :‬أ‪ -‬إذا لمت بفتح طبك بتري ب‪ -‬حمنت بعض‬ ‫البكترٌا ج‪ -‬ثم أؼلك الطبك ستالحظ بعض البمع الملونة ‪ ،‬هذه البمع تظهر وجود البكتٌرٌا‬ ‫‪Answer these question‬‬ ‫‪Q1/ Define: 1- Antibiotics 2- Pathogenic bacteria 3- Pathogenic bacteria 4- Agar‬‬ ‫‪Q2/Give the way to prepare bacteria culture: from the agar‬‬ ‫‪Full in the blanks‬‬ ‫‪1- People add bacteria ------. Every time you eat cheese, --------- and ----------- ,‬‬ ‫‪or-----------, you are also eating bacteria‬‬ ‫‪2- Cholera ,------ , ---------are some diseases caused by bacteria‬‬ ‫)‪Answer the question for chapter 2: Lecture number (4‬‬ Q1/ Define: 1- Antibiotics: are medicines used to kill bacteria and other microorganisms. Many antibiotics are made by bacteria 2- Pathogenic bacteria : most bacteria are cause many diseases and called as pathogenic bacteria such as.cholera ,tetanus , tuberculosis are some diseases caused by bacteria ‫ فً االمتحان ممكن ان تكتب مثال واحد فمط‬: ‫مالحظة‬ 3- Agar :it is gelatin – like substance that dissolves in water at 90 C0 and solidifies at 40 C0 nutrients are added to it during preparation and inoculated with bacteria to form pure colonies Q2/Give the way to prepare bacteria culture: from the agar a- if you open a petri dish of agar b- inject some bacteria culture c- and then close the dish , you will observe some colored spots , these spots show the existence of bacteria Full in the blanks 1- People add bacteria for food. Every time you eat cheese, yoghurt, and buttermilk, or sour cream, you are also eating bacteria 2- Cholera , tetanus , tuberculosis are some diseases caused by bacteria SELF CHECK: Structure of bacteria: P 18 A. Key Terms or Define 1- Prokaryotic : they are organisms that not have True nucleus because this nucleus don’t have nuclear membrane like bacteria and blue- green alga 2- Endospore : It is form of some species of bacteria contain genetic material and proteins and covered by thick protective coat 3- Binary fission : It is process of reproduction in which one single – celled organisms splits into two single – celled organisms 4- Bioremediation:- It is means using microorganisms to change harmful chemicals into harmless ones 5- Agar :- :- it is gelatin – like substance that dissolves in water at 90 C0 and solidifies at 40 C0 nutrients are added to it during preparation and inoculated with bacteria to form pure colonies 6- Antibiotics: - are medicines used to kill bacteria and other microorganisms. Many antibiotics are made by bacteria )‫) تترن‬pathogen & colony ( :‫(مالحظة‬ B. Review Question 1- ‫ترن‬ 2- The draw in your copybook 3- ‫ترن‬ 4- Nitrogen fixation :- bacteria take in nitrogen from the air and change it to a form that plants can use 5- 1- Nitrogen fixation 2-Recycling 3- Cleaning Up 4- Making medicines 5- Pathogenic bacteria C. True and False 1- True 2- false 3- True 4- True 5- True D. Fill in the blanks 1- ‫ترن‬ 2- Binary fission 3- ‫ترن‬ 4- Antibiotics 5- prokaryotic and unicellular E. Multiple choice 1- D) Binary fission 2- D )Producing penicillin 3- C) Flagella Answer questions for Lecture number (2) from chapter (3) Q1/ Give the function : 1- in Paramecium Terms Function 1- the macronucleus used in metabolism 2- micronucleus used in reproduction 3- cytostome Mouth to feeding ‫فم للتؽذٌة‬ 4- cytopharynx Pharynx in Paramecium 5- excretory vacuoles Waste products are removed 6- contractile vacuoles provide osmoregulation within the cell by discharging excess of water 7- Cilia To movement 8- The pellicle gives a definite shape to the cell and covers the outer surface 2-In Euglena: A- Stigma B- chloroplasts C- The pellicle Terms Function 1- Stigma transmit light to the plastid 2- Chloroplasts photosynthetic in the presence of light 3- The pellicle gives a definite shape to the cell and covers the outer surface Q2/ Give the reason: Euglena shows both animal and plant characteristics Because contain chloroplasts and are photosynthetic in the presence of light. At night they obtain nutrients heterotrophically like animals Chapter 4 : Lecture number (1) Fungi General information of fungi 1- Fungi :- are eukaryotic organisms which are filamentous or rarely unicellular are generally terrestrial , but there are many aquatic (or marine)species 2- Some higher mushrooms are eat able while some are poisonous in all stages of the life cycle , 3- cells lack flagella or cilia 4- Although they have some similarities with plant , they are separate of plant because they lack chlorophyll 5- Fungi are either saprophytic or parasitic 6- mushrooms feed and reproduce by means of the mycelia Mycelia: It is structures that can mushrooms feed and reproduce by it 7- Food in fungi is not stored in the form of starch , but rather as lipids and glycogen Ecological importance of fungi 1- Important role of fungi in ecology :-a- They absorb nutrients from organic matter and dead organisms b- during this process water , CO2 , and minerals are released back into the environment. The absence of this role would destroy the ecosystem 2- Some fungi , like lichens:- It is an association between specific fungi and plant roots. the plant gets water and minerals from the fungus , and in return the fungus obtains nutrients ( glucose , amino acids , etc. ) from the plant ‫) الفطرٌات معلومات عامة عن الفطرٌات‬1( ‫الفصل الرابع محاضرة رلم‬  ‫‪ -1‬الفطرٌات ‪ -:‬هً كائنات حمٌمٌة النواة تكون خٌطٌة ونادرا ً ما تكون وحٌدة الخلٌة و هً بشكل‬ ‫عام برٌة ‪ ،‬ولكن ٌوجد العدٌد من األنواع المائٌة (أو البحرٌة)‬ ‫‪ -2‬بعض أنواع الفطر األعلى ٌمكن أكلها بٌنما ٌكون البعض اآلخر سا ًما فً جمٌع مراحل دورة الحٌاة‬ ‫‪ -3‬تفتمر الخالٌا إلى األسواط أو األهداب‬ ‫‪ -1‬على الرؼم من وجود بعض أوجه التشابه مع النبات ‪ ،‬إال أنها منفصلة عن النبات ألنها تفتمر‬ ‫إلى الكلوروفٌل‬ ‫‪ -2‬الفطرٌات هً إما رمٌة أو طفٌلٌة‬ ‫‪ٌ -3‬تؽذى الفطر وٌتكاثر عن طرٌك الخٌوط الفطرٌة (‪.)mycelia‬‬ ‫الخٌوط الفطرٌة ‪ :‬هً تراكٌب ٌستطٌع الفطر التؽذي والتكاثر بواسطتها‬ ‫‪ -4‬الطعام فً الفطر ال ٌتم تخزٌنه على شكل نشا ‪ ،‬بل ٌتم تخزٌنه على شكل دهون وكالٌكوجٌن‬ ‫األهمٌة البٌئٌة للفطرٌات‬ ‫‪ -1‬الدور المهم الفطرٌات فً البٌئة‪ - :‬أ‪ -‬تمتص العناصر الؽذائٌة من المواد العضوٌة والكائنات الحٌة‬ ‫المٌتة‪.‬ب‪-‬خالل هذه العملٌة ٌتم إطالق المٌاه وثانً أكسٌد الكربون والمعادن مرة أخرى فً البٌئة‪.‬‬ ‫ؼٌاب هذا الدور سٌؤدي إلى تدمٌر النظام البٌئً‬ ‫‪ -2‬بعض الفطرٌات مثل األشنات ‪ :‬هً ارتباط (‪ )association‬بٌن فطرٌات معٌنة وجذور النباتات‪،.‬‬ ‫ٌحصل النبات على الماء والمعادن من الفطرٌات ‪ ،‬وفً الممابل ٌحصل الفطر على العناصر الؽذائٌة‬ ‫(الجلوكوز واألحماض األمٌنٌة وما إلى ذلن) من النبات‬ ‫‪Answer these question‬‬ ‫‪Q1/ Define : 1- Fungi 2- lichens 3- Mycelia‬‬ ‫‪Q2/ Explain : Important role of fungi in ecology‬‬ ‫‪Q3/ Give the reason : fungi are separate from all similar groups of plant‬‬ ‫‪Full in the planks‬‬ ‫‪1- Some higher mushrooms are ---------while some are ---------in all stages of‬‬ ‫‪the life cycle‬‬ ‫‪2- Fungi are either or ----------------‬‬ ‫‪3- Food in fungi is not stored in the form --------- , but rather as --------and ----‬‬ ‫‪-----------------‬‬ ‫)‪Answer questions for Lecture number (4) from chapter (1‬‬ ‫‪Q1/ Define :‬‬ 1- Fungi : are eukaryotic organisms which are filamentous or rarely unicellular are generally terrestrial , but there are many aquatic (or marine)species 2- lichens : :- It is an association between specific fungi and plant roots. the plant gets water and minerals from the fungus , and in return the fungus obtains nutrients ( glucose , amino acids , etc. ) from the plant 3- Mycelia : It is structures that can mushrooms feed and reproduce by it Q2/ Explain : Important role of fungi in ecology 1- They absorb nutrients from organic matter and dead organisms 2- during this process water , CO2 , and minerals are released back into the environment. The absence of this role would destroy the ecosystem Q3/ Give the reason : fungi are separate from all similar groups of plant because they lack chlorophyll Full in the planks 4- Some higher mushrooms are eat able while some are poisonous in all stages of the life cycle 5- Fungi are either saprophytic or parasitic 6- Food in fungi is not stored in the form of starch , but rather as lipids and glycogen 7- Chapter 4 : Lecture number (2) Fungi Economical importance role of fungi A- nearly 200 eatable species are cultivated and consumed in large amounts.  B- Fungi are used in the baking of bread , the fermentation of alcohol , and the production of various antibiotic painkilling drugs C- Some fungi are used in the production of citric acid and other chemicals. Recently , hormone production from fungi Penicilium :- It is lives saprophytically on cheese , lemons and some other food, creating blueish spots. Important roles for Penicilium: 1- Some species are responsible for the flavor of some cheeses and formerly cheese containing pencilium produces penicillin 2-the antibiotic penicillin is used in the treatment of patients suffering from pneumonia meningitis , fiver , nephritis ,and carbuncle 3- some patients are allergic to it so use it without a doctors supervision or in unnecessary cases may be dangerous. ‫) الفطرٌات‬2( ‫الفصل الرابع المحاضرة رلم‬ ‫األهمٌة االلتصادٌة للفطرٌات‬.‫ نوع صالح لألكل بكمٌات كبٌرة‬233 ‫ ٌتم زراعة واستهالن ما ٌمرب من‬-‫أ‬ ‫ وإنتاج العدٌد من األدوٌة المضادة‬، ‫ وتخمٌر الكحول‬، ‫ تستخدم الفطرٌات فً تحضٌر الخبز‬، -‫ب‬ ‫لأللم‬  ‫ت‪ -‬تستخدم بعض الفطرٌات فً إنتاج حامض السترٌن ومواد كٌمٌائٌة أخرى‪.‬فً اآلونة األخٌرة‬ ‫‪ ،‬بدأ إنتاج الهرمونات من الفطرٌات‬ ‫البنسٌلٌوم‪ٌ - :‬عٌش رمًٌا على الجبن واللٌمون وبعض األطعمة األخرى ‪ ،‬مما ٌؤدي إلى ظهور بمع‬ ‫زرلاء‪.‬االدوار المهمة للبنسٌلٌوم‬ ‫‪ -1‬بعض األنواع مسؤولة عن نكهة بعض أالجبان و الجبن المحتوي سابمًا على البنسلٌن ٌنتج البنسلٌن‬ ‫‪ٌ -2‬ستخدم البنسلٌن المضاد الحٌوي فً عالج المرضى الذٌن ٌعانون من االلتهاب الرئوي والتهاب‬ ‫السحاٌا والحمى والتهاب الكلٌة والجمرة الخبٌثة ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ٌ -3‬عانً بعض المرضى من حساسٌة تجاهه ‪ ،‬لذا فإن استخدامه دون إشراؾ األطباء أو فً حاالت ؼٌر‬ ‫خطٌرا‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ضرورٌة لد ٌكون‬ ‫‪Answer these question‬‬ ‫‪Q1/ Define Penicilium‬‬ ‫‪Q2/ Explain the importance role of fungi in economy‬‬ ‫‪Q3/ Give the reason: when use penicillin without a doctors supervision or in‬‬ ‫? ‪unnecessary cases may be dangerous‬‬ ‫‪Q4/ Full in the planks‬‬ ‫‪1- formerly cheese containing pencilium produces --------‬‬ ‫‪2- penicillin is used in the treatment of patients suffering from‬‬ ‫‪------------ , --------------- , --------------- and ------------‬‬ ‫)‪Answer questions for Lecture number (4) from chapter (2‬‬ ‫‪Q1/ Define:‬‬  Penicilium: It is lives saprophytically on cheese , lemons and some other food, creating blueish spots Q2/ Explain the importance role of fungi in economy A- nearly 200 eatable species are cultivated and consumed in large amounts. B- Fungi are used in the baking of bread , the fermentation of alcohol , and the production of various antibiotic painkilling drugs C- Some fungi are used in the production of citric acid and other chemicals. Recently , hormone production from fungi Q3/ Give the reason: when use penicillin without a doctors supervision or in unnecessary cases may be dangerous ? Because some patients are allergic to it Q4/ Full in the planks 3- formerly cheese containing pencilium produces penicillin 4- penicillin is used in the treatment of patients suffering from pneumonia meningitis , fiver , nephritis ,and carbuncle Chapter 4 : Lecture number (3) Fungi Mushroom :- General information of mushroom 1- Mushrooms: It is belong to a group of fungi called club fungi. This group gets it is name from structures that the fungi grow during reproduction 2- during reproduction they grow special hyphae that form club like structures these structures are called basidia Basidia:- special hyphae that form club like structures they grow during reproduction 3- Mushroom have part above – ground. but most part of organism is underground 4- The mass of hyphae from which mushroom are produced may grow 35 m across That’s about as long as 18 adults lying head to toe 5- Under the mushroom cap some varieties are grown commercially and sold in supermarkets 6- The most familiar mushrooms are known as gill fungi However , not all gill fungi are eatable. for example the white destroying angel is a very poisonous fungus Simply a taste of this mushroom can be fatal Note: draw the structure of mushroom in your copybook Black bread mold : General information of Black bread mold 1- Black bread mold lives on some food like bread 2- It reproduction by spore formation. spore:- is asexually reproductive cell that can grow into a complete organism without fertilization 3- Spores dropped on the bread from hyphae. These get nutrients from the bread Note : draw the black beard mold in your copybook ‫) الفطرٌات‬3( ‫الفصل الرابع المحاضرة رلم‬ -: ‫ معلومات عامة عن المشروم‬-: ‫فطر المشروم عش الؽراب‬  ‫‪ -1‬المشروم ‪ :‬وهو ٌنتمً (‪ )belong‬الى مجموعة الفطرٌات التً تدعى الفطرٌات الدعامٌة أو‬ ‫الهراوٌة (‪ )club fungi‬هذه المجموعة تحصل على التسمٌة من التراكٌب التً تنمو للفطر أثناء‬ ‫التكاثر‬ ‫‪ -2‬أثناء التكاثر تنمو خٌوط خاصة تشكل تراكٌب شبٌهة بالهراوة أو العصا تسمى حامالت األبواغ‬ ‫(‪ )basidia‬حامالت األبواغ ‪:‬هً خٌوط فطرٌة خاصة بشكل تراكٌب تشبه الهراوة تنمو أثناء التكاثر‬ ‫‪ -3‬المشروم ٌمتلن جزء فوق األرض‪.‬لكن معظم الكائن الحً موجود تحت األرض‬ ‫صا بالؽًا ٌرلدون من‬‫مترا هذا ٌصل إلى ‪ 18‬شخ ً‬ ‫‪ -4‬لد تنمو كتلة الخٌوط التً ٌتم إنتاج الفطر منها ‪ً 35‬‬ ‫الرأس إلى أخمص المدمٌن‬ ‫‪ -5‬تحت ؼطاء الفطر أو المظلة تزرع بعض األصناؾ تجارٌا وتباع فً السوبر ماركت‬ ‫‪ -6‬أكثر أنواع الفطر شٌوعًا الفطر الخٌشومً ومع ذلن ‪ ،‬لٌست كل فطرٌات الخٌاشٌم صالحة لألكل‪.‬‬ ‫على سبٌل المثال ‪ ،‬المالن األبٌض المدمر هو فطر سام للؽاٌة ببساطة طعم هذا الفطر ٌمكن أن ٌكون‬ ‫لاتالً‬ ‫مالحظة ‪ :‬رسم تركٌب المشروم فً دفترن‬ ‫عفن الخبز األسود‪ :‬معلومات عامة عن العفن‬ ‫‪ٌ -1‬عٌش على بعض األطعمة مثل الخبز‬ ‫ً‬ ‫كامال‬ ‫‪ -2‬تكاثرها عن طرٌك تكوٌن األبواغ‪.‬البوغ ‪-:‬هو خلٌة تكاثرٌة ال جنسٌة ٌمكن أن تنمو لتصبح كائنًا‬ ‫دون إخصاب‬ ‫‪ -3‬تسمط األبواغ على الخبز من الخٌوط‪.‬هذه تحصل على العناصر الؽذائٌة من الخبز‬ ‫‪ -4‬تشكل هذه الفطرٌات ؼطاء أسود على الخبز واألطعمة المماثلة‬ ‫مالحظة ‪ :‬رسم عفن الخبز االسود فً دفترن‬ ‫‪Answer these question‬‬ ‫‪Q1/Define: Mushrooms , Basidia , white destroying angel‬‬ ‫‪, spore‬‬ ‫‪Q2/ Give the reason : not all gill fungi are eatable‬‬ ‫‪Full in the planks‬‬ ‫‪1- most part of fungi is-----------------‬‬ ‫‪2- Under the mushroom cap some varieties are grown ------ and----‬‬ ‫‪3- mass of hyphae may grow------------‬‬ ‫‪4- Spores dropped on the bread from ------- These get -----from the bread‬‬ ‫‪Q3/ draw the structure of mushroom and Black bread mold‬‬ ‫)‪Answer questions for Lecture number (4) from chapter (3‬‬ ‫‪Q1/Define:‬‬  1- Mushrooms : It is belong to a group of fungi called club fungi. This group gets it is name from structures that the fungi grow during reproduction 2- Basidia: special hyphae that form club like structures they grow during reproduction 3- White destroying angel : is a very poisonous fungus Simply a taste of this mushroom can be fatal 4- Spore: is asexually reproductive cell that can grow into a complete organism without fertilization Q2/ Give the reason : not all gill fungi are eatable Because same of them is a very poisonous fungus like White destroying angel Full in the planks 5- most part of fungi is underground 6- Under the mushroom cap some varieties are grown commercially and sold in supermarkets 7- mass of hyphae may grow 35 m 8- Spores dropped on the bread from hyphae These get nutrients from the bread Q3/ draw the structure of mushroom and Black bread mold Answer : in your copybook Chapter 4 : Lecture number (4) Fungi Yeast :- General information of it 1- Yeast do not have hyphae and reproduce by budding 2- Yeast are economically important in baking leavening bread 3- During fermentation , CO2 is released which causes the sponge – like swelling of the bread 4- Yeast are rich in vitamin B Chapter 5 : Lecture number (1) Algae:- General information of it 1- All algae have the green pigment chlorophyll , which is used for photosynthesis 2- most algae also have other pigments that give them a color. 3- Almost of algae live in water 4- Some algae are made of many cells ,) many –celled algae ( 5- some of these algae can grow to many meters in length Types of algae :- 1- Red algae :- Advantage of red algae A-most of algae in the world are red algae B-live in tropical oceans and can grow as a deep as 200 m below the surface of the water C- It contain chlorophyll. Note: red pigment gives them their color and there name. ‫ ) الفطرٌات‬4 (‫الفصل الرابع المحاضرة رلم‬ ‫ معلومات عامة عن الخمٌرة‬: ‫الخمٌرة‬  ‫‪ -1‬لٌس لها خٌوط فطرٌة وتتكاثر عن طرٌك التبرعم‬ ‫‪ -2‬الخمٌرة لهاأهمٌة التصادٌة فً تخمٌر الخبز‬ ‫‪ -3‬أثناء التخمٌر ‪ٌ ،‬تم إطالق ثانً أكسٌد الكربون مما ٌتسبب فً تورم الخبز مثل اإلسفنج‬ ‫‪ -4‬الخمٌرة هً ؼنٌة بفٌتامٌن ‪B‬‬ ‫الفصل الخامس محاضرة رلم (‪ )1‬الطحالب‬ ‫معلومات عامة عنها‬ ‫‪ -1‬تحتوي جمٌع الطحالب على صبؽة الكلوروفٌل الخضراء ‪ ،‬والتً تستخدم فً التمثٌل الضوئً‬ ‫‪ -2‬لدى الطحالب أٌضًا صبؽات أخرى تمنحها لونًا‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬تعٌش معظم الطحالب فً الماء‬ ‫‪ -4‬تتكون بعض الطحالب من العدٌد من الخالٌا (طحالب متعددة الخالٌا)‬ ‫‪ٌ -5‬مكن أن تنمو بعض هذه الطحالب إلى عدة أمتار فً الطول‬ ‫‪ -1‬الطحالب الحمراء‪ - :‬ممٌزات الطحالب الحمراء‬ ‫أ‪ -‬معظم الطحالب فً العالم هً طحالب حمراء ب‪ -‬تعٌش فً المحٌطات االستوائٌة وٌمكن أن تنمو‬ ‫على عمك ‪ 233‬متر تحت سطح الماء ج‪ -‬تحتوي على الكلوروفٌل‪.‬مالحظة ‪ :‬الصبؽة الحمراء‬ ‫تعطٌهم لونهم و أٌضا اسمهم‬ ‫‪Answer these question‬‬ ‫‪Q 1/ Explain the fermentation process‬‬ ‫‪Q2/ full in the planks‬‬ ‫‪1-‬‬‫‪Yeast are economically important in--------------------‬‬ ‫‪2-‬‬‫‪Yeast are rich in------------------------‬‬ ‫‪3-‬‬‫‪Almost of algae live in--------------------‬‬ ‫‪4-‬‬‫‪All algae have---------------------------‬‬ ‫‪5-‬‬‫‪algae are made of many cells called ------------------------------‬‬ ‫‪Q3/Give the advantage of red algae‬‬ ‫‪Q4/ Give the reason : names of some algae rad algae‬‬ ‫)‪Answer questions for Lecture number (4) from chapter (4‬‬ ‫‪Answer these question‬‬ Q 1/ Explain the fermentation process An : During fermentation , CO2 is released which causes the sponge – like swelling of the bread Q2/ full in the planks 1- Yeast are economically important in baking leavening bread 2- Yeast are rich in vitamin B 3- Almost of algae live in water 4- All algae have the green pigment chlorophyll 5- Algae are made of many cells called many –celled algae Q3/Give the advantage of red algae A- most of algae in the world are red algae B- live in tropical oceans and can grow as a deep as 200 m below the surface of the water C- It contain chlorophyll Q4/ Give the reason : names of some algae rad algae Because red pigment gives them their color and there name Chapter 5 : Lecture number (2)  2- Brown algae :- most of the seaweeds found in cool climates are brown algae they have chlorophyll and yellow – brown pigment many are very large. 3- Green algae :- are unicellular or multicellular species and live in freshwater they have chlorophyll only Note : the cell walls are made of cellulose which is why algae are used in the paper industry Spirogyra :- It is filament green colored it consist of chain of cell and have spiral chlorophyll in each cell Reproduction in spirogyra 1- A sexual reproduction:- spirogyra reproduce by fragmentation : spirogyra filaments can divide into smaller parts and each of these parts grow into a complete spirogyra filaments 2- sexual reproduction:- spirogyra sexually by conjugation  ‫الفصل الخامس المحاضرة رلم (‪)3‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬الطحالب البنٌة ‪ -:‬معظم األعشاب البحرٌة(‪ )seaweeds‬الموجودة فً المناخات الباردة هً طحالب‬ ‫بنٌة اللون تحتوي على الكلوروفٌل واالصباغ الصفراء البنٌة بشكل كبٌر جدا‬ ‫‪ -2‬الطحالب الخضراء‪ - :‬هذه الكائنات وحٌدة الخلٌة أو متعددة الخالٌا وتعٌش فً المٌاه العذبة وتمتلن‬ ‫الكلوروفٌل (الصبؽة الخضراء) فمط‬ ‫مالحظة ‪ :‬جدران الخالٌا مصنوعة من السلٌلوز وهذا هو سبب استخدام الطحالب فً صناعة الورق‬ ‫سبٌروجٌرا‪ - :‬وهً خٌوط خضراء اللون تتكون من سلسلة من الخالٌا و تمتلن كلوروفٌل حلزونً فً‬ ‫كل خلٌة‬ ‫التكاثر فً سبٌروجٌرا‪ -1 -:‬التكاثر الجنسً‪ - :‬تتكاثر السباٌروجٌرا عن طرٌك التجزئة‪ٌ :‬مكن أن تنمسم‬ ‫خٌوط السباٌروجٌرا إلى أجزاء أصؽر وٌنمو كل جزء من هذه األجزاء إلى خٌوط السباٌروجٌرا كاملة‬ ‫‪ -2‬التكاثر الجنسً‪ - :‬السباٌروجٌرا تتكاثر جنسٌا عن طرٌك االلتران‬ ‫‪Answer these question‬‬ ‫‪Q1/ Define : Green algae , Spirogyra‬‬ ‫‪Q2/ Give the reason: 1- names of some algae Brown algae 2- Green algae are‬‬ ‫‪used in the paper industry‬‬ ‫‪Q3/ numerate only : 1- type of algae 2- Reproduction in spirogyra‬‬ ‫‪Q4/ Explain fragmentation in spirogyra‬‬ Answer questions for Lecture number (5) from chapter (2) Define : 1- Green algae: are unicellular or multicellular species and live in freshwater they have chlorophyll only 2- Spirogyra : It is filament green colored it consist of chain of and have spiral chlorophyll in each cell Q2/Give the reason: 1- names of some algae Brown algae Because they have yellow – brown pigment many are very large 2- Green algae are used in the paper industry Because : the cell walls are made of cellulose Q3/ numerate only : 1- type of algae A- red algae B- Brown algae C- Green algae 2- Reproduction in spirogyra A- A sexual reproduction by fragmentation B- sexual reproduction by conjugation Q4/ Explain fragmentation in spirogyra An/ spirogyra filaments can divide into smaller parts and each of these parts grow into a complete spirogyra filaments SELF CHECK PROTISTS : P.(32) A- Key terms or Define 1- ‫ترن‬ 2- Penicilium :- It is lives saprophytically on cheese , lemons and some other food, creating blueish spots 3- penicillin :It is antibiotic used in the treatment of patients suffering from pneumonia meningitis , fiver , nephritis ,and carbuncle 4- ‫ترن‬ 5- spore:- is asexually reproductive cell that can grow into a complete organism without fertilization 6- Green Algae :- are unicellular or multicellular species and live in freshwater they have chlorophyll only 7- ‫ترن‬ 8- Spirogyra :- are unicellular or multicellular species and live in freshwater they have chlorophyll only B- Review question : ‫ٌترن‬ C- True or false 1- True 2- False 3- ‫ ترن‬4- True 5- False D- Full in the plank s E- 1- Chlorophyll 2- brown algae 3- B 4- gill fungi 5- Chlorophyll F- Multiple chose G- 1- B) Mold 2-A) Budding 3- D ) They are photosynthesis 1- Mushroom 5- ‫ترن‬  Chapter (6)Lecture number (2): 1- The vascular plants :- ‫النباتات الوعائٌة‬ Q1/Define Vascular tissue Vascular tissue:- It is a system of tube – like cells that carry materials throughout the plants. ‫عرؾ النسٌج الوعائٌة‬1‫س‬ ‫) ٌحمل المواد فً جمٌع‬tube – like( ‫ هو نظام من الخالٌا الشبٌهة باألنبوب‬- : ً‫النسٌج الوعائ‬.‫أنحاء النباتات‬ Q2/ Numerate the kind of Vascular tissue? a- vascular tissue carries food called phloem. b- vascular tissue carries water and dissolved minerals called xylem ‫ عدد أنواع النسٌج الوعائً؟‬2‫س‬.‫ نسٌج وعائً ٌحمل ؼذاء ٌسمى اللحاء‬-‫أ‬ ‫ نسٌج وعائً ٌحمل الماء والمعادن المذابة تسمى نسٌج الخشب‬-‫ب‬ Q3/ Full in the planks 1- vascular plant have roots , stems and leaves 2- most vascular plant live on land 3- vascular plant size ranges from 1cm to 100cm such us Ferns and seed vascular plant 4- Ferns reproduce by alternation of generation ‫ أمال الفراؼات‬3‫س‬ ‫ النسٌج الوعائً ٌمتلن جذر وساق و أوراق‬-1 ‫ اؼلب النباتات الوعائٌة ٌعٌش على األرض‬-2 ‫سم مثل السرخسٌات و النباتات الوعائٌة‬133 ‫سم إلى‬1 ‫ النباتات الوعائٌة حجمها ٌتراوح بٌن‬-3 ‫البذرٌة‬ ‫ السرخسٌات تتكاثر بطرٌمة تعالب األجٌال‬-4 Q4/ Define A- Ferns B-Seed vascular plant A-Ferns :- It is members of plant are very wide spread in wet areas because water is required for reproduction of these plant and reproduce by alternation of generation ‫ والمٌاه مطلوبة لتكاثر هذه‬، ‫ هو نبات ٌنتشر على نطاق واسع فً المناطك الرطبة‬- :‫السرخسٌات‬-‫أ‬ ) alternation of generation( ‫النباتات وتتكاثر بواسطة تعالب األجٌال‬ B-Seed vascular plant :- are plants have true roots , stems , leaves and flowers and they also contain vessels which allow movement water and nutrients to the different parts of the plants ‫ كما أنها تحتوي‬، ‫ هً نباتات تمتلن جذور وسٌمان وأوراق وأزهار حمٌمٌة‬:‫النباتات الوعائٌة البذرٌة‬-‫ب‬.‫على أوعٌة تسمح بحركة الماء والمواد المؽذٌة إلى أجزاء مختلفة من النباتات‬ Q5/ Give the reason : Ferns spread in wet areas? because water is required for reproduction of these plant ‫ السرخسٌات تنتشر فً المناطك الرطبة‬: ‫ علل‬5‫س‬ ‫بسبب أن الماء مطلوب لتكاثر هذه النباتات‬ Q6/ Draw the body structures of seed plant in your copybook ‫ ارسم تركٌب جسم نبات بذري فً دفترن‬6‫س‬ Chapter (6)Lecture number (3): Q1/ Give compare between the nonvascular plant and vascular plant Nonvascular plant Vascular plant 1- it is not have true roots , stems it is have true roots , stems and leaves and leaves 2- most of them live on water most of them live on land 3- It not have vascular tissue It have vascular tissue phloem and xylem 4- such us mosses such us Ferns and seed vascular plant ‫لارن بٌن النباتات الوعائٌة والنباتات ؼٌر الوعائٌة‬/1‫س‬ ‫النباتات الؽبر وعائٌة‬ ‫النبات الوعائٌة‬ ‫ال تمتلن جذور وسٌمان وأوراق حمٌمٌة‬ -1 ‫تمتلن جذور وسٌمان وأوراق حمٌمٌة‬ ‫اؼلبها ٌعٌش فً الماء‬ -2 ‫اؼلبها ٌعٌش على الٌابسة‬ ً‫ال تمتلن نسٌج وعائ‬ -3 ‫تمتلن نسٌج وعائً اللحاء والخشب‬ ‫مثالها الحزازٌات‬ -4 ‫مثالها السرخسٌات والنباتات البذرٌة‬ Seed plant Q2/ numerate the kinds of Seed plant 1- Gymnosperms 2- Angiosperms ‫ عدد أنواع النباتات البذرٌة‬/ 2‫س‬ ‫ مؽطات البذور‬-2 ‫ عارٌات البذور‬-1 Q2/Define Gymnosperms Gymnosperms :- They are plants that bear naked seeds and are usually These seeds are exposed on the surfaces of reproductive structures such as cones. ‫ وهً نباتات تحمل بذور عارٌة وعادة ما تكون هذه البذور مكشوفة على أسطح‬- :‫عارٌات البذور‬.‫التراكٌب التناسلٌة مثل المخارٌط‬ Q3/ full in the blanks 1- produce seeds from cones instead of a flower 2- most of Gymnosperms have needle – like leaves. 3- most of Gymnosperms ever green. 4- Gymnosperms woody plants like pine plant 5- male and female cones in pine plant grow in spring 6- in pine plant female cones are reddish colored and tiny : ‫ امأل الفراؼات األتٌة‬/3‫س‬ ‫تنتج البذور من مخارٌط بدال ً من الزهرة‬ -1.‫معظم عارٌات البذور لدٌهم أوراق تشبه اإلبرة‬ -2.‫معظم عارٌات البذور دائمة الخضرة‬ -3 ‫عارٌات البذور نباتات خشبٌة مثال نبات الصنوبر‬ -4 ‫المخارٌط األنثوٌة والذكرٌة فً نبات الصنوبر تنمو فً الربٌع‬ -5 ‫فً نبات الصنوبر المخارٌط االنثوٌة حمراء اللون و صؽٌرة‬ -6 Q4 / Define pine Pine :- It is plant consists of evergreen trees and shrubs that have great commercial value most of them grow in cold regions some are found in warm regions ‫ وٌنمو معظمها‬، ‫ هو نبات ٌتكون من أشجار وشجٌرات دائمة الخضرة لها لٌمة تجارٌة كبٌرة‬-: ‫الصنوبر‬ ‫ وٌوجد بعضها فً المناطك الدافئة‬، ‫فً المناطك الباردة‬ Chapter (6)Lecture number (4): Angiosperms Q 1/ Define Angiosperms Angiosperms : It is flowering plants comprise about 90 percent of the kingdom plantae pollen can not reach the ovary directly ‫ ظ عرؾ مؽطات البذور‬1‫س‬ ‫ بالمائة من مملكة النباتات وال ٌمكن‬93 ً‫ وهً عبارة عن نباتات زهرٌة تشكل حوال‬: ‫مؽطاة البذور‬ ‫لحبوب اللماح الوصول إلى المبٌض مباشرة‬ Q2/Numerate the kind of Angiosperms plant 1- Monocotyledon (monocots) 2- Dicotyledons (dicots ) ‫ ذوات الفلمتٌن‬-2 ‫ ذوات الفلمة الواحدة‬-1 : ‫عدد أنواع النباتات مؽطاة البذور‬2‫س‬ Q2/ full in the blank 1- Monocots have a single seeding leaf cotyledon. 2- Monocots have veins parallel to the length of the leaf 3- monocots lack wood except palms and agaves. ‫أمال الفراؼات األتٌة‬ ‫ ذوات الفلمة الواحدة تمتلن ورلة بذرٌة واحدة ورلة جنٌنٌة مفردة‬-1 ‫ ذوات الفلمة الواحدة تمتلن عروق موازٌة لطول الورلة‬-2 ‫ ذوات الفلمة الواحدة تفتمر إلى الخشب ماعدا النخٌل والصبٌر‬-3 Q3/ give the reason :1-most of monocots lack wood because it have lost their ability to increase their diameter through secondary growth ‫اؼلب ذوات الفلمة الواحدة تفتمر للخشب‬-1 :‫ علل‬/3‫س‬ ‫ألنها فمدت لدرتها على زٌادة لطرها خالل النمو الثانوي‬  2- Pollination in palm tree naturally performed by wind but human pollinate it artificially‫؟‬ to guarantee the pollination ‫ التلمٌح فً النخٌل ٌحدث طبٌعٌا بواسطة الهواء ولكن األنسان ٌموم بتلمٌحه اصطناعٌا؟‬-3 ‫لضمان التلمٌح‬ Q4/ Define : The date palm tree :- It is tree grow in hot climates from middle east especially in Iraq and needs less amount of water and has a non- branched main stem with (5m) length ‫ وهً شجرة تنمو فً المناخات الحارة من الشرق األوسط خاصة فً العراق وتحتاج‬:‫عرؾ شجرة النخٌل‬.)‫ م‬5( ‫متفرع بطول‬ ّ ‫إلى كمٌة ألل من الماء ولها ساق رئٌسً ؼٌر‬ Chapter (6)Lecture number (4): Angiosperms Dicotyledons (dicots ): ‫ذوات الفلمتٌن‬ Q1/Full in the planks 1- Embryo in dicots have two cotyledons 2- Major leaf veins in dicots are reticulated 3- In dicots Secondary growth often present : ‫أمال الفراؼات األتٌة‬/1‫س‬ ‫ الجنٌن فً ذوات الفلمتٌن ٌتكون من ورلتٌن جنٌنٌتٌن‬-1 ‫ عروق األوراق الرئٌسٌة فً ذوات الفلمتٌن تكون شبكٌة‬-2 ‫ فً ذوات الفلمتٌن النمو الثانوي ؼالبا موجودا‬-3 Q2/draw comparison between flower , seed , root and leaf in monocots and dicots in your copybook ‫ارسم ممارنة بٌن الزهرة والبذرة والجذر واألوراق لذوات الفلمة وذوات الفلمتٌن فً دفترن‬/ 2‫س‬  Chapter (7)Lecture number ( 1): Plant anatomy : Structure of dicot plants Q1/ Numerate the organized of plant body 1- The root system 2- The shoot system. ‫ عدد تنظٌمات جسم النبات‬/1‫س‬ ً‫ النظام الجذع‬-2 ‫النظام الجذري‬-1 Q2/ Define : 1- the root system 2- the shoot system the root system : it generally the below under ground portion the shoot system: it consist of a vertical stem which bears leaves , flowers and fruits containing seed ً‫ النظام الجذع‬-2 ‫ النظام الجذري‬-1: ‫ عرؾ‬/2‫س‬ ‫) تحت األرض‬below(ً‫) السفل‬portion(‫ هو بشكل عام الجزء‬:‫نظام جذري‬ ‫ هو ٌتكون من جذع رأسً ٌحمل أوراق وأزهار وثمار تحتوي على بذور‬: ً‫النظام الجذع‬ Q3/ Give compare between Shoot system functions and Root system function Shoot system functions Root system function 1- Photosynthesis 1-Flxation 2- Reproduction 2-Absorption 3- Storage 3-storage 4- Transport 4-transport ً‫ لارن بٌن وظائؾ النظام الجذري والنظام الجذع‬/3‫س‬ ً‫وظائؾ النظام الجذع‬ ‫وظائؾ النظام الجذري‬ ً‫البناء الضوئ‬-1 ‫التثبٌت‬-1 ‫التكاثر‬-2 ‫االمتصاص‬-2 ‫التخزٌن‬-3 ‫التخزٌن‬-3 ‫النمل‬-4 ‫النمل‬-4  The parts of plant :- One – Root Q4/ Define : Root Root :- it is part of plant that absorb water and minerals from the soil and anchor the plant in the ground they also store food in some plant such carrots ‫ أوال الجذر‬: ‫أجزاء النبات‬ ‫ وهو الجزء من النبات الذي ٌمتص الماء والمعادن من التربة‬- : ‫ الجذر‬: ‫ الجذر‬: ‫عرؾ‬4 ‫س‬ ‫وٌثبت النبات فً التربة كما أنه ٌخزن الطعام فً بعض النباتات مثل الجزر‬ Q5/ Numerate the kind of root 1- Tab root 2- Fibrous root :‫عدد أنواع الجذور‬/5‫س‬ ً‫ الجذر اللٌف‬-2 ‫الجذر الوتدي‬-1 Q5/ Define: 1- Tap root 2- Fibrous root ً‫ جذر لٌف‬-2 ‫ جذر وتدي‬-1 : ‫ عرؾ‬/6‫س‬ Tab root :- it is consists of main root with many smaller lateral root coming out of it and it found in dicots and gymnosperms such as Radish and carrot ، ‫) اصؽر‬lateral root(‫ ٌتكون من جذر أساسً ٌخرج منه العدٌد من الجذور الجانبٌة‬- :‫الجذر الوتدي‬ ‫وهو ٌوجد فً ذوات الفلمتٌن وعارٌات البذور مثل الفجل والجزر‬ Fibrous root :- it consist of several to many roots of the same size developing from the end of the stem with smaller lateral roots branching off these roots like onion and other monocots ‫ ٌتكون من عدة جذور من نفس الحجم تتطور من نهاٌة الساق مع جذور جانبٌة‬:ً‫الجذر اللٌف‬ ‫مثل البصل وؼٌرها من جذور ذوات الفلمة الواحدة‬، ‫أصؽر متفرعة من هذه الجذور‬ Chapter (7)Lecture number (2): The typical root structure :- Q1/ Define :- 1- root hairs 2- stem 3- Herbaceous stem 3- Woody stem 4- Xylem 5- Phloem 6- Cambium 7- Annual rings 1- The root hairs:- Are tiny projections growing out from the root , absorb water and minerals..‫) من الجذور تمتص الماء والمعادن‬growing out( ‫ وهً نتوءات صؽٌرة تنبت‬- :‫الشعٌرات الجذرٌة‬ 2- Stem :- it is connected the root and leaves it transports materials between leaves and root it can be either herbaceous or woody ‫ وهو ٌوصل الجذر باألوراق ٌنمل المواد بٌن األوراق والجذر وٌمكن أن ٌكون إما‬- : ‫الساق‬ ً‫عشبً أو خشب‬ Herbaceous stem:- It is soft and photosynthetic for example Beans , Wheat and tomatoes ‫الضوئً مثل الفاصولٌا والممح والطماطم‬ ً ‫ طري وٌموم بالبناء‬- :ً‫الساق العشب‬ Woody stem :- It is hard and not photosynthetic for example Pine and Oak ‫وهو صلب وال ٌموم بالبناء الضوئً مثل الصنوبر والبلوط‬- : ً‫الساق الخشب‬ Xylem :- it transport water and minerals from the root to the other parts in plant ‫ ٌنمل المٌاه والمعادن من الجذور إلى األجزاء األخرى فً النبات‬- :‫نسٌج الخشب‬ Phloem :- it transports photosynthetic products between the leaves and root ‫ ٌنمل نواتج التمثٌل الضوئً بٌن األوراق والجذور‬- :‫اللحاء‬  Cambium :- it is layer found inside the phloem and the xylem vessels whose cells divide to form new xylem and phloem vessels. ‫ هً طبمة توجد داخل اللحاء وأوعٌة نسٌج الخشب التً تنمسم خالٌاها لتشكل الخشب و‬: ‫الكامبٌوم‬.‫واوعٌة لحاء جدٌدة‬ Annual rings :- it is many concentric circles you can see it when you look at the trunk of the tree because each pair of them represents one year of plant age ‫ هً دوائر عدٌدة متحدة المركز ٌمكنن رؤٌتها عندما تنظر إلى جذع الشجرة ألن كل‬- :‫الحلمات السنوٌة‬ ‫زوج منها ٌمثل سنة واحدة من عمر النبات‬ Q2/ Give compare between Xylem and Phloem 1- Xylem : it transport water and minerals from the root to the other parts in plant ‫ ٌنمل المٌاه والمعادن من الجذور إلى األجزاء األخرى فً النبات‬- :‫نسٌج الخشب‬ 2- Phloem : it transports photosynthetic products between the leaves and root ‫ ٌنمل نواتج التمثٌل الضوئً بٌن األوراق والجذور‬- :‫اللحاء‬ Q3/ Give compare between Herbaceous stem and Woody stem ً‫لارن بٌن الساق العشبً والساق الخشب‬ Herbaceous stem ً‫ساق عشب‬ Woody stem ً‫ساق خشب‬ It is soft ‫رلٌك‬ It is hard‫صلب‬ Photosyntheticً‫ٌموم بالبناء الضوئ‬ Not photosyntheticً‫ال ٌموم بابتاء الضوئ‬ have xylem and phloem vessel Like that ‫كذلن‬ ‫ٌمتلن اوعٌة الخشب واللحاء‬ form the transport system in plant Like that ‫كذلن‬ ‫ٌعتبر جهاز النمل فً النبات‬ example Beans , Wheat and tomatoes example Pine and Oak Chapter (7)Lecture number (3): Leaf Q1 / Define leaf : Leaf : It is structure which develop from lateral buds on the stem the wide surface of the leaf blade is important for the absorption of sunlight ‫ عرؾ الورلة‬/1‫س‬ ‫ هً تركٌب ٌتطور من براعم جانبٌة على ساق النبات السطح العرٌض لنصل الورلة مهمة‬:‫الورلة‬ ‫المتصاص أشعة الشمس‬ The anatomical structure of the leaf : ‫التركٌب التشرٌحً للورلة‬ Q2/numerate the layers observed in cross- section of leaf : An. Cuticle layer , Epidermal layer , Mesophyll layer , Vascular bundles ‫عدد الطبمات المشاهدة فً الممطع العرضً للورلة‬/2‫س‬ ‫ الحزم الوعائٌة‬، ‫ طبمة النسٌج المتوسط‬، ‫ طبمة البشرة‬، ‫ طبمة الكٌوتكل‬: ‫الجواب‬ Q3/ Define : Cuticle layer , Epidermal layer , Mesophyll layer , Vascular bundles 1- Cuticle layer : is a waxy material which covers the leaf surface and prevents water loos it transparent therefore sunlight can pass )transparent( ‫ وهً مادة شمعٌة تؽطً سطح الورلة وتمنع تسرب الماء وهً شفافة‬: ‫ طبمة الكٌوتكل‬-1 ‫لذلن ٌمكن أن ٌمر ضوء الشمس‬ 2- Epidermal layer : it is tissue forms the upper and lower of the leaf surface it is lack chloroplast and are consequently non – photosynthetic it help in gas exchange and water regulation in the plants because it contain stomata ‫ تفتمر إلى‬.‫ وهً عبارة عن نسٌج ٌشكل الجزء العلوي والسفلً من سطح الورلة‬:‫طبمة البشرة‬ ‫ تساعد فً تبادل الؽازات وتنظٌم‬. ً‫البالستٌدات الخضراء وبالتالً فهً ال تموم بالبناء الضوئ‬.‫المٌاه فً النباتات ألنها تحتوي على ثؽور‬ Stomata: are holes in the epidermis it vide the pathways for gas exchange and water regulation in the plants ً‫ هً ثموب فً البشرة وهً عبارة عن مسارات لتبادل الؽازات وتنظٌم المٌاه ف‬:‫الثؽور‬ ‫النباتات‬ 3- Mesophyll layer : it is layer located between the upper and lower epidermis comprises palisade cells and spongy cells this layer are photosynthetic ‫ وهً طبمة تمع بٌن البشرة العلوٌة والسفلٌة وتتكون من‬:)‫طبمة المٌزوفٌل(او النسٌج المتوسط‬ ً‫)وخالٌا إسفنجٌة هذه الطبمة تموم بالبناء الضوئ‬palisade cells ( ‫خالٌا عمادٌة‬ 4- Vascular bundles : it consist of xylem and phloem vessels which transport water from root to another part of plant and organic materials from leaf to another part of plant ً‫ تتكون من أوعٌة من الخشب واللحاء تنمل المٌاه من الجذور إلى بال‬:)‫ الحزم الوعائٌة (عروق الورلة‬-2 ‫أجزاء النبات والمواد العضوٌة من األوراق إلى بالً أجزاء النبات‬ Q4/ Give the function for these term : Cuticle layer , Epidermal layer , Mesophyll layer , Vascular bundles , Stomata 1- Cuticle layer : prevents water loos ‫ تمنع تسرب الماء‬: ‫ طبمة الكٌوتكل‬-1 2- Epidermal layer : it help in gas exchange and water regulation in the plants because it contain stomata.‫ تساعد فً تبادل الؽازات وتنظٌم المٌاه فً النباتات ألنها تحتوي على ثؽور‬:‫طبمة البشرة‬ 3- Stomata: the pathways for gas exchange and water regulation in the plants ‫ مسارات لتبادل الؽازات وتنظٌم المٌاه فً النباتات‬:‫الثؽور‬ 4- Mesophyll layer : this layer are photosynthetic ً‫ هذه الطبمة تموم بالبناء الضوئ‬:)‫طبمة المٌزوفٌل(او النسٌج المتوسط‬ 5- Vascular bundles : transport water from root to another part of plant and organic materials from leaf to another part of plant ‫ تنمل المٌاه من الجذور إلى األوراق والمواد العضوٌة من األوراق إلى‬:)‫ الحزم الوعائٌة (عروق الورلة‬-6.‫الجذور‬  Chapter (7)Lecture number (4): Leaf Photosynthesis : Give the reason 1/ The sun is the unique source of energy that all organisms depend on because the plant capture solar energy and convert it to chemical energy and stored this chemical energy in seed or other part of plant when animals eat plant the energy passes to their body and when other animals eat this animal the energy basses in their body : ً‫البناء الضوئ‬ : ً‫علل ما ٌأت‬ ‫ الشمس هً المصدر الفرٌد للطالة الذي تعتمد علٌه جمٌع الكائنات الحٌة‬-1 ‫ألن النبات ٌلتمط الطالة الشمسٌة وٌحولها إلى طالة كٌمٌائٌة وٌخزن هذه الطالة الكٌمٌائٌة فً البذور أو‬ ‫أي جزء آخر من النبات عندما تأكل الحٌوانات النبات تنتمل الطالة إلى أجسامها وعندما تأكل الحٌوانات‬ ‫ تتدفك الطالة فً أجسامها‬، ‫األخرى هذا الحٌوان‬ 2/ Plants are a source of oxygen in earth because result of photosynthesis process free the oxygen Water + carbon + sunlight = sugar + oxygen ‫ النبات مصدر لألكسجٌن فً األرض نتٌجة لعملٌة التمثٌل الضوئً ٌحرر األكسجٌن‬-2 ‫ أكسجٌن‬+ ‫ ضوء الشمس = سكر‬+ ‫ كربون‬+ ‫ماء‬ Chapter (7) lecture number (5) Flower Q1/ define flowers Flowers : specialized buds which are the reproductive organs of the plant and have different shapes and colors ‫ عرؾ األزهار؟‬/1‫س‬ ‫ براعم متخصصة والتً هً األعضاء التناسلٌة فً النبات ولها أشكال وألوان مختلفة‬:‫الزهور‬ Q2 / numerate the parts of flower and the function of each part Name of part Function Petals It have different color to attract animal pollinators Sepals It have green color to protect the flower bud Stamen The male reproductive organs in plant and produce pollen grains It consist of two main parts 1- Anther : Its function to produce pollen 2- Filament : its function to raise the anther Pistil The female reproductive organs in plant It consist of three main parts 1- Stigma : the site of pollen reception and germination 2- Style : connecting the stigma and ovary 3- Ovary : contain one or more eggs and also the site of fertilization in the plant  ‫س‪ /2‬عدد أجزاء الزهرة مع وظٌفة كل جزء‬ ‫‪Name of part‬‬ ‫‪Function‬‬ ‫التوٌج‬ ‫لها ألوان مختلفة لجذب الملمحات الحٌوانٌة‬ ‫الكاس‬ ‫له لون اخضر لحماٌة البرعم الزهري‬ ‫السداة‬ ‫األعضاء التناسلٌة الذكرٌة فً النبات وتنتج حبوب اللماح‬ ‫تتكون من جزأٌن رئٌسٌٌن‬ ‫‪ -1‬المتن ‪ :‬وظٌفته إنتاج حبوب اللماح‬ ‫‪ -2‬الخوٌط ‪ :‬وظٌفته حمل المتن‬ ‫المدلة‬ ‫األعضاء التناسلٌة األنثوٌة فً النبات‬ ‫تتكون من ثالثة أجزاء رئٌسٌة‬ ‫‪ -1‬المٌسم ‪ :‬مولع استمبال حبوب اللماح وإنباتها‬ ‫‪ -2‬الملم ‪ٌ :‬وصل المٌسم بالمبٌض‬ ‫‪ -3‬المبٌض ‪ٌ :‬حتوي على بٌضة واحدة أو أكثر وأٌضًا مكان األخصاب‬ ‫فً النبات‬ ‫‪Q3 / Draw the part of flower‬‬ ‫س ‪ / 3‬ارسم أجزاء الزهرة‬ Chapter (7) lecture number (6) Reproduction in seed plant Q1/ numerate the kinds