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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a spore?
What is the primary function of a spore?
- To reproduce asexually and grow into a complete organism (correct)
- To assist in the fertilization of an organism
- To extract nutrients from its environment
- To serve as a food source for other organisms
How do spores typically reach new growth locations?
How do spores typically reach new growth locations?
- Through direct contact with soil or other surfaces
- Via spreading through chemical diffusion
- By being transported by wind or animals (correct)
- By swimming through water
Which of the following statements about spores is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about spores is incorrect?
- Spores can germinate to form new organisms.
- Spores can be found on surfaces like bread.
- Spores require fertilization to develop into a new organism. (correct)
- Spores can be produced by various types of fungi.
From where do spores commonly drop onto surfaces like bread?
From where do spores commonly drop onto surfaces like bread?
What characteristic distinguishes a spore from a seed?
What characteristic distinguishes a spore from a seed?
What is the scientific name of the house cat?
What is the scientific name of the house cat?
Which of the following is the smallest category in the biological classification system?
Which of the following is the smallest category in the biological classification system?
Which kingdom includes the largest variety of living organisms?
Which kingdom includes the largest variety of living organisms?
What trend is observed when moving from kingdom to species in classification?
What trend is observed when moving from kingdom to species in classification?
What is the scientific name of the wolf?
What is the scientific name of the wolf?
What is the main characteristic of pathogenic bacteria?
What is the main characteristic of pathogenic bacteria?
What temperature does agar dissolve in water?
What temperature does agar dissolve in water?
Which of the following describes the process of preparing a bacterial culture using agar?
Which of the following describes the process of preparing a bacterial culture using agar?
What happens when bacteria are inoculated on the agar?
What happens when bacteria are inoculated on the agar?
Which statement about antibiotics is correct?
Which statement about antibiotics is correct?
Which characteristic is common among most gymnosperms?
Which characteristic is common among most gymnosperms?
What type of plants do gymnosperms primarily include?
What type of plants do gymnosperms primarily include?
How do male and female cones function in pine plants?
How do male and female cones function in pine plants?
What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms?
What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms?
What are the two main categories of angiosperms?
What are the two main categories of angiosperms?
What is true about monocotyledons?
What is true about monocotyledons?
Which statement is incorrect regarding gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Which statement is incorrect regarding gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Which feature is associated with angiosperm reproduction?
Which feature is associated with angiosperm reproduction?
What is the primary function of the root system in plants?
What is the primary function of the root system in plants?
Which of the following best describes the shoot system in plants?
Which of the following best describes the shoot system in plants?
What distinguishes fibrous roots from tap roots?
What distinguishes fibrous roots from tap roots?
What is the role of root hairs in plants?
What is the role of root hairs in plants?
Which part of the plant is primarily responsible for transporting photosynthetic products?
Which part of the plant is primarily responsible for transporting photosynthetic products?
What is the main characteristic of a woody stem?
What is the main characteristic of a woody stem?
What describes the cambium layer in plants?
What describes the cambium layer in plants?
Which type of stem is typically soft and flexible?
Which type of stem is typically soft and flexible?
In which part of the plant does xylem primarily function?
In which part of the plant does xylem primarily function?
Which root type typically has a single main root with lateral roots?
Which root type typically has a single main root with lateral roots?
Which structure connects the root to the leaves in plants?
Which structure connects the root to the leaves in plants?
Which function is NOT associated with the shoot system?
Which function is NOT associated with the shoot system?
What is one of the main functions of the root system?
What is one of the main functions of the root system?
Which plant structure is primarily involved in the fixation of the plant in the soil?
Which plant structure is primarily involved in the fixation of the plant in the soil?
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Study Notes
Spore and Asexual Reproduction
- Spores are asexual reproductive cells capable of developing into complete organisms without fertilization.
- Spores are released from hyphae and can fall on substrates like bread.
- Organisms of the same species can mate to produce fertile offspring.
Scientific Names
- Human: Homo sapiens
- Wolf: Canis lupus
- Housefly: Musca domesticus
- House cat: Felis domestica
- Lion: Felis leo or Panthera leo
Classification Categories in Taxonomy
- Taxonomy categorizes living organisms into hierarchical groups.
- The largest category is kingdom, while the smallest is species.
- Kingdoms are divided into: Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
- Example for house cat:
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Mammalia
- Order: Carnivora
- Family: Felidae
- Genus: Felis
- Species: domestica
- Trends from kingdom to species include decreasing group numbers, increasing similarity, and decreasing member counts.
Kingdoms of Living Things
- The kingdom is the principal classification category.
- Many antibiotics are developed from bacteria.
- Pathogenic bacteria, such as those causing cholera, tetanus, and tuberculosis, lead to various diseases.
Agar Preparation for Bacteria Culture
- Agar: A gelatin-like substance that dissolves in water at 90°C and solidifies at 40°C, with nutrients added during preparation.
- Steps to prepare bacterial culture:
- Open a petri dish containing agar.
- Inject with a bacteria culture.
- Close the dish to observe colored spots indicating bacterial presence.
Pines and Gymnosperms
- Pines are evergreen trees and shrubs of great commercial value, primarily found in cold regions; some grow in warmer areas.
- Gymnosperms produce seeds from cones instead of flowers and mostly have needle-like leaves.
- Male and female pine cones grow in spring; female cones are reddish and small.
Angiosperms
- Angiosperms are flowering plants, accounting for about 90% of kingdom Plantae; they have a unique pollen transfer mechanism where pollen does not directly reach the ovary.
- Types of angiosperms:
- Monocotyledons (monocots)
- Dicotyledons (dicots)
Plant Systems
- Root System: Underground structures absorbing water and minerals, anchoring the plant; can store food.
- Shoot System: Above-ground structures, including stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits that contain seeds.
Functions of Root and Shoot Systems
- Roots function for:
- Fixation
- Absorption
- Storage
- Transport
- Shoots function for:
- Photosynthesis
- Reproduction
- Storage
- Transport
Types of Roots
- Tap Root: A main root with smaller lateral roots, typically found in dicots and gymnosperms (e.g., radish, carrot).
- Fibrous Root: Comprises multiple roots of the same size from the stem's end, typical in monocots (e.g., onion).
Typical Root Structure
- Root Hairs: Tiny projections from roots that absorb water and minerals.
- Stem: Connects roots and leaves, facilitating material transport and may be herbaceous or woody.
- Herbaceous Stem: Soft, photosynthetic; examples include beans, wheat, and tomatoes.
- Woody Stem: Hard, non-photosynthetic; examples include pine and oak.
- Xylem: Tissue transporting water and minerals from roots to other plant parts.
- Phloem: Tissue transporting photosynthetic products between leaves and roots.
- Cambium: Layer of cells between phloem and xylem that divides to form new vessels.
Annual Rings
- Indicate the growth of woody stems, reflecting seasonal growth conditions.
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