Rizal Law PDF

RIZAL LAW To recognize the relevance of Rizal’s ideals, thoughts, teachings and values to present WHO IS A HERO? (Philippine National Heroes conditions. Committee)...

RIZAL LAW To recognize the relevance of Rizal’s ideals, thoughts, teachings and values to present WHO IS A HERO? (Philippine National Heroes conditions. Committee) To develop an understanding and Has a concept of nation and thereafter appreciation of the qualities, behavior and aspires and struggles for the nation’s character of Jose Rizal. freedom. To develop nationalism among Filipino Defines and contributes to a system of life of youth. freedom and order for a nation. Contributes to the quality of life and destiny “Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history. It is of a nation. of its essence to know profoundly the past, so that we may be in complete openness with the men who There’s no law, executive order or proclamation has made that history and in intimate communion with been enacted or issued officially proclaiming any their thoughts, their deeds, and noble lives” Filipino historical figure as a national hero. — Claro M. Recto, Jr. “The firefly must be a martyr for dying for his RA 1425 HISTORICAL CONTEXT passions.” — Jose Rizal The Philippines had gained its independence from the United States on July 4, 1946. RIZAL AS A HERO The country was heavily dependent on the US economically, socially and politically. The Decree of December 20, 1898, issued by The Bell Trade Act granted free trade General Emilio Aguinaldo, declared between the Philippines and US. December 30 of every year a day of national On-going fight against communist rebels and mourning in honor of Dr. Jose Rizal and other its influence in Southeast Asia. victims of the Philippine Revolution. Following the aftermath of World War II, the Act No. 137, which organized the Philippines faced rampant crime, politico-military district of Morong into the opportunism and corruption. Province of Rizal, was the first official step Though the Catholic Church faced several taken by the Taft Commission to honor our issues, it remained influential for Filipinos. greatest hero and martyr. Republic Act 229 (June 9, 1948) - An act to RA 1425 WAS HEAVILY CRITICIZED prohibit cockfighting, horse racing and jai-alai on December 13 of each year and to Socially irrelevant create a committee to take charge of the An attack against the integrity of the Catholic proper celebration of Rizal day in every church municipality and chartered city, and for A violation of the individual’s right to other purposes. freedom of religion. Republic Act 1425 (June 12, 1956) - an act to include in the curricula of all public and RA 1425 private schools, colleges and universities Section 1: Courses on the life, works and writings of courses on the life, works and writings of Jose RIzal, shall be included in the curricula of all Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli me schools. Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Section 2: All school libraries should keep an adequate number of copies of the original and OBJECTIVES OF RIZAL LAW unexpurgated editions of Rizal’s works and biography. Section 3: The Board of National Education shall Soledad Mercado (1870-1929) cause the translation of Jose Rizal’s works in English, Schools: Tagalog, and the principal Philippine dialects; printed Ateneo De Manila University in cheap, popular editions; distributed, free of University of Santo Tomas charge throughout the country. University of Madrid Section 4: Nothing in this Act shall be construed as University of Heidelberg amendment or repealing section 927 of the Industries: Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of Science and Medicine religious doctrines by public schools teachers. Journalism and Nonfiction Section 5: 3,000 pesos is hereby authorized to be World Politics appropriated out of any fund not otherwise Best Known For: appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out Became an icon for the nationalist the purpose of this Act movement Section 6: This Act shall take effect upon its approval Literature COMPROMISE BILL Written works of imaginative, artistics, or intellectual value, typically characterized by Recto’s Version - mandatory reading and the use of language to convey ideas, teaching of Noli and El Fili. emotions, and experience. Laurel’s Version - deleted the “mandatory clause” and made a preamble as SOME PURPOSE OF LITERATURE compromise respect for Filipino Catholics - Moral character development To Persuade: - Self Discipline Can influence the attitudes, beliefs, or - Civic enlightenment actions of the audience. - Responsible citizenship Can appeal to the emotions, logic, or values of the readers or listeners. LITERATURE, RIZAL AND NATIONALISM To Inform Can convey factual information BRIEF OVERVIEW OF RIZAL Can help the audience learn new things, Name: Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso expand their knowledge, or challenge their Realonda assumptions. Born: June 19, 1861 To Entertain: Died: December 30, 1896 Can provide enjoyment, amusement, Birth City: Calamba, Laguna Province laughter, or suspense to the readers or Parents: listeners. Father: Francisco Mercado To Express: Mother: Teodora Alonzo Realonda Can communicate the personal feelings, Siblings: thoughts, or experience of the author. Saturnina Mercado (1850-1913) Paciano Mercado (1851-1930) NOTABLE WORKS OF RIZAL Narcisa Mercado (1852-1939) Olimpia Mercado (1854-1887) Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell): Lucia Mercado (1856-1919) A poem written on the eve of his execution Maria Mercado (1859-1945) on December 30, 1896 Jose Mercado (1861-1896) It is a farewell message to his countrymen, Concepcion Mercado (1863-1896) his family, his friends, and his beloved ones. Josefia Mercado (1865-1945) A la juventud filipina (To the Filipino Youth): Trinidad Mercado (1868-1951) A poem written in 1879  It won the first prize in a literary contest Goodbye to Leonor: Nationalist literature does not have to be historical. A melancholic poem that provides insights It can be both literary and fictional in nature. If it is into Rizal’s romantic relationship with his fictional, it must be based on historical events. beloved, Leonor Rivera Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not): PHILIPPINE LITERATURE AND THE DEVELOPMENT Published in 1887 that depicts the social ills OF NATIONALISM and corruption of Philippine society under Spanish rule. According to Christian catechisms, in order First major work of Philippine literature and to achieve kalualhatian or heavenly a catalyst for the Philippine Revolution pleasure, spiritual and moral cleaning is El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed) required. Published in 1891 and it is a sequel to Noli The native people believe that they must go Me Tangere through this process based on their It portrays the dark and violent knowledge of Christ’s passion, death, and consequences of oppression and revolution resurrection. Masterpiece of Philippine literature and a Some Filipinos believe in the creation of a subversive work against Spanish colonialism. new heaven and earth, but only after a final conflict between good and evil. RIZAL AND NATIONALISM His writings indicate that “the pen was Doctrina Christiana indeed mightier than the sword” as he First book published by Dominican in 1591. implied and opposed the corruption and Its catechisms were composed in Tagalog, wrongdoings of government officials as well Spanish, and Chinese and printed in as Spanish friars. baybayin, Latin letters, and Chinese. It was printed on Chinese woodblock letters THE CONNECTION OF NATIONALISM TO LITERATURE like the book Shih Lu. “To foretell the destiny of a nation, it is necessary to open the book of stories that tells of his post and let Secular Literature its seeds grow as inspiration…” Introduced by the Spaniards which appealed — The Philippines: A Century Hence by Jose Rizal to the natives Bernardo Carpio In the 20th century, historical literature on One of the most popular stories. the Philippines and nearby countries It was a Spanish introduction but the Indios inspired people like Wenceslao Vinzons to adopted his story to their situation create his Malaya Irredenta. There were several variations of this Maphilindo - interpreted as Jose RIzal’s narrative, but the main point was that desire of reconciling the Malay people, who Bernardo Carpio, who possessed were perceived as artificially divided by extraordinary strength, was duped by the colonial frontiers enemy and was stranded between two Vinzons and his companions were labeled massive stones. irredentists as a result of their goal. Pamitinan Cave REDENCION DE LOS MALAYOS (RDLM) Located in Montalban, now part of Rizal A subgroup within the Indios Bravos, which province located between two mountains aimed to redeem the dignity of the Malay It is where Andres Bonifacio and other Race. katipuneros made their pilgrimage and RIzal and his companions sought to restore covenant for freedom during the Holy Week the great past when freedom reigned. in April 1895, a year before the outbreak of  the Philippine Revolution, the first revolution awakening of the Filipinos on their in Asia. It is also known as the Cave of colonial condition. Bernardo Carpio. RIZAL, HIS COMPANIONS AND THEIR USE OF Zarzuelas LITERATURE Most commonly known as plays. These played an important part in the life of 1. Marcelo H. Del Pilar colonial Filipinos. He depicted the greediness of the religious orders and the propensity Example of Zarzuelas of the church in accumulating 1. Comedia Capa y Espada wealth while the people suffered. (More-moro) 2. Dr. Jose P. Rizal Portrayed the battles He used poems, essays, and novels between the Christians and to bring about a nationalist Muslims awakening among the people. Inspired by the battles of The novels were actually works of Muslims in Spain fiction but had allusions to real 2. Florante at Laura by Francisco persons and places Balagtas He exposed the ills of the Philippines Comedia which had a so that people will awaken from nationalist effect on the their slumber of colonial amnesia. Indios 3. Graciano Lopez Jaena About a love story between La Solidaridad Duke Florante and Princes Laura who was pursued by It must be pointed out that the literature written by an usurper Count Adolfo the reformists, also called propagandists, were intended to cause a dislike for the Spanish religious 19TH CENTURIES LITERATURE orders who have dominated the intellectual, political, religious, and economic life of the country. 1. El Progreso de Filipinas by Gregorio Sanciangco How does Rizal’s life and work inspire Filipinos Mentioned the need for economic today and contribute to the nation’s identity and reforms that would help keep the aspirations? Philippines stable under Spanish Advocacy for Education rule. Fostering Nationalism and Patriotism Cultural Identity Reservation 2. Ninay by Pedro Paterno Peaceful Reform A cultural novel that described the Global Perspective FIlipino customs of lamay in the Human Rights and Social Justice context of the story of the young woman of the title EXAMINING RIZAL’S HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT 3. Noli Me Tangere & El Filibusterismo by Dr. Jose Rizal THE 19TH CENTURY A cultural novel that had a social Rizal was born in the 19th century and grew commentary on the lives of the up amidst the Philippines’ struggle for Filipinos. Both of these novels were independence and the shifting social, written to stimulate a social economic, and political landscape of that time.  On a worldwide scale this was a period of Galvanized Steel Roofs the industrial revolution which was fueled by Expensive Jewelries a commercial revolution During the Laissez Faire Economy Steam Engine Anybody with the entrepreneurial acumen This began to replace the sailing ships, and it can engage in trade became easier to reach countries where goods are needed. Beneficiaries: This also replaced manual labor in industries. Traders in contact with the foreign merchants Products Exported in the Philippines Managers of farms who leased lands Sugar for agriculture Tabaco Big land owners Coffee Inquilinos Sharecroppers/Kasamas Abaca Fiber Also known as “Manila Hemp” since it was Impact of Commercial Revolution exported in Manila Practices like land grabbing and dupping of It was found to be more durable and illiterate landowners became common resistant to seawater The increasing gap between the rich and the It helped to convert the Philippine economy poor from an entrepot-based to a cash crop economy Land Grabbing and Duping Lands were titled to those who can read and Monopoly Market write, and people with means including The onset of the commercial revolution religious orders spelled the death knell of monopolies as Simple farmers tending their fields were businessmen demanded greater access to aghast to learn that their land was not theirs markets anymore and they had to pay rent or leave Pressure by businessmen led to smuggling by individuals not included in the monopoly The Increasing Gap Between the Rich and the Poor Corruption and inefficiency eventually led to Before the commercial revolutions, the the abolition of state monopolies natives and half -breeds called mestizos This led to a laissez faire economy where were just about equal with each other. But there were no more government controls with entrepreneurial acumen some people and prices were dictated by supply and like the inquilinos who consist mostly of demand mestizos and some indios, rose above the The galleon trade was abolished and its last others becoming the local elite. return to the Philippines without any cargo In the Marxist sense they became part of the was in 1817. oppressive class. Foreign traders were also doing business in the Philippines in violation of royal decrees CHANGE IN POLITICAL THINKING prohibiting trade with other European 19th century: rise of liberalism, nationalism, countries. and democracy influenced Rizal Competition with foreigners led to the Rizal pushed for freedom, equality, and demise of another monopoly representation in government Filipino participation in politics limited to European Goods minor roles Musical Instruments  Social inequality: Spaniards held privileges, THE INTELLECTUAL SHIFT: FROM RELIGION TO natives were marginalized SCIENCE Rizal’s novels criticized political injustices and called for reform Historical Context Origin of the shift POLITICAL CHANGE IN SPAIN Renaissance ideas leading to Enlightenment Philippines under direct Spanish rule after Key philosophical changes 1821 During the Enlightenment, the Catholic Frequent changes in colonial leadership led church grappled with reconciling scientific to inconsistent governance advancements with traditional religious Corruption: Governors enriched themselves; beliefs, highlighting the church’s historical abuse of power impacted Filipinos context. Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes ended in 1837 Influential Figures Loss of representation fueled calls for Francis Bacon - considered the founder of independence empirical thinking, promoting observation and experimentation over traditional texts. THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS Charles Darwin and Isaac Newton - The Filipino society was divided solely based challenged religious beliefs with physics and on economic status mathematics. Before the Philippine Revolution, there were only two: the principalia, and masses or Authority Knowledge indio This led to conflicts with the Catholic The equal power of peninsulares and church, resulting in the Freemasonry insulares and how they affect the lives of movements advocating for reason, equality, Indios and freedom of thoughts. The merging of 5 classes in 18th century The intellectual revolution also influenced The Clase Media (Middle Class) became education, leading to curriculum revisions the”Illustrados” and advancements in disciplines like social sciences, physics, and medicine Principalia (noble class) Industrial revolution also influenced the Usually educated upper class in the economy, social structures, and strata. pueblos of Spanish Philippines, comprising the gobernadorcillo and THE SPANISH EMPIRE IN RIZAL’S TIME cabezas de barangay Peninsulares Economic Challenges and Political Landscape Spaniard born in Spain Impacted the Philippines’ socio-political and Insulares economic landscape, leading to economic Spaniards born in the Philippines. shifts, exploitation, and weak governance The term insular can be found as a way of self-identification on the side Tensions in Society of a particular person Despite mestizo’s achievements, tensions persisted between Spanish and Filipino OBSTACLE OF MIDDLE CLASS: LIMPIEZA DE SANGRE populations, leading to a growing sense of Hierarchy of power nationalism fueled by animosity and equality No equality yearning Inefficient for the position Blood purity THE SOBERANIA MONACAL-MONASTIC Friars SUPREMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES 3. Jesuits(1581) Society of Jesus (SJ) Marcelo H. Del Pilar Friars Birth: August 30, 1850; Kupang, San Nicolas, Bulacan 4. Dominican (1587) Parents: Julian H. Del Pilar & Blasa Gatmaitan Order of Preachers (OP) Spouse: Marciana Del Pilar (1878) with 7 children Friars Education: College or Mrs. Herminigilda Flores; San 5. Recollects (1606) Jose College; UST Order of Augustinian Death: July 4, 1896 Recollect (OAR) Pen Names: Plaridel, Siling Labuyo, Dolores Not Friars Manapat, and Piping Dilat One of the greatest propagandist who In the past… sought interdependence with his pen Spanish friars provide Filipinos with Diariong Tagalog Editor (1882), “Dasalan at great service and basic education Tuksuhan” and “Kaiingat Kayo” They taught how to till the soil Succeeded Graciano Lopez Jaena as La They taught how to create industries Solidaridad Editor Introduced new plants and animals One of the Philippine National Heroes Defend Filipino natives against Wrote La Soberanía Monacal En Filipinas encomenderos and Spanish officials La Soberanía Monacal En Filipinas The Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines Also known as The Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines Treatment Towards Filipinos First published in 1889 in Barcelona and They brutally whipped miag-ao and oton reprinted in 1898 in Manila. workers due to short-produced stones for Del Pilar’s observations and criticisms building church towards the spanish friars, who were They called Filipinos “Indios” and kept them abusing their power and deceiving both the ignorant Filipinos and the government Francisco Gainza and friars opposed teaching The De Legazpi Expedition made the spanish to natives Philippines an official Spanish colony in Made catholic superstitions and lavish 1865. Priest and religious orders arrived to fiestas so Filipinos could give their money become missionaries Anyone opposed them will be treated as The word friar comes from the latin word enemies targeted for attacks in their “frater” which meant “brother” sermons Priest can be friar but friars can’t be priests Restricted access to higher education from Other parts of the world are moving towards anyone who can’t prove their catholicism a secularized government where there is a “Frailocracy” or “Rule of the Friars” have separation of the church and state but the high authority in education who controls all Philippines is still under great political diplomas in the colony influence of the church Despite their brutality, friars were untouchable due to their high authority Five Major Religious Orders 1. Augustinians (1565) Treatment Towards the Church Order of St. Augustine (OSA) Friars don’t follow the principles in the Friars church. They assist church visits and 2. Franciscans (1578) supervisions. They insist that they can only Order of Friars Minor (OFM) be supervised by their religious order  They insist in retaining parishes instead of Private Tutors: Maestro Celestino, Maestro being turned over to secular priest because Lucas Padua, Leon Monroy they’re rich sources of contribution not because they want to serve the God Rizal’s Education in Binan He was sent in Binan Laguna In June, 1869 to Treatment Towards the Government study under Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz Friars can indefinitely stay in the Philippines, Riding a steamer named talim, Rizal left whereas the governor generals can only stay Binan on December 17, 1870. for only 2 years on average RIZAL’S CHILDHOOD MEMORIES Personal Immortality Spend his childhood in Calamba Some of them lived having many mistresses His father built a Nipa cottage for him to play and families, who were well-rewarded and in the daytime. spoiled from the money of their Kasamas or He had a dog named Usman sharecroppers who farmed the friars estates He was interested in Magic His first heartbreak was his sister, Political Aspects Concepcion They can control the status quo of the Philippines in defiance to the nation and RIZAL AS A SON institutions He implied that he was grateful to his The convents oppose equilibrium harmony, parents and unity between the government and His first course in UST was Philosophy and Filinipinos Letters because of his father’s decision He shifted to medicine in his second year Religious Aspect after knowing that his mother was going to The dependence on friars fueled their be blind superiority in the church The injustice that his mother suffered is the Controlled by the friars, national integrity is root of his hate for the Spanish regime. at risk with the injustices and corruptions they have done RIZAL’S CHILDHOOD STORIES Economic Aspects Rizal’s First Sorrow The Philippine government struggles funding His first sorrow was Concepcion’ death, who and shortage of resources while the church died at the age of 3 because of sickness is overflowing of money There is also the existence of an economic Rizal’s Pilgrimage to Antipolo and financial gap between the poor June 16, 1868 - He and his father left government and the wealthy friars Calamba to go on a pilgrimage to Antipolo His mother made a vow after she gave birth RIZAL’S CHILDHOOD AND EARLY EDUCATION to him. His first trip across Laguna de Bay and his JOSE RIZAL’S EARLY EDUCATION first pilgrimage to Antipolo. Rizal had his early education in Calamba and Binan. Rizal’s Walks in Laguna de Bay He spent many hours down the shore of Rizal’s Education in Calamba Laguna de Bay. Home tutoring by his mother — teaches He also maditated with Usman on the Rizal the alphabet, basic reading and writing, lakeshore and prayers.  He wrote the poem “My Childhood Jose was sent to Manila 4 months after the Impressions” martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za, while his mother remained in prison. He enrolled at the Ateneo RIZAL’S EARLY INFLUENCE AND WRITING Municipal, a college managed by Spanish Jesuits. RIzal’s Early Faith Rizal Enters Ateneo Born into a devout Catholic family In 1877, he went to Ateneo Municipal de His mother was deeply influenced his Manila after passing the entrance exam. spiritual education He impressed his professors with his intellect Early exposure to Catholicism and dedication, quickly becoming one of the Tutor Fr. Leoncio Lopez helped to shape his top students in his class. religious views. Rizal’s First Year in Ateneo (1872-1873) Rizal’s Boyhood Heroes He took courses in Philosophy, Literature and Alexander the Great Languages. - Admired for leadership, vision, and He earned a title of “First Honor” due to his military prowess. excellence and dedication in his studies. St. Paul His interaction with influential professors - Inspired his courage and sense of and fellow students helped him shape his mission intellectual pursuits and nationalist ideas. Don Quixote - Fictional hero symbolizing chivalry, Rizal’s Third Year in Ateneo (1875-1876) justice, and noble causes June 16, 1875 - He became an interno. Fr. Francisco de Paula, one of his professors, RIzal’s First Written Literature inspired him to study harder and write “Sa Aking Mga Kabata” written at the age of poetry. He is a model of uprightness, 8 earnestness, and love for the advancement Emphasized pride in the Filipino language as of his students. key to freedom Rizal returned to Calamba with 5 medals and Focused on nationalism and justice excellent ratings. Rizal’s Fourth Year in Ateneo RIZAL’S YOUNG PURSUITS March 23, 1877 - Rizal graduated in Ateneo at the age of 16 with the degree of Bachelor RIzal’s Artistic Talents of Arts, with highest honors. Can sketch Primary inspiration is nature Extra-Curricular Activities in Ateneo He excelled in arts, philosophy, natural Active member, later secretary of Marian history, and sciences in Ateneo Congregation - a religious society. Pepe as a Boy Magician Sculptural Works in Ateneo Can perform many tricks He carved an image of The Virgin Mary on a Can make a coin appear or disappear. piece of batikuling with his pocket knife. Can also make an handkerchief vanish in thin air Poems Written in Ateneo Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration) RIZAL’S HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAVELS ABROAD - written when he was 14 years old, dedicated to his mother on her birthday. A STUDENT AT THE ATENEO (1872-1877)  El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes (The Departure: Hymn to 1. A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) Magellan’s Fleet) Won first prize Y Es Espanol: Elcano, el Primero en dar la First great poem in Spanish by a Vuelta al Mundo (And He is Spanish: Elcano, Filipino the First to Circumnavigate the World) Expressed nationalistic pride and El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo (The hope for the youth Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo) 2. The Council of the Gods 1876 - He wrote poems on religion, Allegorical drama entered in the education, memories and war (e.g. In literary contest in 1880, based on Memory of my Town) Greek classics Won a gold ring with the engraved Rizal’s Poem on Education bust of figure of Cervantes Through Education Our Motherland 3. Junto Al Pasig (Beside the Pasig) Receives Light - education plays in the A zarzuela staged by the Ateneans in progress and welfare of a nation 1880. The Intimate Alliance Between Religion And Performed during the Feast Day of Good Education - showed that education the Immaculate Conception without God is not true education Unhappy Days at the UST Rizal’s Religious Poems The environment is oppressive and Al Nino Jesus (To the Child Jesus) - written repressive when he was 14 years old, expressing his Dominican professors were hostile Catholic faith devotion Filipino students faced racial discrimination A La Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary) from Spaniards. The teaching methods were outdated and THE UNIVERSITY OF STO. TOMAS (1887-1882) restrictive. IN SPAIN (1882-1885) Rizal Enters UST In 1877, Rizal took the course on Philosophy Rizal in Spain and Letters because his father liked it. He decided to complete his studies in Spain In 1878, Rizal switched to the medicine after finishing his 4th year of medical course course to treat his mother’s growing in the UST. blindness and due to the advice of Fr. Pablo Rizal went to spain to observe the life and Ramon, the rector of Ateneo. culture, and government and laws of the European nations, in order to prepare Rizal’s Academic Achievements himself in the mighty task of liberating his In 1877 - 1878, he took a vocational course oppressed people from Spanish tyranny leading to the title “Perito Agrimensor ” or expert surveyor. Rizal in Barcelona November 25, 1881 - he passed the final May 3, 1882 - he departed on board the exam Spanish Steamer Salvador bound for Awarded gold medals in Agriculture and Singapore. Rizal’s departure for Spain was Topography kept secret to avoid detection by the Spanish authorities and friars. Rizal’s Early Literary Works June 16, 1882 - he finally reached Barcelona Liceo-Artistico-Literario of Manila, a society of artists and literary figures, held a contest in 1879. Articles Written By Rizal He was attracted by the beautiful sights of Amor Patrio (Love or Country) - a Paris and visited important landmarks like nationalistic essay written under his pen Place de la Concorde, Arch of Triumph, name Laong Laan which urged his Cathedral of Notre Dame. compatriots to love their fatherland. He spent his hours in museums, botanical Los Viajes (Travels) gardens and art galleries. Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid) - “Paris is the costliest capital in Europe.” — returned to him because the Diariong Rizal Tagalog had ceased publication for lack of Two hospitals where Rizal made some funds. observations: Laennec Hospital, where he Basilio Teodoro Moran - publisher of Diariong observed Dr. Nicaise treating his patients; Tagalog Lariboisiere Hospital, where he observed the examination of different diseases of Rizal in Madrid women. November 3, 1882 - He enrolled in August 20, 1883 he returned to Madrid and Universidad Central de Madrid and took continued with his studies. Medicine and Philosophy and Letters. He led a Spartan life in Madrid RIZAL AND HIS CONTINUED STAY IN EUROPE He also studied Painting and Sculpture in the (1885-1887) Academy of FIne Arts and took lessons in French, German and English. Rizal in Gay, Paris Rizal became physician at 24 years old and Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-Philippine Circle) went to Paris to obtain knowledge in Circulo Hispano-Filipino, a society of Ophthalmology Spaniards and Filipinos which Rizal joined He worked as Dr. Louis de Weckert’s after his arrival assistant for 4 months from Nov. 1885 to They Ask Me For Verses (Mi Piden Versos) - a Feb. 1886. sad poem written in response to the request Maximo Viola, a medical student and Rizal’s of the members of the society. friend. Rizal as Lover of Books Rizal became a model to Juan Luna’s several 2 books that aroused the sympathy of Rizal to his paintings and played the flute in Pardo de oppressed and unfortunate people. Tavera’s home. 1. Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Beecher Stowe 2. The Wandering Jew by Eugene Sue Rizal in Heidelberg Rizal went to Heidelberg, Germany in Rizal as a Mason February 1886. March 1883 - he joined the Masonic Lodge Acacia in Heidelberg is a historic city famous for its old Madrid under his Masonic name Dimasalang. university and romantic surroundings He worked as an assistant to Dr. Otto Becker His reasons: at the University Eye Hospital 1. The bad friars in the Philippines abuse and He also listened to lectures delivered by Dr. are unworthy of their priestly habit or Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuchne. calling. April 22,1886 - Rizal wrote “To the Flowers 2. He needed the help of the Masons to fight of Heidelberg” the bad friars in the Philippines Letters to Blumentritt Rizal in Paris July 31, 1886 - Rizal wrote his first letter in June 17 1883, Rizal sojourn in Paris and German to Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt, stayed at a hotel on 124 Rue de Rennes. Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria.  He sent him a book entitled “Arithmetica” 3. To observe the economic and political conditions of the German nations Rizal in Leipzig and Dresden 4. To associate with famous German scientists Rizal arrived in August 1886 in Leipzig, and scholars Germany and worked as proofreader in a 5. To publish Noli me Tangere publishing firm for 2 months due to his knowledge of German, Spanish and other German Women and Customs European languages. Women are serious, diligent, educated, and Rizal translated the book, William Tell by friendly. Schiller, a story of the champion of Swiss Women are not gossipy, frivolous, and Independence and Hans Andersen’s Fairy quarrelsome. Tales for his nephews and nieces. Rizal was delighted of the Germans’s He attended some lectures on history and Yuletide Customs psychology at the University of Leipzig and Self-introduction to strangers in social met Pro. Friedrich Ratzel and Dr. Hans gatherings Meyer. October 29, 1886 - He left Leipzig and went Noli me Tangere Published in Berlin to Dresden where he met the director of the Rizal began writing the novel in Madrid and Anthropological and Ethnological Museum, finished about one-half of it in 1884. Dr. Adolph B. Meyer. Feb. 21, 1887 - the novel was finally finished and ready for printing. Rizal in Berlin Maximo Viola loaned him the needed funds November 1886 - he arrived in Berlin, for the novel Germany. The city has a scientific March 21, 1887 - the novel came off the atmosphere and the absence of racial press. The title is a Latin phrase taken from prejudice. the Gospel of St. John (Chapter 20 Verses 13 Dr. Feodor Jagor - German scientist traveler to 17) which means “Touch Me Not”. and author of Travels in the Philippines, a Rizal gave Viola the galley proofs of the novel book which Rizal read and admired during carefully rolled around the pen that he used his student days in Manila. in writing it and a complimentary copy with Dr. Rudolf Virchow - a famous German the following inscription: “To my dear friend, anthropologist. Maximo, the first to read and appreciate my Dr. Ernest Schweigger - famous German work - Jose Rizal” ophthalmologist where Rizal worked Rizal became a member of the Grand Tour From Germany to Italy Anthropological Society, the Ethnological May 11, 1887 - Rizal and Viola left Berlin by Society, and the Geographical Society of train going to Dresden. Berlin, upon the recommendation of Dr. May 13-16, 1887 - They went to Leitmeritz, Jagor and Dr. Meyer Bohemia to visit Professor Blumentritt. Tagalische Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical Art) - May 20 - 30, 1887 - They visited other cities a scholarly paper in German which Rizal in Europe like Prague, Viennathe “Queen of wrote and read before the society in April Danube”, Lintz, Rheinfall, Munich and 1887. Nuremberg. June 2 - 3, 1887 - They stayed at 5 Reasons Why RIzal Lived in Berlin Schaffhausen, Switzerland 1. To gain further knowledge of June 23, 1887 - They parted ways – Viola ophthalmology. returned to Barcelona, while Rizal continued 2. To further his studies of sciences and the tour to Italy languages.  June 27, 1887 - He reached Rome, the After 6 months, he finally decided to sail back to “Eternal City” and also called the “City of the Europe via Hong Kong, Macao, Japan and US Caesars” TRAVELS IN ASIA (HONG KONG, MACAU, JAPAN AND FIRST RETURNED TO THE PHILIPPINES (1887-1888) U.S. 1888) Four Reasons for Returning to the Philippines Rizal in Hong Kong 1. To perform an operation on his mother’s Feb. 3, 1888 - He left Manila for Hong Kong eyes. due to threats against his life. 2. To defend his oppressed countrymen more Feb. 8, 1888 - He arrived in Hong Kong, effectively welcomed by Filipino residents 3. To find out how his Noli me Tangere was Jose Sainz de Varranda, former secretary of received by the Filipinos and Spaniards Gov. Terrero, spied on him 4. To know the reason for Leonor Rivera’s long silence Rizal in Macau Feb. 18 - 21, 1888 - Rizal visited Macau, a July 3, 1887 - he left Marseilles, France, and returned Portuguese colony near Hong Kong. to the Philippines after 5 years of studying in Spain. Stayed at the residence of Don Juan August 6, 1887 - he arrived in Manila and visited Francisco Lecaros, a former delegate to some friends. Spanish Cortes. August 8, 1887 - He reached Calamba. Rizal toured churches, botanical gardens, theaters, and the Macao Casino. At His Hometown Feb. 22, 1888 - Rizal went in Japan He opened a medical clinic and restored his mother’s vision and gained popularity as Rizal in Japan “Doctor Uliman” Feb. 28, 1888 - He arrived in Yokohama, and He opened a gymnasium and introduced moved to Tokyo the next day. European sports He stayed at Tokyo Hotel for 6 days, then Civic involvement and translation work moved to Spanish Legation. Juan Perex Caballero invited him to stay at Challenges the Spanish Legation, monitoring his Death of Rizal’s sister, Olimpia activities Leonor Rivera’s silence and family objections Rizal was impressed by Japan’s beauty, its to their relationship cleanliness, politeness of people, and the Increasing concerns about Rizal’s safety charm of Japanese women. The Controversy Over Noli Me Tangere Rizal in United States Spaniards and friars found the novel April 28, 1888 - He arrived in San Francisco, “heretical, impious, and scandalous” ship quarantined for 7 days. Gen. Emilio Terrero asked for a copy, which May 4, 1888 - He checked into Palace Hotel later confessed that he enjoyed reading for 2 days and began the transcontinental Jose Taviel de Andrade, a young Spanish journey, visiting Sacramento, Reno, lieutenant, assigned as Rizal’s personal Colorado, Chicafo, and New York bodyguard. Rizal’s enemies spread rumors Departure from the United States Increased hostility and danger for Rizal’s May 16, 1888 - Rizal left New York for family and friends Liverpool, England RIZAL AND HIS VENTURES IN EUROPE (1889-1981) Aug. 6, 1891 - the printing of El Filibusterismo was founded by Valentin London, May 1888-1889 Ventura Rizal spent 10 months in reading room of Sept. 18, 1891 - El Filibusterismo came out British Museum of press His great achievement was the annotation of Oct. 18, 1891 - the novel was published Morga’s Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas. He was chosen to be honorary president of Back in Hong Kong, Nov. 20, 1891 La Solidaridad. He practiced his medical career, built a large He also wrote essays and articles for La clientele, and opened a medical clinic with Solidaridad the help of his friend Dr. Lorenzo Marquez. April 1802 - he went to Borneo and Paris, March 1889 negotiated with the British authorities who He went on reviewing and rewriting his were willing to provide 100,000 acres of land annotations on Morga’s Sucesos de Las Islas for the Filipinos. Many Filipino found this Filipinas that was published on 1890 amusing and promoted it, but some He continued to study languages especially objected to it, including Rizal’s French brother-in-law, Hidalgo. He organized a social club called Kidlat Club Rizal informed Gov. General Eulogio Despujol for young Filipinos in Paris. Members of this about his Borneo colonization project which club founded Indios Bravos, an organization the governor sees as very unpatriotic, and by excellent in different fields of knowledge. immigrating Filipinos to Borneo, the Philippines will surely be lacking laborers. Brussel, 1890 He stayed in a boarding house owned by the RIZAL’S GREAT LOVERS Jacoby Sisters. Rizal received letters regarding an agrarian 1. Segunda Katigbak dispute from his hometown against Madrid She was his puppy love as they met He went to Madrid to present the case to when Rizal was 16 years old. the Supreme Court against Dominicans who Unfortunately, she was engaged to oppressed his people. Manuel Luz 2. Leonor “Orang” Valenzuela (1878) Madrid, 1890 - 1891 They met at UST when Rizal was a He did protest the injustices committed by sophomore medical student, and Gov. General Valeriano Weyler and the she was his neighbor Dominicans against his folks He sent her love letters using Rizal and Antionio Luna almost fought a duel invisible ink made from water and amongst each other over a woman named salt. Nellie Bousted. Some suggesting his efforts were not Retana was challenged by Rizal in a duel effective, others say he was courting Rizal and Del Pilar’s rivalry for propaganda both Leonor and her second cousin leadership aroused. He won, but rejected Leonor Rivera, at the same time the position because he didn't want to be a When he left for Spain in 1882, he leader of divided people. kept in touch with her through his friend Jose “Chenggoy” Cecilio Back in Brussels, April 1891 3. Leonor Rivera (1878-1890) He revised and polished the El Filibusterismo Leonor Rivera’s mother disapproved He retired from the propaganda movement of their relationship.She hid all the and stopped writing for La Solidaridad letters from Rizal.  Rizal eventually drifted apart as he Rizal asked her to marry him, but romanced other women in Europe she was hesitant due to her Their engagement did not survive responsibility to her blind father the long-distance romance He tried to marry Josephine, but the Leonor Rivera married Henry Kipping priest required a retraction She was later immortalized as Maria They married with her consent, Clara in Noli Me Tangere despite church blessings 4. Consuelo Ortiga Y Reyes (1884) She gave birth prematurely to a Daughter of Senor Pablo Ortiga y Rey stillborn baby due to an incident. He courted her while in Madrid Her attentions shifted to Eduardo RIZAL’S EXILE, TRIAL AND DEATH Lete, even though she received gifts from Rizal RIZAL’S EXILE She did not fully capture his heart 5. O Sei-San (1888) La Liga Filipina Rizal fell in love with Seiko Usui, A group created by RIzal on July 3, 1982 in whom he affectionately called the Philippines O-Sei-San Other members included Apolinario Mabini, She possessed all the qualities of Deodato Arellano, Andres Bonifacio Rizal’s ideal woman Has a motto in Latin, Unus Instar Omnium However, Rizal left her to continue his mission for the Philippines. 5 Purposes 6. Gertrude Beckett (1888) To unite the entire archipelago Rizal stayed with the Beckett family, To provide mutual protection in where Gertrude fell in love with him every grievance and need They developed a friendship, but he To defend against violence and left before their relationship became injustice serious, prioritizing his greater To encourage educational, industrial, mission and agricultural enterprises 7. Suzzane Jacoby (1890) To study and implement reforms Rizal stayed with Jacoby’s family, and she quickly fell for him. True Goal They shared tender moments, but Reformist: Early historians generally Rizal chose to remained loyal to his view Rizal as a proponent of reforms cause rather than separation 8. Nellie Boustead (1891) Separatist: The first point of the La He developed affection for her, but Liga Filipina’s constitution, which their relationship ended when she called for the unification of the asked him to convert to archipelago, indicates a separatist protestantism and her mother goal, according to Floro Quibuyen disapproved of Rizal book “a Nation Aborted” They remained good friends 9. Josephine Bracken (1895) Rizal’s Arrest Rizal met her in Dapitan in his last June 26, 1892 - seditious papers were found days. in Lucia and Rizal’s luggage during the He was attracted to her due to his customs inspection that were believed to be loneliness and boredom a satire targeting wealthy Dominican friars July 6, 1892 - Rizal was summoned to Malacanang and arrested  Botanical Research: collected specimens and 4 Charges Against Rizal documented plants species that were later Publishing anti-Spanish and anti-friar recognized in scientific literature materials Engineer Possession of seditious materials Water System Project: designed and Extolling Filipino martyrs implemented a water supply system in Seeking to undermine Filipino faith Dapitan, providing clean and reliable water Exile in Dapitan Infrastructure Development: build local Rizal lived in Dapitan from 1892 to 1896 infrastructures such as roads and bridges Dapitan was inaccessible, underdeveloped, Artist and Writer and under the control of the Jesuits Literary Contributions: wrote poems, essays, The goal was only to suppress or tame Rizal and novels that reflected his thoughts on from speaking his political voice freedom, nationalism, and social justice. Artistic Endeavors: created sketches and Lottery sculptures that deficted his observations of Rizal enjoyed the lottery and won the second life in Dapitan prize with two others, amounting to 20,000 php, which was divided among the three, Factors of Rizal’s Peaceful Life in Dapitan leaving Rizal with only 6,200 php left. Sense of Purpose: His exile in Dapitan did Rizal invested his winnings on the not deter him for pursuing his passions, agricultural lands, building a house, farm, which gave him a sense of purpose and school and a clinic. fulfillment Simple Living: It allows him to appreciate Professions of Rizal the beauty of nature and the simplicity of life. Ophthalmologist Community Engagement: He established Medical Practices: treating eye ailments and school, treated patients, and engaged in performing surgeries various activities that helped him connect Notable Cases: performed a successful with locals operation on a local resident suffering from Love and Companionship: Rizal and cataracts Josephine Bracken’s romance blossomed in Teacher Dapitan, and they eventually got married in Establishment of a School: He founded a a common-law ceremony. school in Dapitan in 1894, teaching Reflection and Introspection: He often spent mathematics, science, history, and time alone, contemplating his existence and languages reaffirming his commitment to the cause of Curriculum Development: it was Philippine independence. comprehensive and aimed at cultivating well-rounded individuals Rizal and Valenzuela Meeting Farmer The meeting discussed the context of Rizal’s Agricultural Initiatives: engaged in farming involvement in the Philippine reform and agricultural experimentation movement and the events leading up to the Sustainable Practices: advocated for Philippine Revolution against Spanish sustainable agricultural practices colonial rule. Scientist The primary goal was to discuss the current Naturalist Studies: conducted scientific state of the reform movement and explore studies of the local flora and fauna potential collaboration between Rizal and the revolutionary factions, particularly the Katipunan  The Prosecution 15 Pieces of Evidence Revolution in Cuba 1. A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce Late 19th Century - Cuba was fighting for its 2. A letter of Rizal to his family independence from Spanish colonial rule. 3. A letter from Marcelo H. del Pilar to Deodato 1895 - The Cuban War of Independence 4. A poem entitled Kundiman occur, which drew international attention 5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified In the same year, Rizal requested permission person from the Spanish government to travel to 6. A Masonic document Cuba as a military doctor. 7. A letter signed Dimasalang They allowed him, but only as a military 8. A letter of Dimasalang to an unidentified doctor, which Rizal accepted. However he committee never actually made it to Cuba because he 9. An anonymous and undated letter to the was arrested Editor of the Hongkong Telegraph 10. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal RIZAL’S TRIAL 11. A letter of Rizal Segundo The Katipunan Revolt (Cry of Balintawak) 12. A letter of Marcelo H. del Pilar to Don Juan - August 26, 1896 - Andres Bonifacio A. Tenluz and his katipuneros launched the 13. Transcript of a speech of Pinkian Cry of Balintawak, call for armed 14. Transcript of speech of Tik-Tik revolution against Spanish rule 15. A poem by Loong Laan (“Himno A Talisay”) Rebellion and Consequences - August 30, 1896 - the Katipunan Testimonies Against Rizal Were Given by attacked the San Juan but faced Martin Constantino defeat. The Gov. General Blanco Aguedo del Rosario declared a state of war in Manila Jose Reyes and seven other provinces Moises Salvador Rizal’s Disapproval of Violence Jose Dizon - Rizal feared the rebellion would only Domingo franco lead to more suffering and loss of Deodato Arellano lives Pio Valenzuela Departure for Spain Antonio Salazar - September 3, 1896 - his departure Francisco Quison from the Philippines for Cuba Timoteo Paez intending to serve as a military doctor troubled by the rebellion - Rizal did not know or met most of the Unexpected Arrest people included in the list - He was arrested on a Spanish ship - Rizal was immediately sent to trial and held due to accusation of supporting the in prison revolution - His properties were also seized as indemnity Imprisonment in Fort Santiago: and he had to pay one million pesos - Nov. 3, 1896 - He returned in Manila - Luis Taviel de Andrade, an army officer, and imprisoned in Fort Santiago represented Rizal in court Investigation (Nov. 20-25, 1896): - Rizal defended himself when he said that he - Judge Advocate Colonel Francisco did not question the jurisdiction of the court, Olive conducted a 5 days but he had nothing to admit on the charges investigation, presenting and the declarations of the witnesses who documentary and testimonial testified against him evidence  - December 26, 1896 - the trial ended and back towards the heart, which the Rizal was found guilty. He was sentenced to captain agreed. death by firing squad - 7am: He was shot in the back by the - December 28, 1896 - Gov. General Camilo de firing squad. Rizal shouted the last Polavieja signed the court decision and two words “Consummatum est” (It is decreed that Rizal should be executed by done) firing squad at 7:00 a.m. on December 30. - His body was buried in an unmarked grave in Paco Cemetery by the RIZAL’S DEATH Spanish authority - His sister Narcisa found the grave Rizal’s Last 24 Hours and marked it with his initials in December 29, 1896 reverse, “R.P.J” - Capt. Rafael Dominguez spoke to Rizal, reading the details of his Aftermath execution After Spain’s defeat in the Spanish-American - Lt. Andrade came and Rizal thanked War, Narcisa exhumed Rizal’s remains, and his defense lawyer. were placed in an urn kept by Rizal’s family - 9am: Santiago Mataix interviewed Rizal’s death acted as catalyst for further Rizal unrest. The Katipunan gained momentum - The Jesuits tried to convince Rizal to after Rizal’s martyrdom. write a retraction His death intensified the feelings of - Rizal wrote his last letter for nationalism among Filipinos. It inspired them Blumentritt in which he called him to join the revolution. “my best, my dearest friend” Aguinaldo’s leadership eventually led to the - 2pm: Rizal had a talk with priests first declaration of Philippine independence Estanislao, March and Vilaclara from Spain in1898, although the country about his retraction soon faced American colonization. - 4pm: His mother and sisters came to Rizal’s execution became the symbol of see him. Rizal gave Trinidad an intellectual and moral strength of the alcoholic cooking stove from Pardo Filipino. His writings continued to inspire de Taveras. The stove contained his future generations in their fight for freedom renowned poem “Mi Ultimo Adios” and justice - Josephine Bracken arrived in Fort Rizal was officially declared a national hero. Santiago and they emotionally talked to each other - 8pm: Rizal took his last supper and attended to his personal needs. He told Dominguez that he had forgiven his enemies and military judges who sentenced him to death December 30, 1896 - 3am: He heard mass, confessed sins, and took communion - 6:30am: Rizal walked to Bagumbayan along his defense lawyer, Andrade, and two Jesuit priest, March and Vilaclara - Rizal requested the executioners to spear his head, and shoot him in the