Liver Presentation PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by IntuitivePiano
University of AlKafeel
Ali Hassan
Tags
Summary
This presentation covers the anatomy, functions, diseases, and relation to anaesthesia of the liver. It details carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, detoxification, bile production, storage, and synthesis of plasma proteins, along with immune function. It also mentions relevant liver diseases, such as Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, and Fatty Liver Disease. Diagnostic methods and relation to anesthesia are also part of the topic.
Full Transcript
University of Al-Kafeel Liver BY: Ali Hassan Liver anatomy The liver is the largest organ in the body, weighing approximately 1500 g. It resides in the right upper abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm and is protected by...
University of Al-Kafeel Liver BY: Ali Hassan Liver anatomy The liver is the largest organ in the body, weighing approximately 1500 g. It resides in the right upper abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm and is protected by the rib cage. Right Left Functions 1. Metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism: The liver regulates blood sugar by storing glucose as glycogen (glycogenesis) and breaking it down into glucose when needed (glycogenolysis). Fat metabolism: It helps in breaking down fats and producing cholesterol and lipoproteins. Protein metabolism: The liver converts ammonia (a toxic byproduct of protein breakdown) into urea, which is excreted in urine. 2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances like drugs, alcohol, and toxins, turning them into less harmful compounds or preparing them for excretion. 3. Bile Production: The liver produces bile, a fluid that aids in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. 4. Storage: The liver stores essential nutrients, including vitamins (A, D, E, K, B12), minerals (like iron and copper), and glycogen. 5. Synthesis of Plasma Proteins: It synthesizes important proteins such as albumin (which helps maintain blood volume and pressure) and clotting factors that are essential for blood coagulation. 6. Immune Function: The liver contains Kupffer cells, which are specialized immune cells that help to filter bacteria and worn-out cells from the blood. Liver diseases: Several conditions can affect the liver, such as: Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections (e.g., Hepatitis A, B, C). Cirrhosis: Scarring of the liver due to chronic damage, often from alcohol abuse or hepatitis. Fatty Liver Disease: Accumulation of fat in liver cells, either due to alcohol (Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease) or other factors (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, NAFLD). Liver Cancer: Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of primary liver cancer. Diagnostic methods: 1. Blood Tests (Liver Function Tests): Measure enzymes (ALT, AST), proteins (albumin), and clotting factors to assess liver damage and function. 2. Imaging Tests: Ultrasound CT Scan/MRI 3. Liver Biopsy: A tissue sample examined for confirming conditions like cirrhosis or cancer. 4. Endoscopy/ERCP: Visualizes bile ducts for obstructions or gallstones. Relation to anaesthesia : 1. Altered Drug Metabolism: Impaired liver function delays the clearance of anesthetic drugs, requiring dose adjustments to avoid toxicity. 2. Coagulation Issues: Liver disease reduces clotting factor production, increasing the risk of bleeding during surgery. Coagulation tests and management (e.g., fresh frozen plasma) are essential. 3. Fluid and Electrolyte Management: Careful fluid control is needed due to ascites and electrolyte imbalances in liver patients. 4. Hepatotoxicity of Anaesthetics: Some anaesthetic agents (e.g., halothane) can be toxic to the liver and should be avoided. 5. Preferred Agents: Drugs like propofol, remifentanil, and isoflurane/sevoflurane are safer for patients with liver disease. 6. Regional Anaesthesia: Can be considered to avoid systemic drug effects, but coagulation status must be checked. University of Al-Kafeel THANK YOU
