Lit Final Exam Key Concepts PDF

MANTRA for this final exam: Patawad, Amanai. Subalit hindi man lang ako nakakaramdam ng galit sa iyo ngayon. Wala akong itinatanim na galit sa kung kanino man. Ngayon lang kasi'y parang napakaganda ng mundo. Mula sa langit at lupa, ako lamang ang pinarangalan. Ang merito ng pagkakaroon ng kapamaraa...

MANTRA for this final exam: Patawad, Amanai. Subalit hindi man lang ako nakakaramdam ng galit sa iyo ngayon. Wala akong itinatanim na galit sa kung kanino man. Ngayon lang kasi'y parang napakaganda ng mundo. Mula sa langit at lupa, ako lamang ang pinarangalan. Ang merito ng pagkakaroon ng kapamaraanan na ipinasa sa mga henerasyon ay ang pagkakaroon ng isang manwal. Ngunit, ang demerito nito ay ang impormasyon tungkol sa kapamaraanan ay madaling kumalat. Isa kang miyembro ng Zen'in clan, hindi ba? Kaya pala ang dami mong alam tungkol sa Walang Hangganang Kapamaraanan. Pero, kahit sa angkan ng Gojo, bilang lamang ang nakakaalam nito. Kunin ang pinabisa at ang binaliktad, pagsama-samahin ang dalawang magkaibang ekspresyon ng walang hanggan upang makabuo at maitulak ang likhang masa. 😫🙀🤖🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 AFFIRMATIONS "I am determined. My hard work powers my success" "I believe in myself. I can overcome obstacles" "I can do hard things" "I am doing my best and I am proud of what I have accomplished" "I will do great on the exam" "I am prepared and ready to take the test" "You are capable, smart, and intelligent no matter what the result" "Just try to do your best and leave the rest" "Believe and achieve" "Believe and manifest" REPEAT 10X!!! REMINDER!!! READ “THE HILLS LIKE WHITE ELEPHANTS” by Ernest Hemmingway. Key Concepts for Lit Final Exam 1. Hybridity by Homi Bhabha - Homi K. Bhabha was a literary theorist and scholar who used the term "hybridity" to describe the creation of new identities and cultures through cultural exchange: Definition - The term "hybridity" comes from biology, where it refers to the offspring of two different organisms. In Bhabha's theory, it describes  the emergence of new identities and cultures in the contact zone of colonization. Analysis - Bhabha's theory of hybridity emphasizes the interdependence of colonizers and colonized, and the mutual construction of their identities. He argues that cultural statements and systems are constructed in a space he calls the "Third Space of enunciation". Examples - Bhabha's work explores mimicry as an example of the agency of the colonized. Mimicry is an exaggerated copying of language, culture, manners, and ideas, which can expose the difference between the colonizer and the colonized. 2. Subaltern by Spivak - Subaltern is a term popularized by the Indian scholar Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, particularly in her influential essay titled "Can the Subaltern Speak?" (1988). The term subaltern originally referred to the lower ranks in the military, but in the context of postcolonial studies, it has come to represent groups of people who are socially, politically, and economically marginalized. These groups lack a voice in mainstream societal discourse due to their position in the power structures of society. 3. Identity (?? of what?) - In literary studies, identity refers to the way characters, authors, or texts express and represent individual or collective qualities, traits, and roles. Identity in literature is often tied to themes such as race, gender, class, nationality, culture, sexuality, and personal or collective experiences. It can shape how characters are developed, how narratives are constructed, and how readers interpret and relate to texts. Key Aspects of Identity in Literature: ❖ Personal Identity: The unique characteristics, personality, and psychological makeup of a character, which may be explored through their actions, thoughts, and interactions. ❖ Social Identity: How individuals or groups are positioned within social structures, including their roles, relationships, and statuses. ❖ Cultural Identity: The influence of cultural heritage, traditions, and values on characters or authors. This can involve the exploration of ethnicity, language, religion, or cultural practices.  ❖ Intersectionality: How multiple aspects of identity (e.g., race, gender, and class) interact and influence a character's experiences and societal treatment. ❖ Dynamic Identity: How identity evolves over time within a narrative due to events, choices, or external forces. ❖ Identity Construction: How identity is formed, questioned, or reconstructed in a text. This may include themes of self-discovery, alienation, or transformation. ❖ Authorial Identity: How an author’s personal experiences, beliefs, or background influence their writing and how their work reflects or challenges societal norms. Examples in Literature: "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald: Explores the identity of Jay Gatsby, shaped by ambition, class aspirations, and a longing for the past. "Things Fall Apart" by Chinua Achebe: Examines cultural and personal identity within the context of colonialism and traditional Igbo society. "Beloved" by Toni Morrison: Investigates the identities of enslaved individuals and their descendants, focusing on memory, trauma, and resilience. Identity is often central to the themes of a work, enabling readers to reflect on human experience and societal structures. 4. Decolonization - Decolonization refers to the process through which colonized nations, peoples, or societies reclaim autonomy, sovereignty, and cultural identity from colonial powers. It involves dismantling the political, economic, cultural, and psychological effects of colonial rule and asserting indigenous or local forms of governance, knowledge, and ways of life. 5. Anthropomorphism - Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics, emotions, or behaviors to non-human entities such as animals, objects, deities, or natural phenomena. This literary and artistic device is often used to make abstract concepts more relatable, to entertain, or to explore human nature through non-human perspectives. - Ex. Animal Farm by George Orwell → he pigs on the farm act as political leaders, showcasing greed and corruption. Example: Napoleon (a pig) speaks, strategizes, and manipulates others. 6. Ecocentrism - Ecocentrism is an ethical perspective that places intrinsic value on all living organisms and the natural environment, regardless of their usefulness to humans. It prioritizes the well-being of ecosystems and  biodiversity over human-centered concerns. In contrast to anthropocentrism, which values the environment primarily for human benefit, ecocentrism advocates for the protection and respect of nature for its own sake. - A clear example of ecocentrism in action is the protection of wilderness areas like national parks or nature reserves. In these areas, the goal is not just to conserve resources for human use but to maintain the integrity of ecosystems, protect endangered species, and preserve the natural processes that sustain life, such as soil formation and water cycles. 7. Sense of Place - refers to the emotional, cultural, and personal connections that individuals or communities have with a particular location. It encompasses the meanings, values, and experiences that make a place significant to those who interact with it. This concept is shaped by factors such as history, geography, culture, and personal experiences, and it can influence identity, behavior, and well-being. - Ex. For an individual, a childhood home might evoke a deep sense of place, tied to memories of family gatherings, a favorite garden tree, or the smells and sounds unique to that house. 8. Biocentrism - an ethical perspective that places intrinsic value on all living beings, not just humans. It argues that all forms of life, whether plants, animals, or microorganisms, have moral worth and deserve consideration and respect. Biocentrism challenges human-centered (anthropocentric) viewpoints and promotes the idea that humans are just one species among many, all of which are interconnected and equally important in the web of life. - Ex. Animal Rights Movements: Advocating against factory farming, animal testing, and hunting for sport stems from biocentric principles, emphasizing that animals deserve ethical treatment and freedom from suffering. - Eco V.S. Bio -centrism: While biocentrism focuses on the intrinsic value of individual living beings, ecocentrism emphasizes the value of ecosystems and natural processes as a whole, including non-living components like rivers, soil, and air. Both perspectives reject anthropocentrism but differ in scope. 9. Ideology - refers to a system of beliefs, values, and ideas that shapes an individual’s or group’s worldview and guides their behavior, decisions, and understanding of society. It often provides a framework for interpreting political, social, cultural, or economic realities and can influence policies, actions, and relationships.  - Ex. Feminism: An ideology advocating for gender equality and challenging societal norms that perpetuate gender discrimination. 10. Social Structure - refers to the organized framework of relationships, roles, institutions, and norms that shape and govern behavior within a society. It is the underlying pattern of social arrangements that influences how individuals interact with one another and how resources, opportunities, and responsibilities are distributed. - Functions of Social Structure: → Order and Stability: Provides a predictable framework for behavior and relationships. → Resource Distribution: Organizes access to opportunities, wealth, and power. → Identity Formation: Shapes individual and collective identities. → Social Integration: Connects people through shared norms, values, and institutions. - Ex. Caste System: In traditional Indian society, the caste system is a rigid social structure where roles, statuses, and interactions are defined by birth. 11. Contextualization - refers to the process of placing an event, idea, or concept within its broader context to better understand its meaning, significance, and implications. This involves considering the historical, cultural, social, and environmental factors surrounding the subject, helping to clarify its relevance and how it fits into larger patterns or systems. - Ex. Environmental Context: → When analyzing the construction of a city, understanding the environmental context—such as the availability of natural resources, the geography, or climate—helps explain why certain architectural styles or urban layouts were adopted. 12. Intertextuality - is the concept that texts (whether written, spoken, or visual) are interconnected and that the meaning of a particular text is influenced by, or draws from, other texts. The idea is that no text exists in isolation; instead, it is shaped by prior works, and it can reference, respond to, or reinterpret other texts in various ways. This interconnectedness can be explicit or implicit, and it often enriches the interpretation of a text by placing it in conversation with others. - Ex. "The Lion King" is often seen as drawing heavily from Hamlet, with similar themes of royal succession, betrayal, and revenge.  Understanding this intertextual connection enriches the viewing experience. 13. Capitalism - Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production, distribution, and exchange are owned and controlled by private individuals or corporations, rather than by the state. The core principle of capitalism is the pursuit of profit, driven by competition in a free market. It is characterized by private property rights, wage labor, capital accumulation, and the role of market forces in determining the allocation of resources. - EX. The United States is often cited as an example of a capitalist economy, where private businesses control the majority of economic activity, and the government generally refrains from interfering in markets. Companies like Apple, Amazon, and Tesla operate within this framework, competing in global markets to maximize profit. 14. Alienation - refers to a feeling of disconnection or estrangement from something that is traditionally familiar or integral to a person’s identity, work, or life. It is often used to describe a situation where individuals feel detached from themselves, from society, or from the products of their labor. - Ex. In the Workplace: An assembly line worker might produce thousands of identical parts in a factory but never see the final product or have any involvement in decision-making. This disconnect between the worker and the product, along with the repetitive nature of the labor, can lead to feelings of alienation. 15. Class Struggle / Consciousness a) Class Consciousness - refers to the awareness and understanding that a social class has of its own position within the social and economic structure. This consciousness encompasses both a recognition of shared economic interests and a collective awareness of the ways in which one's class is exploited, oppressed, or disadvantaged. - For a class to have full class consciousness, members must recognize that their interests are opposed to those of other classes, particularly the bourgeoisie (capitalist class), and act together to pursue collective goals, including political and economic change. - Ex. Labor Movements: Workers in a factory may develop class consciousness by realizing they are being exploited by their employer (the bourgeoisie) through long working hours and low wages. They begin to see their collective power, leading to  unionization efforts and demands for better working conditions, wages, and labor rights. b) Class Struggle - refers to the ongoing conflict between different social classes with opposing economic interests. According to Marx, history is largely a history of class struggles, with the dominant class (the bourgeoisie) exploiting the working class (the proletariat). The exploitation results in tension and conflict, which can eventually lead to social and political upheaval, as the oppressed class seeks to change or overthrow the system that benefits the dominant class. - Class struggle is seen as the driving force of societal change. In Marxist thought, the ultimate goal of class struggle is the overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a classless society (communism), where the means of production are collectively owned, and exploitation no longer exists. - Ex. The French Revolution (1789): This is a historical example of class struggle, where the lower classes (commoners, workers, peasants) revolted against the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie, demanding political and social reforms. The revolution ultimately led to the fall of the French monarchy and significant changes in the structure of society. 16. Interpellation - is a concept in Marxist theory, particularly developed by French philosopher Louis Althusser, that refers to the process by which individuals are "hailed" or called into specific social roles and ideologies, thus shaping their identity and behavior. It is a way of understanding how society's dominant ideologies, institutions, and structures "call" or "address" individuals, making them subjects who conform to societal norms and expectations. - Ex. Education: In schools, students are interpellated into roles such as "good student" or "troublemaker" based on their behavior and conformity to institutional norms. Teachers, curriculum, and peers all contribute to how students internalize these roles and identify themselves within the educational system. 17. Repression - In psychoanalytic theory, especially as developed by Sigmund Freud, repression refers to a defense mechanism by which the mind suppresses anxiety-inducing memories, desires, or impulses from consciousness. These repressed thoughts or emotions are not eradicated but are kept out of conscious awareness, usually because they are considered unacceptable or traumatic.  - Key Cons: - Psychological Repression is a defense mechanism where distressing thoughts or emotions are unconsciously pushed out of conscious awareness. - Social and Political Repression refers to the control and suppression of groups, ideas, or movements by those in power, often using violence, censorship, or other forms of coercion. - Repression in Marxist Theory is used to describe the tools that the ruling class uses to control the working class and maintain power. 18. Symbolic Meaning - refers to the deeper, often abstract meaning that is attached to objects, actions, events, or concepts beyond their literal interpretation. It involves interpreting something in terms of what it represents or signifies, often carrying cultural, emotional, or ideological significance. Symbolic meaning is used extensively in literature, art, religion, and everyday life, providing a way to convey complex ideas, emotions, and social values through symbols. - Ex, In Religion: - → The Cross: In Christianity, the cross is a powerful symbol that represents the sacrifice of Jesus Christ and is a sign of faith, redemption, and salvation. It carries deep theological and spiritual meanings beyond its physical form. 19. Unconscious V.S. Conscious Mind a) Conscious Mind - refers to the thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that we are actively aware of at any given moment. It encompasses everything we are currently thinking about, perceiving, or doing. These are the thoughts we can easily access, control, and verbalize. - Ex. When you're having a conversation, you're fully aware of the words you're saying and the ideas you're conveying. This is your conscious mind at work. b) Unconscious Mind - consists of thoughts, memories, desires, and experiences that are not currently within our conscious awareness. These elements may be repressed, forgotten, or simply outside of our conscious reach, yet they continue to influence our behavior, thoughts, and emotions. Freud suggested that the unconscious mind holds repressed memories and urges that may be too threatening to be consciously acknowledged. - Ex. Freudian Slips: Also known as "slips of the tongue," these are instances where a person accidentally says something that they didn't mean to, revealing an unconscious thought or desire. For example, accidentally calling your partner by an  ex's name might reveal hidden feelings or unresolved issues that are unconscious. 20. Historical Materialism and Dialectical Materialism a) Historical Materialism - is a theory of history and society that emphasizes the material conditions of life as the primary influence on the development of human societies. According to historical materialism, the way humans produce and reproduce the necessities of life (such as food, shelter, and tools) is the foundation for social structures, politics, and ideologies. - Ex. Feudalism to Capitalism: The transition from feudalism to capitalism in Europe is an example of historical materialism in action. As the forces of production (e.g., new technologies, trade, and merchant capitalism) outgrew the feudal system, the feudal relations of production (e.g., serfdom) became obsolete, and the capitalist system (based on wage labor and private property) emerged. This shift was driven by the material conditions of society, not by abstract ideas or moral principles. b) Dialectical Materialism - the philosophical method that underpins Marxist theory. It combines dialectics (the idea that contradictions are inherent in all things and that change occurs through their resolution) with materialism (the view that material conditions and forces are the primary drivers of historical and social change). Dialectical  materialism is used to understand the processes of change and development in nature, society, and thought. - Ex. Capitalism and Its Contradictions: Under capitalism, there is a fundamental contradiction between the capitalist class (owners of the means of production) and the working class (those who sell their labor). This contradiction is inherent in the capitalist system, as the capitalist class seeks to maximize profits while the working class struggles for better wages and working conditions. According to dialectical materialism, this contradiction will eventually lead to the collapse of capitalism and its replacement by socialism, as the conflict between the two classes intensifies. 21. Commodity - In Marxist theory, a commodity is a good or service that is produced primarily for exchange in the market, rather than for direct consumption. Commodities are central to Marx's analysis of capitalism, as they are the basic units of exchange in a capitalist economy. Understanding commodities involves looking at both their use-value (their practical utility) and exchange-value (their value in exchange for other goods or money). - Ex. Physical Commodities: These include tangible goods like food, clothing, electronics, and housing. In a capitalist system, these goods are produced with the intention of selling them in the market for a profit. 22. Fragmentation - a concept used in various fields such as philosophy, sociology, psychology, literature, and cultural studies. It refers to the process or state of breaking something into smaller, often disconnected parts. Fragmentation can relate to individuals, societies, or cultures, and the term is used to explore how these parts interact, relate, or fail to come together as a unified whole. Summary of Key Types of Fragmentation: a) Social/Cultural: Breakdown of shared values or identity in society. b) Literary/Narrative: Non-linear, disjointed storytelling techniques. c) Psychological: Fragmentation of the self or identity due to trauma or dissociation. d) Technological/Data: Fragmentation of data or files, reducing system efficiency. e) Political: Division of political power, often in the context of nationalism or regionalism. f) Marxist: Fragmentation of the working class, leading to alienation and reduced collective action. g) Ecological: Breakdown of natural habitats into smaller, isolated areas. - In all these contexts, fragmentation signifies a process where previously whole or unified systems, identities, or structures are broken into smaller, often disconnected parts, leading to various forms of disorder, disconnection, or challenges in coherence.