Linux Made Simple 9th Edition 2024 PDF

MADE SIMPLE The ultimate guide to open source computing YYNNYNNNYNNYNNNY NNNYSNNYNYNY SNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NN NN TYNYNYNNYYNNYYNYN SNAN AN NNV N N YUNNNNY NN Y SNNNNNN NN N AMhMADMMD A AL MMM AAAABALM D A A...

MADE SIMPLE The ultimate guide to open source computing YYNNYNNNYNNYNNNY NNNYSNNYNYNY SNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NN NN TYNYNYNNYYNNYYNYN SNAN AN NNV N N YUNNNNY NN Y SNNNNNN NN N AMhMADMMD A AL MMM AAAABALM D A A AL bbb bbb bbb ABhABADLALD AAAARL MDD YNNYNNNYYYNYY S NN N NN N YNNYYNYNNYNYYN TN NN NN NN NN SNNYNNYYNYNYYN SN NN NN NN NN LINUX With the internet driving a new world of information exchange, business start-ups and online gaming, coders have suddenly become the gatekeepers to these new realms. Combine the huge interest in learning how to create and control these worlds with the surge of cool devices, such as the Raspberry Pi, and you've got a head of technological steam the world hasn't seen since the coding craze of the early 1980s. So no matter if you're looking to relive those heady '80s coding days or are a newbie looking to take your first steps into the coding world, you hold in your hands the ideal guide to start coding. Thanks to a new generation of open free software, we all can access operating systems, development tools, compilers and the programming languages needed to create professional programs, apps and tools. We'll show you how to get up and running with a Linux system, then access everything you need freely online. Coding is easy, exciting and fun. We'll explain the basics, move on to more advanced topics, explain how you can use the Raspberry Pi, and provide you with fully updated exciting and easy-to-follow projects. So what are you waiting for? Get coding!  LINUX Future PLC Quay House, The Ambury, Bath, BAI TUA Editorial Editor Katharine Marsh Designer Perry Wardell-Wicks Compiled by Aiden Dalby & Steve Dacombe Senior Art Editor Andy Downes Head of Art & Design Greg Whitaker Editorial Director Jon White Managing Director Grainne McKenna Photography All copyrights and trademarks are recognised and respected Advertising Media packs are available on request Commercial Director Clare Dove International Head of Print Licensing Rachel Shaw [email protected] www.futurecontenthub.com Circulation Head of Newstrade Tim Mathers Production Head of Production Mark Constance Production Project Manager Matthew Eglinton Advertising Production Manager Joanne Crosby Digital Editions Controller Jason Hudson Production Managers Keely Miller, Nola Cokely, Vivienne Calvert, Fran Twentyman Printed in the UK Distributed by Marketforce www.marketforce.co.uk For enquiries, please email: [email protected] Linux Made Simple Ninth Edition (TCB&181) © 2024 Future Publishing Limited We are committed to only using magazine paper which is derived from responsibly managed, certified forestry and chlorine-free manufacture. The paper in this bookazine was sourced and produced from sustainable managed forests, conforming to strict environmental and socioeconomic standards. All contents© 2024 Future Publishing Limited or published under licence. All rights reserved. No part of this magazine may be used, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any way without the prior written perrmission of the publisher. Future Publishing Limited (company number 2008885) is registered in England and Wales. Registered office: Quay House, The Ambury, Bath BA1 1UA. All information contained in this publication is for information only and is, as far as we are aware, correct at the time of going to press. Future cannot accept any responsibility for errors or inaccuracies in such information. You are advised to contact manufacturers and retailers directly with regard to the price of products/services referred to in this publication. Apps and websites mentioned in this publication are not under our control. We are not responsible for their contents or any other changes or updates to them. This magazine is fully independent and not affiliated in any way with the companies mentioned herein. F U T U R E Connectors. Creators. Experience Makers. Future plc is a public Chief Executive Officer Jon Steinberg company quoted on the MNon-Executive Chairman Richard Huntingford London Stock Exchange Chief Financial and Strategy Officer Penny Ladkin-Brand [symbol: FUTR) www. futureple.com Tel +44 (011225 442 244 For press freedom with responsibility Widely Recycled  Contents Get started Getting started with LinuX... 10 Escape fromWindows10... 14 Pickadistro.......ooooo24 Top 100 Linuxtools.....34 Basics Package management...... 44 WED BrOWSEN'S..oeeee 46 DOCUMENTES......oooo Spreadsheets.......nnD0 PDF €AitING e D Instantmessaging......DG EMailen. DO Texteditors......D8 6 | Linux Made Simple Fun Playing music & Vide€o...........o.o. 62 AUIO €AITING.. O Photo organisation.........o... 66 Photoediting.........68 Videoediting.........con41O Settingupamediacentre.......o112 Playing Games.........coo D Devices Installing drivers.......nnSO Setting up printersandscanners........82 Managing Linuxdrives.........86 Using removablemedia...........o...... 88 Understanding the Linux filesystem................90 Partitioning drives............. 92 MaNAZING USENS........e 96 Advanced File SNAMNG oo 100 Alternative desktops......o. 102 Remote desktop...n8O Virtualmachines... 106 Systemrepair.....110 Fix startupissues..... 114 Two-factor authentication....... 118 Easy fileencryption....... 120 Core commaNndS.........oo. 122 Troubleshooting... 126 Terminal basics......n.136 Terminal files.... 138 Apt-get. L O Archiving files........on. 142 Linux Made Simple | 7 O = R O 4 - B = Q 1 g o -4 4 NI =. | g S N o.l L i 4 ™Y A —. (O 3._lrlMUlmiL‘.‘lflflfillIl‘Elill).'llXIJ(IJ:Ih.I._Ih.ICI.I.I_fl.llC(IMl'flhhhlfill__hflhl]!l](ll'mhhlCI.l.l__i.'hhlJXIJ(!'l&hh)lfill__fiflhh!ll(l_'flh‘l)i’l-fi‘ - 2 1 - = ¥ 2 - di I g k. 3 b - l Iy = - R l ly 2 o | 3 S o S Ls = ==. T = s = sk S ~ o oA RE=TP - ys " N L. V3 ¥ J - # 3 A 1ir = | B ' ! B || i \ [ 1. L= | -. b i i : -) et - |’ : - o, I 8| Linux Made Simple Linux Made Simple | 9  | | L B | | = 1 b J & 1 — e. J 1 = L B I N & y i ] -.. 1 5 | ‘ || B fI B R 4y | — k e | i ¥ k. F | 4_'5—. b r W - ‘ 9 — "i |I [ = ] i | |’. B b " i 4| - 5, )! b % - - | i il/ | Y L L r L > T 4 | | T _— i | 1 L: " r'_. i T '._I__:l;_ s, It runs on most desktop and laptop PCs, it's free and you don't even need to install it. Let's look at Linux! s you read through this Linux with many languages built in or ready to install you can get hold of Mint and then get it up and Made Simple bookazine, you'll from a central server. No scouting round running on your PC. notice that most of the screens dodgy sites; just run a command or fire up a It's not scary, it won't damage your PC and don’t look like Microsoft software centre to get what you need. you don't even have to install anything if you Windows or Apple mac OS. There’s That's the beauty of Linux — it's built by don't want to. If you currently have a Windows a good reason for that: they’re not. geeks for geeks to do geeky things. Once PC, there are three options: run Linux in Just as there are different VirtualBox, run it off a DVD or car manufacturers or makes USB drive, or install it on your of TV, there's more than one “It’ S nOt Scary, it won,t damage PC dual-booting with Windows. operating system that can -your PC and you don’t even We're only going to look at run your PC or Mac. It’s just.. the first two as they're the least that Linux happens to be have to lnStall aIIYthlng' L 29 likely to cause any damage. The free because it’s developed walkthrough opposite explains by thousands of coders around the world. you're used to its slightly different interface how to run Mint within VirtualBox on top of All the coding projects in this bookazine are and way of working, you'll find how easy it Windows (or mac OS), while the next based on someone running Linux on their really is to get along with. We recommend that walkthrough shows you how to create a live desktop. You don't have to — the code works you use a version (known as a distro) called Image that you can boot and run from either a on Windows or mac OS — but Linux comes Linux Mint, and we're going to look at the ways DVD or a USB flash drive. 10 | Linux Made Simple  VirtualBox Ty o T avtremely featurs nch, Migh parformance product for erterpeise Cualissers, it @ the oy prodessona soluten et 8 Feshy svadibie 3 Ooen Sowrca Softwam oider O Lere o B [ e (G vmimon 1. e "hbous Virtualos® foe an mirode bon B T i e o b o e B Get VirtualBox B Create a machine Start virtual Mint Head to www.virtualbox.org and download Choose Ubuntu and the bits should match the A prompt asks for a disc. Locate the Mint ISO Virtual Box 5 for your operating system, be ISO you downloaded. Click Next. Under file you downloaded and click Start. Linux that Windows or mac OS. Install it and be Memory, we recommend 2048, but if you Mint starts and, once loaded, you're free to try aware you'll need around 20GB of spare drive have an 8GB PC, 4096 is best. You can leave it out or use the Install icon to properly install space to store the virtual OS file. You also all the rest as default settings, apart from the Mint to the virtual machine. For extended use, need the Mint ISO file from www.linuxmint. dynamic hard drive size. The default is 8GB, in the virtual machine’s settings under com. Once installed, start VirtualBox, click but we suggest 32GB just in case. Finish and Display, you should enable 3D acceleration New Machine, choose Linux and call it ‘Mint'". click Start to get going. and allocate 16MB of memory. f you've never tried Linux, we think developers. In many ways, the key weakness of you'll be surprised at how easy it is to use, and how good a development Linux has been its lack of ease of use (Mint is an exception to that rule) but then, when it's Top tip platform it makes. You should also designed and created by developers, ease of What's a distro? know that Linux runs the majority of the use is going to come at the bottom of the to-do Unlike Windows and mac OS, because Linux internet, from its core servers to websites, list. The upshot of this history is that there's a is free software, anyone can take it and alongside powering 97% of the world’s wealth of the most advanced tools freely effectively create their own OS to distribute. supercomputers, and being used widely available on all Linux platforms. As long as In the Linux world, these are called distros for in science and industry. So it's not such you're willing to seek out help yourself and short, and there are literally hundreds out a bad thing to understand, after all. contribute back to the community, you'll find there — not all good, not all maintained, but No matter which tutorial you follow, you'll a very welcoming and rich development hundreds nonetheless. need a copy of the latest Linux Mint Cinnamon ecosystem waiting for you. distro. Head to www.linuxmint.com/ programs has always been from a central download.php and download the 32-bit build, Getting apps repository of software, protected and unless you know your system is 64-bit, in which With Windows, in the past you've been used to maintained by the distro’s creators. case get that. If you have an older or slower getting programs by downloading them from This is one of the reasons why Linux has machine, opt for the MATE edition, which is here, there and everywhere. More recently, the remained so secure (it's not infallible) but less graphically demanding. introduction of the Windows Store has at least people downloading dodgy software is a key centralised where software comes from and way that machines become infected. With Up and running removed the worry of getting infected by Linux Mint, there’s the Software Center, which A big reason why Linux makes such a good viruses and malware. The fact is that with gives you access to hundreds of programs and development platform is that it was created by Linux, the key way of getting new tools and all the programming development tools you The GNU of GNU/Linux I The GNU project (GNU stands for ‘'GNU's Not come from GNU; glibc is the core C library Unix") predates Linux by several years. It had used in Linux and it also comes from GNU. created most of the basic tools needed by a So just about any time you do anything on computer of the early 1980s — compilers, your computer — every time you type a text editors, file and directory manipulation command or click an icon — GNU software commands, and much more — but did not have Is being run at some level. a usable kernel (some would say its kernel, No wonder the GNU die-hards get upset GNU Hurd, is still not that usable). When Linus when we refer to our operating system as Torvalds started tinkering with his small project Linux and not GNU/Linux. It is worth mentioning in 1991, he had a kernel without the tools to that no one really denies the importance of the run on it. The two were put together and GNU/ GNU aspect; calling the OS Linux rather than Linux was born — an operating system using GNU/Linux has far more to do with convenience the Linux kernel and the GNU toolset. It is not and laziness than politics — the full title is just only the programs in /bin and Zusr/bin that too cumbersome. Linux Made Simple | 11  Easy ways to run Linux If you're not a big Linux user, then you'll probably a DVD. When you first turn on a PC, you can virtual optical drive. There are more options not want to destroy your existing Windows or usually get it to boot from alternative media available, including writing the ISO file to a Mac system, and we don't blame you. The truth by pressing F11/F12, or hold down C on the suitable USB thumb drive and, following a IS, you don't need to — Linux is flexible enough Mac - some PCs boot from a suitable optical similar boot process as discussed above, that it can be run in a number of ways beside, on disc by default. running Linux from this. To get this to work, you top of or alongside most other operating Another option is to install VirtualBox from need to use a write tool such as UNetbootin systems, and on most types of hardware — from www.virtualbox.org (see previous page). Install from http:/ /unetbootin.github.io. virtual versions to versions running off spare and run this — it looks complex, but creating a For the brave-hearted, you can also install USB drives, DVDs or on low-cost hardware such virtual PC is pretty easy if you stick to the default Linux on your system directly. Most versions as the Raspberry Pi. The standard way, once settings. The main stumbling block is ensuring of Linux create space alongside Windows and you've got your hands on the ISQ, is to burn it to under Storage that you add the ISO file to the make a dual-boot system. could wish for. It's not why we're here but called the Terminal. This can be called a a Terminal and use the lIs command to list a you can also download Valve's Steam gaming number of different things, depending on the directory, and ed to change directory. client and take advantage of over 1,700 Linux system, such as the command line, command games it has to offer. prompt or command-line interface. It is a direct Linux isn’t Windows interface to the operating system and all of its One thing to keep in mind when you first use Drivers tools, which you access through text Linux is that it's not Windows or Mac OS X. We're not really here to talk about using Linux commands. Going back to the early days of This largely means things you're used to in in every detail but there are a few standard computers and Linux, as computers were so Windows won't work the same in Linux, or be questions that often crop up when people much slower, there weren't any graphical in the same place, nor does it offer the same move over from Windows. One key one is interfaces, so computers were controlled set of programs. So big commercial products where are all the drivers? The cool thing with entirely through text commands. such as Microsoft Office, Adobe Linux is that, on the whole, there's no need to Linux was developed originally in this type Photoshop and development worry about drivers — they're built into the of environment, so all of its core tools are tools such as Microsoft Visual Linux kernel. That isn't to say you can't add based on Terminal use. Many of them — or all Studio aren't directly made for drivers, but they're generally not required. the ones you'll care about — do have graphical Linux — you can run them via a There are a couple of exceptions: certain more interfaces these days. The fact is, the Terminal system called Wine — but the obscure laptop wireless cards can cause remains an efficient way of controlling Linux, Linux open-source community issues, while if you want maximum 3D gaming and when it comes to troubleshooting, it offers has created its own tools performance, you need to install the dedicated a consistent set of tools and interfaces to such as LibreOffice, Gimp, graphics driver from your card’'s manufacturer. resolve problems. Krita and a whole range You don't need to know anything about the of freely available and The Terminal Terminal to use Linux on a day-to-day basis, open-source products If you've heard of Linux, then one area you but it's good to know that it's there just in case. that offer the might fear or just wonder about is a thing However, we would advise you to at least open same capabilities. Mint on a USB drive GIGABYTE - UEFI DualBIOS 8 40 % = UNetbootin o Uhethootin [ Foacurec R usina B supportod Destributions Jis J uicanse J Wik =D GEED 6 1, Doremioaing Fles (Do) 2. Extracting snd Copying Files {Current) | P Dosate via Pevpal [ Domete vis venms | Dosatee Micen Please select boot dewice 3, Instaling Bootioader Utietbootin aliows you to create bootable Live USB drives for Ubuntu and other Linsix distrituabons without burning & CIOr. 4, Instalation Complete. Reboot P2: KINGSTON SUP208S3666 H You can either let UNethootin dovwnkosd one af the many dstributions sugported out-of P1: UDC UIMBEFRN-GEUTGNG {ha-baiin fior yow, o Gripdy vour own | bne b e, PO: UDC UDMGEFRN-GBUTGNG Features Uhigthootin can create o bogtable Lhee LESE! drive P4: Hitachi HDSTZ1018CLATIZ R loads distribubions. alther by downloading & IS0 (CD Image) Mes for peu, of by wilia an P5: UDC UD1GEZEN-8ErNAE Archive: D: Windows irueomint - 17 3-Cnnamon-5 40 5o F3: DEZ-AGILITY3 Source: umspe iesystom, sgueshiy (1464 ME) _ TOREA Traetenory POA UEFI: TOSHIBA Transfesory PRAP Destination: G:\caser (flesvstem. squashfs Enter Setup Extracted: 255 of 362 fles UNetbootin Linux Install Mint Boot and run To run Mint from a USB stick, you first need a The tool can directly download the Mint ISO You can now boot your PC from the USB USB drive at least 4GB in size — 16GB would image for you, but it's best practice to do this drive. However, you need to ensure your PC be ideal. You'll need the Mint ISO file from yourself, then you have a local copy to hand if selects the USB drive as the boot device. www.linuxmint.com, as discussed in the you want to create a DVD copy or redo the Usually, when you first turn on your PC, a VirtualBox walkthrough, and we'll use the process. Select Diskimage and locate the file message says to press F11 or F12 to select the download tool UNetbootin from http:// in the Download folder. Ensure you have the boot device. Some PCs have their own unetbootin.github.io. This installs the live correct USB drive selected in the pull-down specific button — consult your manual or disc ISO file directly to your USB drive. menu and click OK to create the drive. manufacturer. Linux Mint will now run. 12 | Linux Made Simple Linux distro guide A tantalising taste of the many different flavours of Linux... n the Linux world, because it's from hardcore Linux geeks to servers, those with older PCs and people who want free software that can be redistributed science, media editing and so many more. modern fancy interfaces. The choice can be by absolutely anyone, this has lead to a The majority are general-use distros, which bewildering, so to help you get started if proliferation of different versions of aim themselves at different types of users, you're interested in finding out more about the Linux OS appearing. There are Linux such as experienced hands-on Terminal Linux, here’s our rundown of the major distros tailored to a host of common uses, types, complete beginners, businesses, distro groups. running commercial Linux distro called Debian Red Hat Mandriva, which eventually went bust. From its www.debian.org www.redhat.com ashes comes a fresh and powerful desktop One of the older distributions It's highly unlikely you'll distro, which offers a powerful but easy-to-use on the block, Debian is also -~ come across Red Hat as desktop and complete software library. It technically the father of the it's the big-business distro stands alongside Ubuntu and Mint for its ease most number of spin-off distros, including used by enterprises and corporations. It is, of use yet manages to bring new features, too. one of the most popular in the world — Ubuntu however, worth mentioning because it funds (see below). Debian itself can be thought of a couple of high-quality distros that can be Arch a bare-bones distro, because it comes with freely used. Red Hat is a billion-dollar business www.archlinux.org just enough to get it installed and up and and is, unusually, a paid-for Linux distro, but A super-advanced version of running. It's really designed for servers and there are ways of effectively getting the same Linux that you almost have experts, but it's very stable and has complete technology with a freely available distro. to build from scratch. This repositories of software, which means that means you need to be an expert to have any it is also very easy to extend. Fedora luck with it, but it also means you get an http://getfedora.com awesome OS that's exactly what you want. A Ubuntu The Fedora project was big advantage is that Arch’s active community www.ubuntu.com created by Red Hat as a test of experts delivers the latest builds of software This is arguably the most platform for cutting-edge before anyone else gets them. popular — or at least the Linux technology. Features are tested in Fedora most widely known — Linux and, when they're deemed stable enough, they Manjaro distro in the world. As we mentioned above, are merged into the Red Hat distribution. This https://manjaro.github.io/ Ubuntu was spun out of the Debian project to isn't as scary as it sounds, as Fedora only gets Arch Linux but without all the create an easy-to-use distribution that would these features when they're stable. It's an complexity. The Manjaro be suitable for anyone and everyone to use. excellent way of testing the latest technologies community has taken the base Over the years, a huge number of spin-offs because Fedora tends to get them before most of Arch and created a pre-built Linux distro that have been created — both official, such as other distros. is constantly updated, also called a rolling- "7 OpenSUSE Ubuntu Server, but also unofficial — because release distro. While it does lean to the more it became such an easy base to start from, with technical side of distro releases, the developers an easy installation, easy interface and easy www.opensuse.org have gone out of their way to try to make it software centre. Another business- accessible to all levels of users. orientated distro that Mint also has a long-standing pedigree. It might not SteamOS www.linuxmint.com be the sexiest distro on the block but it's widely http://store. Based on Ubuntu, Mint used and often ranked in the top five distros, as steampowered. took the crown of the most it's super-stable and can be put to many uses, com/steamos popular distro after from standard desktop use to server. This is Here's more of Ubuntu moved to a more modern, touch-like largely because it's another corporate- an example of how Linux is used in a fully desktop, whereas most Linux users wanted a sponsored project and is much admired by commercial way. SteamOS is created by Valve traditional keyboard/mouse design, with a developers and software vendors. Software, the company behind the PC digital program menu and desktop icons. Mint distribution system called Steam. SteamOS is offers the simplicity of installation, ease of Mageia based on Debian and is a custom OS that use and the large software base of Ubuntu, but www.mageia.org drives a front for the Steam Big Picture mode, with optimised versions for older, slower Showing you how fluid the integrating controllers, home streaming and computers, and a more fancy version that's Linux distro world is, Mageia was the store into one experience that you can known as Cinnamon. created off the back of a long- enjoy from a box under your TV. Linux Made Simple | 13 Escape from Windows 10 Had enough of Windows? Make the switch to Linux and discover the power and freedom it offers. Time to fllng open the escape hatch! L i he launch of Windows 10 was a 17.3 to step you through the process, but Issues you have, plus expose the truth great opportunity for those most of the guide can easily be adapted behind some myths that put people off frustrated with the Microsoft to Ubuntu (either 15.10 or 14.04.3 LTS) if switching in the first place. ecosystem to find a better way. youd prefer. We'll also take you on a tour of the new And what better way than Linux? If The process is straightforward: first, Cinnamon desktop, reveal the basics you you'’ve just bought a PC with Windows 10 you'll back up your hard drive in its current need to get started, plus show.you how to switch to'it if you've installed Ubuntu. Last, T pre-installed or upgraded from an earlier state, so you know you can always roll back version and decided enough’s but by no means least, we'll enough, or have a family member or friend who’s “The easiest way to migrate show you how to install apps on your new system, find finally seen the light, this feature is for you. from Windows is through Mint, open-source alternatives to the key'programs youve been The easiest way to migrate d user-friendly Linux distro” using previously and even from Windows is through Mint, a reveal how to get some user-friendly Linux distribution (distro) to the beginning of the process if necessary Windows programs running with the help that's packed with all the features you without data loss. Then we'll reveal how of a clever tool called Wine. need, wrapped up in an accessible user to install Mint alongside your existing Everything you need to make the switch interface particularly suited to first-time Windows 10 installation, so you still have IS here, so now there’s no excuse. Read on switchers. You'll find the latest version at access to your old system while you make to discover how to escape Windows 10 and www.linuxmint.com. We'll be using version the transition. We'll sort out any dual-boot transform your computing experience. 14 | Linux Made Simple Don't even think about installing Linux until you're backed up... BN here's nothing worse than attempting to upgrade PC in UEFI rather than BIOS mode (see the Roll back and Ouick -. -. SR A ':I‘!—|,_. A A -:.i'_n__—:_-u or install a new operating system only for Start Again box, below for help resolving this issue). If you're eL o =. bk _— &} == T I something to go wrong. You can replace that gut- unable to get Redo Backup working in any shape or form, try -.'_;l ) g clenching feeling with one of minor irritation by making backing up using the built-in Windows disk imaging tool Live disc SMOPUIA 90eDs3 sure you've backed up your Windows installation (or just instead, which is part of the Backup and Restore tool. A cool trick that your data) before you begin, this will enable you to easily Linux distros can roll back to a working state if something goes awry. Back up with Redo pullis to enable you to run an entire There are numerous backup tools for the job, but we've When the main screen appears, click the ‘Backup’ button to Linux OS directly plumped for Redo Backup and Recovery, which works get started. Select the drive Windows is currently installed froma DVD called beautifully with both Windows and Linux installations — go on (typically drive 1) from the drop-down menu and click a Live Disc. This to www.redobackup.org/download.php and follow the ‘Next. All of the drive's partitions will be selected — leave this means you can test out the distro instructions to download the Redo Backup live CD in ISO as it is and click ‘Next' again. without installing. format. Burning it to disc is simple: pop a blank disc in the Next, you'll be prompted to choose your backup drive, browse to the ISO file in Windows 10, right-click it and destination — typically the largest partition on an external choose ‘Burn disc image. If you'd rather create a bootable hard drive directly plugged into your PC, so select it from the USB stick, make sure it's been formatted as FAT32, then list, making sure there's adequate backup space available, download and run the latest version of Unetbootin from and click ‘Next’ again. Once done, click ‘Browse’ to select http://sourceforge.net/projects/unetbootin — select the or create a folder inside which your backup will be stored. Diskimage option, click ‘..." to select your ISO file and verify Click ‘Save Here' followed by ‘Next' Give your backup the correct USB drive has been selected before clicking ‘OK. a suitable name — the default date is a little confusing, so Before proceeding further, you should also create a feel free to change it to something like ‘pre-Mint’ Finally, Windows recovery disc or flash drive if you don't already have click ‘Next' again, then sit back and wait while Redo Backup Windows 10 installation media — you may need this should does the hard work of backing up your drive. This can take you run into problems with dual-booting Ubuntu and some time, so if you have another PC handy, why not use the Windows. Type ‘recovery’ into the Windows 10 Search bar and time to prepare your Mint install media following the advice choose ‘Create a recovery drive’ to get started. over the page? Once that's done, and the backup completes Once your recovery and Redo Backup media has been successfully, you're ready to install Linux. created, reboot your PC with the Redo Backup drive inserted, If something goes wrong with your Mint installation, or you then tap the option at startup to select your boot device want to start again from scratch and try a different approach, (often [F11] or [F12]). Select the drive and then choose ‘Start then all you need to do is boot from your Redo Backup media Redo Backup' when prompted. If you end up back at the boot and follow the step-by-step guide below, which should put choice menu then it's likely you're trying to boot from a newer things back exactly the way they were before you started. Roll back and start again estore Restoring From Backup Step 2: Select 1 Flac e. Log Out L log out the session c Reboot restart computer, Shut Down N e power off computer 1Y Boot and select backup BJ Restore PC EJ Boot and start again Boot from your Redo Backup CD or flash Click ‘Next’, then select the drive that Once the process completes, click ‘OK’ drive, clicking ‘Start Redo Backup’ when contains your Windows installation. The followed by ‘Exit’. Click the power button in prompted. When the main screen appears, entire drive will be overwritten with your the bottom right-hand corner and choose click the ‘Restore’ button. First, select the backup, so read and digest the warning ‘Reboot’. Remove the Redo Backup boot partition on the physical disk your backup is before clicking ‘OK’. Wait while the drive media when prompted and press ‘Enter’. Your stored on, then click ‘Next'. Click the box to s restored to the state it was in when system will reboot and you should open the ‘Select Backup Image’ dialog, then you took the backup. As with the backup find Windows loads as it did previously. browse to the folder you placed your backup process, this can take some time, so be You canrestart the installation process in, select the backup job file and click ‘Open'’. prepared for a long wait. now to correct a previous mistake. Linux Made Simple | 15  Install Linux Mint Preparations are complete, it's time to get Mint installed! » J ith your fail-safe backup in place, you're now However, another new feature — FastBoot (also called | ready to take the plunge and install Linux Mint. QuickBoot or FastStartup) — will almost certainly be enabled The following procedure assumes you want to too, and this needs to be disabled before you can install Linux. install it alongside your existing Windows installation - it’s (See the Fix UEFI Boot Issues box, below, for how to do this.) a good route to follow for first-time switchers, as well as Once you've edited your UEFI's settings, make sure your for those helping others to make the migration to Linux. installation media is plugged in, then reboot your PC. Look for You'll find the latest version at linuxmint.com. Like all an option to access the boot menu when you start — typically versions of Mint, it's a Long Term Support (LTS) release, with a key like F11. This will bring up a list of available drives: select support guaranteed until April 2019. If you'd rather try your DVD or USB flash drive and hit Enter. Don't panic if you Ubuntu, go to www.ubuntu.com and select 'Download. Click see two entries — this happens when CSM has been enabled, ‘Ubuntu Desktop’ and download the correct version for your with the non-UEFI option allowing you to boot using the older processor (64-bit in most cases) of either Ubuntu 14.04.3 LTS BIOS compatibility mode. However, Windows 10 will almost or for the latest release, 15.10. Creating your Mint or Ubuntu certainly have been installed using UEFI mode, so select that option to continue. “The procedure assumes you Partition your drive want to install Mint alongside When you arrive at the Mint desktop, double-click the ‘Install Linux Mint" icon. Verify English is selected, click ‘Continue’ and your existing Windows install” then verify both boxes are checked before clicking ‘Continue’ again. Wait while the installer scans your hard drives. Ina install disc or flash drive is the same process for Redo Backup perfect world it should spot your Windows 10 install, but ‘ (on the previous page) and the installation process is identical this isn't always the case. If it claims there’'s no Windows for both Mint and Ubuntu. installation, the simplest thing to do is follow the step-by-step all FMintull andinstUbuntu When your PC boots, it makes use of a tiny piece of guide (see the Manually Configure your Drive for Dual-Booting software to get itself up and running. In the past, this was box, bottom, p17) to set up your hard drive manually. will offer to live known as the BIOS (Basic Input Output System), but it’s If the installer does detect Windows 10, leave ‘Install Linux beside Windows been superseded by the more powerful and flexible UEFI Mint alongside Windows 10’ selected and click ‘Next’ Your Rl harmony, (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface). In practical terms, next step will be to hive off enough drive space to give Mint but they can also. : : : : Wie out Windows UEFI offers a more user-friendly interface and better the room it needs. The installer will make a calculated guess, for the full Linux features, but it's not compatible with older hardware. but you can click and drag the divider between the two to set experience. Most UEFI systems ship with a special Compatibility this figure yourself. Note that if you have more than one hard Support Module (CSM), which allows you to emulate the drive, Mint may actually choose a different drive to install BIOS when attempting to use older hardware and operating itself on, so verify which one it’s picked and click the drop- systems. They also ship with Secure Boot enabled, a special down arrow next to ‘Select drive:' to see if you can change this feature designed to protect PCs from low-level malware. If necessary. If you can’t, and you don't want to install it on the Your PC will almost certainly have Secure Boot enabled, recommended drive, click ‘Back’ and follow the step-by-step which isn't a problem for Mint, which fully supports it. guide to do things manually. L KL oL L2 ] » _ Switch on your PC and tap the key prompted This allows you to selectively switch CSM on to enter setup — usually [Del] or [F2]. Look for and off for specific devices as required. If there’s the FastBoot setting under Boot or Windows an option to run both = as is the case with some Configuration, then make sure it's set to ASRock motherboards, select the appropriate disabled. If you have problems getting Redo option (such as ‘Do not launch’) to ensure Backup to launch, you should also temporarily maximum compatibility and performance. disable Secure Boot and potentially tweak the Not all PCs, particularly off-the-shell models, CSM settings in order for Redo Backup to work will give you access to all of these settings — correctly — look under Boot, Security or contact the manufacturer to query where these Windows Configuration for these settings. are, or ask about an update that brings them When it comes to CSM, its settings may be back. Also search for your PC’s model and hidden away in their own menu, where you'll find manufacturer and the words ‘CSM’, ‘UEF!’ ‘Linux’ references to the likes of PXE (pre-boot or ‘Mint' to see if there's a precedence set by ) Tweak your PC’s CSM settings if environment), GOP (graphics) and Storage (or other switchers you can follow to get the necessary to get Redo Backup and Recovery SATA), as well as USB and PS2 if applicable. settings you need enabled. working properly if it's a newer model. 16 | Linux Made Simple  ) | | "_"':' s N~ s " - ] Sy N Assuming Mint chooses the same drive as Windows The next stage is where you first type your name — you'll N : = 10 to install itself on, leave at least 10GB free space for see the computer name is pre-filled for you along with your —_:4] [EEF— ) Windows, and give Mint a minimum of 8GB drive space to username as you type. You can change these and enter a ESCA it — N e : work with — more if you plan to make it your primary OS. password — you'll need to provide this when you log in, plus Remember that you can always repartition the drive later an administrator’s password for performing certain tasks. SMOPUIAA 201eDS3 Pt or remove the Windows patrtition. Only opt to log in automatically if your PC isn't shared, and Once you've set up the drive, click ‘Install Now'. Make a if you're installing Ubuntu on a laptop tick ‘Encrypt my home note of the warning and click ‘Continue’ You'll be asked to folder’ to protect your data should you lose it. Click ‘Continue’ confirm the proposed changes — by default the Mint installer and you're done — Mint will install itself in the background. You creates just two partitions (the Ext4 entry is your Linux can go off and make a standard cup of tea (or two) while you partition, plus it creates a dedicated swap partition). Click wait or sit and read some highlights about what features and ‘Continue’ to accept the change. applications are included in Ubuntu, and how to find more Next, the installer will attempt to detect your location, using the Software Center. When installation finishes, click settling on London in most cases. You can accept this or type ‘Restart Now, remove the installation disc or drive when the name of your nearest large town to see if it's recognised. prompted, and hit Enter. Ubuntu is now installed, turn the Click ‘Continue’, then set your keyboard layout. page to find out how to start using it. » fdevisda - GParted GParted Edit View Device Partition Help O = | = OB = « F e e. 367 MR JIMA Windows Rerovery Frwiranmeant (loader] 5 1?;;?5 ——“fi. = 102528 MB 46443 MB J I pL My sl i 3542 ME R EEE E R NN I E NI Rl E A I S F I A RN R B N A IS R I T A BN AR IS N R RN N IR R AR FENAENFR NS ATANNEAEARNIAR [ Minimumsize: 44294 Mi Maximumsize: 130721 Mi it IParuum File System Label