Kabasalan Science And Technology High School Introduction to Philosophy PDF

KABASALAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL Kabasalan, Zamboanga Sibugay Introduction of Philosophy Project to The Human Person EASIER LESSON: METHODS Efficient and Accessible OF PHILOSOPHIZ...

KABASALAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL Kabasalan, Zamboanga Sibugay Introduction of Philosophy Project to The Human Person EASIER LESSON: METHODS Efficient and Accessible OF PHILOSOPHIZING School Innovation of 1st Quarter E-teaching Prepared by: Resources Ms. Marla Jane B. Delos Santos KABASALAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL Teacher II  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Learning Objectives: 1. Define the role of philosophy in determining truth and knowledge; 2. Distinguish opinion from truth ; 3. Analyze situations that show the difference between opinion and truth; 4. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth; and 5. evaluate opinions.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Philosophizing means to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner. It considers or discusses a (matter) from a philosophical standpoint. In phenomenology, truth is based on the person’s consciousness; while in existentialism, truth is based in exercising choices and personal freedom; in postmodernism, it is accepted that truth is not absolute; and in logic, truth is based on reasoning and critical thinking.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources What is truth? What is knowledge?  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources What is truth? What is knowledge?  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry. It is a fact that has been verified. Knowledge is simple data that comes from the outside that pass to our senses. It must be truthful to gain validity and acceptance.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry. It is a fact that has been verified. Knowledge is simple data that comes from the outside that pass to our senses. It must be truthful to gain validity and acceptance.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources -Ayn Rand knowledge is a “mental grasp of reality reached either by perceptual observation or by a process of reason based on perceptual observation” (Rand 1990). Knowledge is a retained form of awareness (Binswanger 2014).  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources -We can acquire knowledge using our senses: seeing, hearing, tasting, feeling, smelling.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources -we can acquire knowledge by thinking with the use of our minds (what philosophers call the rational faculty).  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Thinking is just half of the story of knowing.  To think is to think of something. You cannot think about nothing.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources 1. Reality 2. Perception 3. Concept 4. Proposition 5. Inference  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources To know is to know something. This “something” is what philosophers call reality, existence, being. It includes everything we perceive (animals, plants, human beings, inanimate objects) and everything inside our heads (e.g., our thoughts and emotions) which represents our inner world.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Perception Our first and only contact with reality is through our senses. Knowledge begins with perceptual knowledge. At first the senses give us knowledge of things or entities (what Aristotle calls primary substance)  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources After we perceive things we began to notice that some of the things we perceive are similar to other things. We now have a concept which according to one dictionary means “an abstract or generic idea generalized from particular instances” (Merriam- Webster Dictionary  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources For example we see three individuals let’s call them Juan, Pablo and Pedro who may have nothing in common at first glance. But when we compare them with another entity, a dog for example, suddenly their differences become insignificant. Their big difference to a dog highlights their similarity to one another (Binswanger 2014)  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources A statement that expresses either an assertion or a denial (Copi, 2002) that an existent belongs to a class or possess certain attribute. Proposition is usually expressed in a declarative sentence.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources When I say, for example, that “Men are mortals” I am making an assertion of men which are affirmative in nature (thus the statement is an affirmative proposition). When I make an opposite claim however, “Men are not mortals” I am denying something about men and thus my statement is negative in nature (thus the proposition is called a negative proposition)  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources An affirmative proposition therefore has the following structure: “S is P” (where S is the subject, P is the predicate and “is” is the copula stating the logical relationship of S and P) while the negative proposition has the structure “S is not P” (“is not” is the copula expressing denial).  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Inference How do we demonstrate that the statement is true? By providing an argument. According to Hurley an argument “is a group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide support for, or reason to believe one of the others (the conclusion) (Hurley 2011).  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources We have three related statements (or propositions). The last statement beginning with the word “therefore” is what we call a conclusion. Conclusion is a statement that we want to prove. The first two statements are what we call premises (singular form: premise). A premise provides justification, evidence, and proof to the conclusion.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources All men are mortals Socrates is a man. Therefore Socrates is mortal.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources An argument expresses a reasoning process which logicians call inference (Hurley 2011). Arguments however is not the only form of inference but logicians usually used “argument” and “inference” interchangeably  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry. It is a fact that has been verified. Knowledge is simple data that comes from the outside that pass to our senses. It must be truthful to gain validity and acceptance.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Philosophy consider truth as a kind of quality or value. Propositions are statements about the world or reality which may or may not carry truth.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Now that we know how we know, it’s time to see whether the knowledge we acquired is “really” knowledge i.e., is true. The first step in validating one’s knowledge is to ask oneself the following question: “How did I arrive at this belief, by what steps?” (Binswanger 2014).  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Thus what the ancient pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus said is true when applied to epistemology: “the way up [knowledge acquisition] is the way down [knowledge validation]” (quoted by Dr. Binswanger 2014).  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources What is truth and why is it important? Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the product of questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources What is truth and why is it important? What we know is what is observable or evident in the real world. Propositions which are observed to be real or truthful are considered FACTS.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources There are statements, however that are not evidently or immediately known to be true and they are call CLAIMS. They require further examination to establish whether it is true or false.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources How do we know if something is true? Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a basis for determining truth. We assume that everything we know about this world is true but philosophers who pondered upon the origins of knowledge doubted everything that there is to know about themselves and the world.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources How do we know if something is true? It is said that there are instances when we have to unlearn something so that we may learn anew. Philosophers questioned what they know and even analyzed their methods of knowing in order to understand themselves and the world much better.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources I am alive. Am I alive? I am alive I have a Do I have a I have a body body? body I can breath. Can I I can breathe? breathe.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources How do we know if something is true? Doubt has very important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover truth. Nothing is taken as true unless there is sufficient reason and evidence to prove that it is indeed true.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources I am alive. Am I alive? I am alive I have a Do I have a I have a body body? body I can breath. Can I I can breathe? breathe.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources I am alive. Am I alive? I am alive! I have a Do I have a I have a body body? body! I can breath. Can I I can breathe? breathe!  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources TRUTH VS OPINION Identifying truth however can sometimes be tricky. The reason is that there are times when we strongly held an idea that we feel “deep down” to be true.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources For example religious people strongly believed that there is life after death. Some people who embraced democracy may passionately embraced the idea that the majority is always right. Or on a more personal level you may feel strongly that your sister is “selfish”.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources To summarize an opinion has the following characteristics: 1. Based on emotions 2. Open to interpretation 3. Cannot be confirmed 4. Inherently biased  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources While truth is: 1. Based on the facts of reality 2. Can be confirmed with other sources 3. Independent of one’s interpretation, preferences and biases  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Something is true if… 1. It can be justified or proven through the use of one’s progress. 2. It is based on facts. 3. It is a product of agreement or consensus. 4. It can be applied in real life (tested and verified).  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Something is true if… 1. It cab be justified or proven through the use of one’s progress. 2. It is based on facts. 3. It is a product of agreement or consensus. 4. It can be applied in real life (tested and verified).  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources 1. It takes me 30 minutes to 2. Living near the school is better walk from my home to because we don’t have to spend much for transportation. school. 4. My sister is a selfish person 3. My sister ate the last because she ate the last piece of piece of pizza pie. pizza pie and did not share it with 5. The policeman firmly me. pushed the suspect to his 6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the knees and placed him in suspects is an example of the handcuffs. brutality that characterizes our police officers.  KABASALAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL Kabasalan, Zamboanga Sibugay Introduction of Philosophy Project to The Human Person EASIER LESSON: METHODS Efficient and Accessible OF PHILOSOPHIZING School Innovation of 1st Quarter E-teaching Prepared by: Resources Ms. Marla Jane B. Delos Santos KABASALAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL Teacher II  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Learning Objectives: 1. Define the role of philosophy in determining truth and knowledge; 2. Distinguish opinion from truth ; 3. Analyze situations that show the difference between opinion and truth; 4. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth; and 5. evaluate opinions.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Philosophy brings the human person to a level of thinking and or expression that develops wisdom and further learning. Wisdom is the application of knowledge.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Philosophizing means to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner. It considers or discusses a (matter) from a philosophical standpoint. In phenomenology, truth is based on the person’s consciousness; while in existentialism, truth is based in exercising choices and personal freedom; in postmodernism, it is accepted that truth is not absolute; and in logic, truth is based on reasoning and critical thinking.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources PHENOMENOLOGY: ON CONSCIOUSNESS -Founded by the Father of Phenomenology, Edmund Husserl -Phenomenon comes directly from the Greek word “Phainomenon” meaning appearance -Truth is based on a person’s consciousness -Study of Lived experience  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources PHENOMENOLOGY: ON CONSCIOUSNESS -Study of Phenomena that arise from the experience of being in the world -According to Husserl, reality can be grasp by and through structures of consciousness by applying “Intentionality” to the object of the study -Intentionality: Intentionally directing one’s focus -Bracketing: Quarantining personal judgement so that it won’t interfere with phenomenological inquiry  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Existentialism: On Freedom -Soren Kierkegaard: First ever Existentialist -Insisted that the authentic self was the personally chosen self as opposed to the public or “Herd” identity  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Existentialism: On Freedom -The notion is that humans exist first and then each individual spends a lifetime changing their essence nature -A philosophy concerned with finding self and the meaning of life through free will, choice, and personal responsibility.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Postmodernism: On Cultures - There is no definite terms, boundaries, or absolute truths exist. This premise makes it difficult to define Postmodernism -Believes that truth is relative and up to the individual to determine.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Postmodernism: On Cultures -Most believe Nationalism builds walls, makes enemies, and destroys “Mother Earth.” Capitalism creates a “Have and have not” society, and religion causes moral friction and division among people.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Postmodernism: On Cultures -Postmodernist do not attempt to refine their thoughts about what is right or wrong, true or false, and good or evil. They believe there is no such thing as absolute truth. They view the world outside themselves as being an error, that is, other people’s truth becomes indistinguishable from error. No one has the authority to define truth or impose their idea of moral right or wrong.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Analytical Tradition -Conviction that to some degree, philosophical problems, problems, and errors are rooted in language and can be solved by a sound understanding of language and careful attention to its workings  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Analytical Tradition -For the philosophers of this tradition, language cannot objectively describe the truth -Ludwig Wittgenstein: Language is socially conditioned. -20th century movement in philosophy which holds that philo should apply logical techniques to attain conceptual clarity, and that philo should be consistent.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Analytical Tradition -Language is the principal or perhaps the only tool, and philosophy consists in clarifying how language can be used -Analysis: refers to a detailed examination of the elements or structure of something.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Logical and Critical thinking  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Logical and Critical thinking -Logic: centered in the analysis and construction of arguments; a method of maintain in consistency within our set of knowledge. -Critical Thinking: distinguishing facts and opinions or personal feelings.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources The foundation of a logical argument is its proposition, or statement. The proposition is either accurate (true) or not accurate (false). Premises are the propositions used to build the argument.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Then argument is then built on premises. Then an inference is made from the premises. Finally, a conclusion is drawn.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Logical and Critical thinking -suspend all beliefs and judgements until all facts have been gathered and considered in making rational choices.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Two Basic types of Reasoning 1. Inductive -based from observations to make generalization; often applied in prediction, forecasting, or behavior. 2. Deductive - draws conclusions from usually one broad judgement or definition and one more specific assertion.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources How can philosophy guide us in distinguishing truth from opinion? Opinions are comprised of statements which not only give facts but also provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations. They may advance a belief about a certain things or provide explanations.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Opinions are also the bases for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact. They are often influenced by biases. Beliefs are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Explanations- are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true. Arguments are series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a certaina claim or opinion is truthful..  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources They often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning. Some of them are intentional, as the person making the claim is desperate to convince you to  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources They often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning. Some of them are intentional, as the person making the claim is desperate to convince you to  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources Fallacies – defect from an argument other than it having a false premise.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources FALLACY CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE Ad hominem Attacking the person Of course he believes instead of the argument that the government itself. is flawed, he is a rebel and a Communist. Ad baculum Using the threat of force or If you do not agree (appeal to an undesirable event to with my political force) advance an argument. opinions, you will receive flat 70 on your card.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources FALLACY CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE Ad Using emotions such as pity You cant fire me, I misericordiam and sympathy. have a wife and 12 (appeal to pity) kids who will go hungry if I lose this job. Ad populum The idea is presented as Every boy your age ( appeal to acceptable because a lot of already has a majority or people accept it. girlfriend, you should bandwagon) go find one!.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources FALLACY CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE Ad Using emotions such as pity You cant fire me, I misericordiam and sympathy. have a wife and 12 (appeal to pity) kids who will go hungry if I lose this job. Ad populum The idea is presented as Every boy your age ( appeal to acceptable because a lot of already has a majority or people accept it. girlfriend, you should bandwagon) go find one!.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources FALLACY CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE Ad The idea is acceptable Marriage has antiquitatem because it has been true for traditionally been (appeal to a long time. between a man and a tradition) woman; therefore, gay married should not be allowed. Ad ‘missing’ an authority. 4 out of 5 dentist verecundiam agree that brushing your teeth makes your life meaningful.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources FALLACY CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE Begging the Assuming the thing or idea I have the right to question to be proven is true; also free speech, therefore known as “circular you cannot stop me argument” from talking” Cause and Assuming a “ cause- and- Ever since you bought Effect effect” relationship that sweater between unrelated events. everything has been going wrong in your life. You should get rid of it.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources FALLACY CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE Fallacy of Assuming at what is true of a “ These cases of composition part is true for the whole. robbery in this district have convinced me that the city has become a den of thieves and criminals. Fallacy of Assuming what is true for the “ You came from a division whole is true for its. family od doctors and intellectuals! Surely you can do better in this course!”  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources When looking at an opinion, be aware of bias or the personal views of the person presenting it.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources BIAS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE Correspondence Tendency to judge a person’s “ These soldiers who bias or personality by his or her fought in the war are attribution effect actions, without regard for all bloodthirsty external factors or murderers!” influences. Confirmation Tendency to look for and readily “ How can I accept his bias accept information which fits view that there is no one’s own beliefs or views and to God ? I am a Christian!” reject ideas or views that go against it.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources BIAS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE Framing Focusing on a certain aspect “ Preliminary evidence of a problem while ignoring has still not pointed other aspects. out the actual cause of the plane crash, but investigators are currently focusing on the possibility of pilot error.”  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources BIAS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE Hindsight The tendency to see past “Magellan’s assault events as predictable, or on Mactan Island to ascribe a pattern to was a foolhardy historical events. venture made by an overconfident, careless man who underestimated the valor of the Native Filipinos.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources BIAS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE Conflict of interest A person or group is connected “As the daughter of the to or has a vested interest in accused, I believe I have issue being discussed the right to express my opinion on the issue of his alleged corrupt practices. Cultural bias Analyzing an event or issue “ I do not agree with this based on one’s cultural western practice of standards. placing aged parents in retirement home. We Filipinos take care of our family members. ”  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources How can understanding of the difference between truth and opinion lead us to wisdom? An understanding of opinions and facts and the means distinguish one from the other can further improve our understanding and appreciation of varied views and ideas.  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources They often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning. Some of them are intentional, as the person making the claim is desperate to convince you to  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources They often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning. Some of them are intentional, as the person making the claim is desperate to convince you to  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources  Project EASIER KABASALAN SCIENCE AND Efficient and Accessible School Innovation TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL of E-Teaching Resources They often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning. Some of them are intentional, as the person making the claim is desperate to convince you to